hardware

1. GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
PhD PROGRAM-2014
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Doctoral Progress Review-6
on
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Connected
Renewable Power Generation using FACTS Controllers.
Supervised By: CO-Supervised By:
Dr. D.M.Patel
Prof., Electrical Engg. Dept., D.A.Degree
Engineering and Technology
Memdavad,kheda,Gujarat
Dr. J.J.Patel
Principal
Vadodara Institute of Engineering & Research
,Vadodara.
Gujarat
Prepared By :
R.R.Kapadia
(Research Scholar)
Enrollment No:14997109011
2014 batch

2. Grid connected PV system on Distribution System.
Fig.1. Outline of Solar plant Connection with Grid

3. Grid connected PV system on Distribution System…
Fig.1. shows the Outline of Solar plant Connection with Grid.
When a Solar plant is connected to the grid it is capable of sending
electricity to the grid that can be used at a later time when the solar is not
producing Electricity.
In the most simplest terms pulling power from grid when required and
supplying power to the utility grid when power is not being used at the solar
side.

4. Grid connected PV system on Distribution System…
Fig. 2 Schematic Block Diagram of PV connection to Grid

5. Problem Statement
The Night time Effect of solar IPP
The Solar IPP , the Night time Effect:
-no power generation condition.
-light load situation, from the consumer side
Consequences of Night time Effect
-Reactive power drawn by the transformer and Power Electronics panel of the Inverter
from the grid (no load losses and penalty).
-which further resulted into heat and thermal stresses on the transformer winding.
Conventional Solution used by Solar IPP Operators
- Majority of the solar IPP Operator Disconnect their Plant from the grid (from HT
side i.e. transformer’s grid side)
-This practice is used by the solar IPP operator to keep them safe from the penalty by
the Grid authority.

6. 6
Case 1: Grid Connected 100 kW PV System

7. 7
Case 1: PV Voltage and Boost Voltage Output

8. 8
Case 1: PV Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

9. 9
Case 1: Boost Output Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

10. 10
Case 1: Inverter Output Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

11. 11
Case 1: Grid Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

12. 12
Case 2: Grid Connected 25 kW PV System

13. 13
Case 2: PV Voltage and Boost Voltage Output

14. 14
Case 2: PV Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

15. 15
Case 2: Boost Output Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

16. 16
Case 2: Inverter Output Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

17. 17
Case 2: Grid Power, Voltage and Current for Different Irradiation at Constant Temperature

18. 18
Case 3: Grid Connected 25 kW PV System With SAPF

19. 19
Case 3: Compensation of Harmonics (APF Connected
Into System at 0.25 Sec)
Time
Va_Compensating
Va_Source
Va_Load
Current
(A)

20. 20
Case 3: THD of Source Current Before Compensation
(T = 0 to 0.25s) THD = 36.98%

21. 21
Case 3: THD of Source Current After Compensation (T
= 0.25 to 0.5s) THD = 3.45%

22. Static Synchronous Compensator Configuration
A STACOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) is a regulating device used on alternating current electricity
transmission networks.
It is based on a power electronics voltage-source converter and can act as either a source or sink of reactive AC
power to an electricity to an electricity network.
If connected to a source of power it can also provide active AC power. It is a member of the FACTS family
devices.
STATCOM configuration

23. Static Synchronous Compensator
The STATCOM is a shunt-connected reactive power compensation device hat is capable of generating and/or absorbing
reactive power and in which the output can be varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power system.
When Vs below Vk, STATCOM absorbs reactive power.
When Vs exceeds Vk, STATCOM generates reactive power.

24. Static Var Compensator Configuration
Other kind of FACTS devices that connected to system in parallel is Static Var Compensator (SVC).
The SVC consists of a combination of fixed capacitors or reactors, thyristor switched capacitors (TSC), and thyristor
controlled reactors (TCR), connected in parallel with the electrical system.
The TSC splits up a capacitor bank into sufficiently small capacitance steps and switches these steps on and off
individually, using anti-parallel connected thyristors as switching elements.
In addition, SVC can be seen as the adjustable suseptance and its maximum reactive current is proportional to the
network voltage.

