Ethical Decision Making.

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Ethical Decision
Making
Prepared By
Dr. Amal Ahmed

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• Decision making can be regarded
as the mental processes resulting
in the selection of a course of
action among several alternatives.
Every decision making process
produces a final choice. The output
can be an action or an opinion of
choice.

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It is the act of choosing one
alternative from among a set of
alternatives.

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• The decision making should be
a collaborative process between
client and counselor, rather than
a counselor making decisions for
the client.
• Clients need enough information
about the therapeutic process to be
able to make informed choices.

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• Respecting the autonomy of the
clients implies that you do not
decide for clients, nor do you foster
dependent attitudes and behaviors.

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Decision making situation
The situation in which decisions are made. It may be
personal, clinical, or organizational.
Personal decision making: is a part of everyday
life.
Clinical decision making: relates to quality of
care and competency issues.
Organizational decision making: is choosing
options directed toward the resolution of
organizational problems and the achievement of
goals.

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 The decision is important, when
understanding its context:
 Clarify the decision:
Make sure everyone has the same
understanding of what is being
decided.
 Categorical interpretation
The problem should be defined
properly.

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 Adequate information- more
quantity of information leads to
effective decision making. If you
do not have enough information,
it can feel like you are making a
decision without any basis.

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 Timeliness- decision should be
made at proper time to meet the
competitive advantages. Takes
plenty of time to make decisions,
gathering considerable information
and analyzing several alternatives.

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Barriers to Good Decision Making
Hasty - Making quick decisions without
having much thought.
Narrow - Decision making is based on
very limited information.
Scattered - Our thoughts in making
decisions are disconnected or
disorganized.
Fuzzy - Sometimes, the lack of clarity on
important aspects of a decision causes us
to overlook certain important
considerations.

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1. Identifying Problem
2. Identifying Decision Criteria
3. Allocation of Weights to Criteria
4. Developing Alternatives
5. Analyzing Alternatives
6. Select Alternatives.
7. Implement Alternatives.
8. Evaluating decision’s
effectiveness.

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Problem is a difference between an
existing and a desired state.
Ex: The manager has resigned,
and we need another manager”
The “manager” has resigned”
reflects the current state while “need
another manager” represents a
desired state.
Increase medication errors
To get a job in a school with
maximum salary and benefits.

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 Does a problem actually
exist?
 Is this an ethical, health,
educational , economical or
clinical problem?
 How can you know the nature
of the problem?
 What decision will best
safeguard the client's welfare?
 What actions have bringing
harm to the client?
 Costs that will be required.

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• Decision criteria are factors that are
important (relevant) to resolving the
problem.
So the factors which are relevant in
solving our problems are:
1) Salary
2) Location
3) Job securities
4) Incentives
5) Facilities
6) Timings

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To weigh criteria:
 Give the most important criterion
a weight of 10.
 Assigning a weight to each item
places the items in the correct
priority order of their importance
in the decision making process.

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 Salary 10
 Location 6
 Job securities 8
 Incentives 9
 Facilities 5
 Timings 7

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1. Alternatives are listed (without
evaluation) that can resolve the
problem.
2. Do not filter out alternative
options at this stage.

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Name of schools
1) International
2) Governmental
3) Vocational school
4) National linguistic school
5) National Arabic school

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 Appraising each alternative’s
strengths and weaknesses
 Review the alternatives to
determine which option will
produce the most good and do
the least harm.
 An alternative’s appraisal is
based on its ability to resolve
the issues identified in steps 2
and 3.

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Governmental
International
Vocational
Arabic
Linguistic

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• Select the best alternative from
those available.
• The best alternative is the one that
produces the most advantages and
the fewest disadvantages.
• The alternative with the highest total
weight is chosen.

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It is putting a decision into action.

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 Participation in decision-making
process includes people to support
the decision
 Talk to people whose judgment you
respect. Seek out friends and
mentors, but remember, once you’ve
gathered opinions and advice, the
ultimate responsibility is still yours.
 Implement the decision.

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• The last step in the
decision-making process,
managers appraise the
result of the decision to
see whether the problem
was resolved.

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Example:
 Did the alternative chosen and
implemented accomplish the desired
result?
 if the problem was not resolve, what
went wrong?
 If a manager's plan hasn't resolved
the problem, he needs to figure out
what went wrong. A manager may
accomplish this by asking:

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• Was the wrong alternative
selected?
• Was the correct alternative
selected, but implemented
improperly?
• Was the original problem identified
incorrectly?
• Has the implemented alternative
been given enough time to be
successful?

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Problem
Identification
“My salespeople
need new computers”
Identification of
Decision Criteria
Price
Weight
Warranty
Screen type
Reliability
Screen size
Allocation of
Weights to
Criteria
Reliability 10
Screen size 8
Warranty 5
Weight 5
Price 4
Screen type 3
Development of
Alternatives
Acer
Compaq
Gateway
HP
Micromedia
NEC
Sony
Toshiba
Implementation
of an Alternative
Gateway
Evaluation
of Decision
Effectiveness
Analysis of
Alternatives
Acer
Compaq
Gateway
HP
Micromedia
NEC
Sony
Toshiba
Selection of an
Alternative
Acer
Compaq
Gateway
HP
Micromedia
NEC
Sony
Toshiba
© Prentice Hall, 2002 6-27

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