25. Case Study
A wind farm consisting of six 1.5-MW wind turbines is connected to a 25-kV distribution system exports power
to a 120-kV grid through a 25-km 25-kV feeder.
The 9-MW wind farm is simulated by three pairs of 1.5 MW wind-turbines. Wind turbines use fixed speed
induction generators (FSIG).
The stator winding is connected directly to the grid and the rotor is driven by a wind turbine.
In order to generate power the FSIG speed must be slightly above the synchronous speed.
Speed varies approximately between 1 pu at no load and 1.005 pu at full load.
Each wind turbine has a protection system monitoring voltage, current and machine speed.
Reactive power absorbed by the FSIGs is partly compensated by capacitor banks connected at each wind turbine
low voltage bus (400 kvar for each pair of 1.5 MW turbine).

26. The rest of reactive power required to maintain the 25-kV voltage at bus B25 close to 1 pu is provided by a 3-Mvar
STATCOM with a 3% droop setting in case study-1 and in case study-2 the rest of the reactive power required to
maintain the 25-kV voltage at bus25 close to 1 pu is provided by SVC.
With the help of the results of SVC and STATCOM, we compared the performance of SVC and STATCOM and saw
the impact of FACT devices on wind farm system using Fixed Speed Induction Generator.

27. Case Study-1 Wind Farm Operation with STATCOM
Wind Farm Operation with STATCOM

29. Case Study-2
Wind Farm Operation with SVC

31. Conclusion
the impact of FACTS devices, such as SVC and STATCOM
performance improvement is specified.
The voltage stability, power quality, and reactive power control are
considered as improvement factors.
The simulation results show better wind farm stability performance of
STATCOM compensation to SVC compensation

32. References
1)Tapia, G. Tapia, J.X Ostolaza ' Reactive Power control of wind farms for voltage control applications
2) Richardson B. and Jones P. (1989) Bringing wind power ashore. The IEE Power Engineer, Vol. 41 No. 6 (pp.
76). IEE.
3) Manwell J. F., McGowan J. G. and Rogers A. L. (2003) Induction machines. Wind Energy Explained (pp.223).
Wiley.
4) ABB (2004) Wind turbine generators and transformers. Retrieved 2nd August from the ABB website
(www.abb.co.uk).
5) Vestas V90 - 3 MW An effective way to move power. S.M. Muyeen, M.A. Mannan, M.H. Ali, R. Takahashi, T.
Murata, J. Tamura, “Stabilization of Grid Connected Wind Generator by STATCOM,” IEEE Power Electronics
and Drives Systems Conf., Vol. 2, 28-01 Nov. 2005.
6) Z. Saad-Saoud, M.L. Lisboa, J.B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, G. Strbac,“Application of STATCOMs to wind
farms,” IEE Proceedings –Generation, Transmission, Distribution, vol. 145, pp.1584-89, Sept 1998.
8) L. Chun, J. Qirong, X. Jianxin, “Investigation of Voltage Regulation Stability of Static Synchronous
Compensator in Power System,” IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 4, 2642-47, 23-27 Jan.
2000.

33. Reference
1. Ramon Cano-Gonzalez, Alfonso Bachiller-Soler, Jose Antonio Rosendo-Macias, Gabriel Alvarez-Cordero, ‘Inrush
current mitigation in three-phase transformers with isolated neutral’ Electric Power Systems Research, Volume
121, April 2015, Pages 14-19.
2. C.L. Cheng, C.E. Lin, C.L. Huang, J.C. Yeh, ‘A simple model for transformer inrush current calculation and
harmonic analysis’ Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 24, Issue 2, August 1992, Pages 153-163Received
12.
3. Raidson Jenner Negreiros Alencar, Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra, André Maurício Damasceno Ferreira, ‘A method to
identify inrush currents in power transformers protection based on the differential current gradient’ Electric Power
Systems Research, Volume 111, June 2014, Pages 78-84.
4. B. Kovan, F. de Leon, D. Czarkowski, Z. Zabar and L. Birenbaum, “Mitigation of Inrush Currents in Network
Transformers by Reducing the Residual Flux with an Ultra-Low-Frequency Power Source,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2011, pp. 1563-1570. doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2102778.
5. W. Xu, S. G. Abdulsalam, Y. Cui and X. Liu, “A Sequential Phase Energization Technique for Transformer Inrush
Current Reduction—Part II: Theoretical Analysis and Design Guide,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.
20, No. 2, 2005, pp. 950-957. doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2004.843465
6. F. Ali Asghar and K. P. Basu, “Reduction of Three-Phase Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current by Use of Point
on Wave Switching,” Student Conference on Research and Development, Cyberjaya, 16-18 November 2009, pp.
368-370.

34. Reference
7. Salman kahrobaee,Marcelo.C.,Algrain,Sohrab asgarpoor., “Investigation and mitigation of transformer Inrush
Current during Black Start of an Independent Power Producer Plant” Scientific research, jan 2013,vol 5,pp.1-7.
8. Ramsis S. Girgis, Fellow, IEEE ,ABB Inc.Ed G. teNyenhuis, Member, IEEE,ABB Inc, “Characteristics of Inrush
Current of Present Designs of Power Transformers” April 09,2010
9. Y. Cui, G. Abdulsalam, S. Chen, and W. Xu, A sequential phase energization technique for transformer inrush
current reduction-Part I: Simulation and experimental results, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2,
pp. 943–949, Apr. 2005.
10. Y. Cui, G. Abdulsalam, S. Chen, and W. Xu, A sequentialphase energization technique for transformer inrush
current reduction-Part I: Simulation and experimental results, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2,
pp. 943–949, Apr. 2005.
11. Girgis, Ramsis S., and others. “Characteristics of Inrush Current of Present Designs of Power Transformers.” In
Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007. IEEE, 1–6. IEEE, 2007.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4276057.

35. 35
1. A. Mansoor, W. M. Grady, A. H. Chowdhury, and M. J. Samotyi, “An investigation of harmonics attenuation and diversity among distributed single-phase power electronic
loads,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 467–473, 1995.
2. A. Mansoor, W. M. Grady, R. S. Thallam, M. T. Doyle, S. D. Krein, and M. J. Samotyj, “Effect of supply voltage harmonics on the input current of single-phase diode bridge
rectifier loads,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1416–1422, 1995.
3. G. Carpinelli, F. Iacovone, P. Varilone, and P. Verde, “Single phase voltage source converters: analytical modelling for harmonic analysis in continuous and discontinuous
current conditions,” International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 37–48, 2003.
4. E. F. El-Saadany and M. M. A. Salama, “Reduction of the net harmonic current produced by single-phase non-linear loads due to attenuation and diversity
effects,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 259–268, 1998.
5. T. Key and J. S. Lai, “Analysis of harmonic mitigation methods for building wiring systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 890–897, 1998.
6. M. H. Rashid and A. I. Maswood, “A novel method of harmonic assessment generated by three-phase AC-DC converters under unbalanced supply conditions,” IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 590–597, 1988.
7. R. E. Owen, M. F. McGranghan, and J. R. Vivirito, “Distribution system harmonics: controls for large power converters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 644–652, 1982.
8. T. Hoevenaars, K. LeDoux, and M. Colosino, “Interpreting IEEE STD 519 and meeting its harmonic limits in VFD applications,” in Proceedings of the 50th Annual Technical
Conference of the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee, pp. 145–150, Houston, Tex, USA, September 2003.
9. B. Singh, B. N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey, and D. P. Kothari, “A review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 641–660, 2004.
10. “Investigation into execution of harmonic guidelines for household and office electric applications,” Japanese IEE of Japan SC77A Domestic Committee Report, 2002.
11.R. L. Smith and R. P. Stratford, “Power system harmonics effects from adjustable-speed drives,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 973–977, 1984.
12.J. C. Das, Power System Analysis, Short-Circuit Load Flow and Harmonics, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA, 2002.
13.D. Alexa, A. Sîrbu, and D. M. Dobrea, “An analysis of three-phase rectifiers with near-sinusoidal input currents,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 51, no. 4, pp.
884–891, 2004.
14.R. Ltoh, K. Lshizaka, H. Oishi, and H. Okada, “Single-phase buck rectifier employing voltage reversal circuit for sinusoidal input current waveshaping,” IEE Proceedings:
Electric Power Applications, vol. 146, no. 6, pp. 707–712, 1999.
15.C. A. Canesin and I. Barbi, “A novel single-phase ZCS-PWM high-power-factor boost rectifier,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 629–635, 1999.

36. 36
1. P. J. A. Ling and C. J. Eldridge, “Designing modern electrical systems with transformers that inherently reduce harmonic distortion in a PC-rich environment,”
in Proceedings of the Power Quality Conference, pp. 166–178, 1994.
2. J. C. Read, “The calculation of rectifier and inverter performance characteristics,” Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 495–509, 1945.
3. E. J. Cham and T. R. Specht, “The ANSI 49 rectifier with phase shift,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 615–624, 1984.
4. R. Hammond, L. Johnson, A. Shimp, and D. Harder, “Magnetic solutions to line current harmonic reduction,” in Proceedings of the Europe by International Power
Conversion Conference (PCIM '94), pp. 354–364, San Diego, Calif, USA, 1994.
5. S. Kim, P. N. Enjeti, P. Packebush, and I. J. Pitel, “A new approach to improve power factor and reduce harmonics in a three-phase diode rectifier type utility
interface,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1557–1564, 1994.
6. S. Choi, P. N. Enjeti, and I. J. Pitel, “Polyphase transformer arrangements with reduced kVA capacities for harmonic current reduction in rectifier-type utility
interface,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 680–690, 1996.
7. B. M. Bird, J. F. Marsh, and P. R. McLellan, “Harmonic reduction in multiplex converters by triple-frequency current injection,” Proceedings of the Institution of
Electrical Engineers, vol. 116, no. 10, pp. 1730–1734, 1969.
8. Y. S. Tzeny, “Harmonic analysis of parallel-connected 12-pulse uncontrolled rectifier without an interphase transformer,” IEE Proceeding Electrical Power
Applications, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 253–260, 1998.
9. M. Hink Karl, “18 -Pulse Drives and Voltage Unbalance,” http://mtecorp.com/18pulse.html.
10.T. H. Chen and M. Y. Huang, “Network modelling of 24-pulse rectifier transformers for rigorous simulation of rail transit power systems,” Electric Power Systems
Research, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 23–33, 1999

37. 37
4. B. R. Lin, B. R. Yang, and H. R. Tsai, “Analysis and operation of hybrid active filter for harmonic
elimination,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 191–200, 2002.
5. D. Chen and S. Xie, “Review of the control strategies applied to active power filters,” in Proceedings of the
IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT
'04), pp. 666–670, April 2004.
6. K. Zhou, Z. Lv, A. Luo, and L. Liu, “Control strategy of shunt hybrid active power filter in distribution
network containing distributed power,” in Proceedings of the China International Conference on Electricity
Distribution (CICED '10), pp. 1–10, September 2010.
7. D. Detjen, J. Jacobs, R. W. De Doncker, and H. G. Mall, “A new hybrid filter to dampen resonances and
compensate harmonic currents in industrial power systems with power factor correction equipment,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 821–827, 2001.
8. M. Aredes, J. Häfner, and K. Heumann, “Three-phase four-wire shunt active filter control strategies,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 311–318, 1997.
9. M. Aredes, L. F. C. Monteiro, and J. M. Miguel, “Control strategies for series and shunt active filters,”
in Proceedings of the IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, pp. 1–6, June 2003.
10. S. Khalid and A. Triapthi, “comparison of sinusoidal current control strategy & synchronous rotating frame
strategy for total harmonic reduction for power electronic converters in aircraft system under different
load conditions,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 305–313, 2012.

38. 38
1. H. Akagi, “Control strategy and site selection of a shunt active filter for damping of harmonic propagation in power distribution systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 354–362, 1997.
2. A. Cavallini and G. C. Montanari, “Compensation strategies for shunt active-filter control,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 587–593, 1994.
3. H. Akagi, H. Fujita, and K. Wada, “A shunt active filter based on voltage detection for harmonic termination of a radial power distribution line,” IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 638–645, 1999.
4. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “A practical approach to harmonic compensation in power systems—series connection of passive and active filters,” IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1020–1025, 1991.
5. F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, “A new approach to harmonic compensation in power systems—a combined system of shunt passive and series active filters,” IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 983–990, 1990.