Nationalism And Perspectives Of People About Nation Can...

Nationalism And Perspectives Of People About Nation Can...
1. Ever wondered how nationalism and perspectives of people about nation can bring revolution in
the society?, First of all nationalism can be taken as both positive and negative ways. For instance,
being faithful to your country is acceptable but when you cross your limit in order to degrade
another race, culture or to show that you are the dominant one, that's when it becomes negative and
delivers a wrong message among other people. Phases of nationalism kept on changing as the time
passed in Europe. It all started in year 1800s and continued until World War II, where they saw all
negative and positive effects of nationalism. Starting from Abbe Sieyes who was with Third
Estate(Third estate were all those people who weren't a clergy or ... Show more content on
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He stated,
"What is the third estate?– Everything.
What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing.
What does it want? To become something." (Sieyes, Lualdi 113).
His statement give readers an idea of the situation of third estate and how ready they are to gain a
position in society. He believed that nation is a group of people living under same rules and
regulations carried out by the same legislature. Further, he stated that since third estate is
everything, they can claim to be part of the nation, who will follow same rules. The motive of that
nation would be to develop the individuals as the nation is made of them. Now coming onto Mazzini
who thought that upper classes always used the lower classes. He believed that people in the society,
people should say "we" and not "I" to reduce the possibilities of conflicts between classes. Upper
classes always used the word "us" to get their work done by the lower classes and once they got
their work done, they went back to showing their dominance and using "I" and degrading the lower
classes and make them feel like nothing. People should come together and should concentrate both
on society and individual growth as as a group of individuals will become members of the society
and, he stated that "if right to existence is the first inviolable right of every man, who shall demand
the sacrifice of that existence for the benefit of another man" Having equal
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Arab Nationalism and Syria Essay
Description of Country Syria is a country located in the Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean
Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey. The modern nation of Syria did not exist until the 20th century,
although the idea of Syria has been in existence since at least the time of the Prophet Muhammad.
The name "Syria", was first used by the Greeks, historically identifying the region at the eastern end
of the Mediterranean lying between Egypt and Asia Minor. Greater Syria, the larger region (called
this to distinguish it from the nation–state with the same name today), located at the crossroads of
three continents, possesses a long and abounding history. It was an arena of conflict for centuries,
serving as an invasion route for numerous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In November 1970, Hafiz al–Asad, a member of the Socialist Ba'th Party, seized power in a
bloodless mutiny and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, Syria
lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990's Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over
its return. Following the death of President al–Asad, his son, Bashar al–Asad, was approved as
president by popular vote in July 2000. Syria is now identified as a republic under an authoritarian,
military–dominated regime. (https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sy.html) Syria is
has 185,180 square kilometers of land area, including the 1,295 square kilometers of the Golan
Heights occupied since 1967 by Israel, which in 1981 was added on. Syria is comparable in size to
North Dakota, with a population in 18,881, 361. In addition, about 40,000 people live in Golan
Heights – approximately 20,000 Arabs and 20,000 Israeli settlers. Syria has a population growth rate
of 2.3% due to a birth rate of 27.76 births/1,000 people and a death rate of 4.81 deaths/1,000 people
with a sex ratio of 1.05 males to 1 female. Syria is comprised of 90.3% Arabs, Kurds, Armenians,
and other make up fractions of the remaining 9.7%. 74% of the population is Sunni Muslim, 16% is
other Muslim (includes Alawite and Druze), various denominations of Christian make

Imperialism Dbq Essay
6. Nationalism can be both a unifying and disunifying force in many different ways. One way
nationalism was a unifying force was that it brought people together who were not loyal to the king
and did not want him to rule. Many of these people we known as liberals and radicals. Since they
were not loyal to their kings they were instead loyal to their people or to those that they shared a
common bond with. Nationalism was also able to unify masses of people. Specifically nationalism
was able to unify the country of Italy when nationalist in Italy had looked for leadership form from
the largest and most powerful kingdom in the Italian states, Piedmont–Sardinia. Another country
that was also unified by nationalism in the mid–1800's was the country ... Show more content on
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The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires faced such great challenges to control their land
because of some key factors such a nationalism and disunity. After Austria had been split in half by
Emperor Francis Joseph. Austria and Hungary became two independent states thus, becoming the
Austro–Hungarian Empire. Over the course of forty years though, Emperor Francis Joseph would
find it hard to control the land of the Austro–Hungarian Empire because of many nationalist
disputes that that weakened the empire. After World War I the Austria–Hungary empire broke in
many separate nation–states. In the Russian Empire nationalism and disunity helped to weaken and
break the 370–year–old Russian Empire. Besides the Russians themselves the Russian empire had
ruled over Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians,
Armenians, Turks, and other smaller nations. With this each country had their own culture. The
Romanov dynasty of Russia however, wanted to keep tight control over this diversity. With that,
Russification was instituted into the empire forcing all the countries in the empire to adopt the
Russian culture. With this you can see how nationalism kept it hard for the Russian Empire to
control their land because no country wanted to follow the Russian culture they wanted to follow the
culture of their own country. So as nationalistic feelings were strengthened all over the empire after
the Russification policy had been instituted Russia was now on its way to disunity and the falling of
the empire with the last czar giving up his power in 1917. For the Ottoman Empire one challenge
this empire faced to control their land was that of where you stood on the class spectrum. With this
in 1856 all people under Ottoman ruling such as the Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and
Armenians were given equal citizenship. This however, angered angered Turks who were
conservative that did want this change to occur resulting in tensions in the

Arab Nationalism Research Paper
At present, many Arabs have suspended their belief in the Arab nation, and now openly doubt
whether there is a collective Arab mission. Those recently swept up by Islamic activism prefer to
think of themselves first and foremost as Muslims, and do so without apology. However, for a
significant period of time, Arab nationalism was considered the leading ideology in the Arab world.
In the 20th century, Arab nationalism proved to be a dominant and influential movement. However,
the inability of the ideology to remain credible following the defeat of the Arab states in 1967, the
rise and growing significance of nation–state nationalism, and the rise of fundamentalism resulted in
its eventual decline.
Nationalism, where it occurs, is a complex and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arab nationalism would begin to gain popularity in the 1910s, as the power of the Ottoman Empire
steadily decreased and Arab people were increasingly enticed by the idea of an Arab unity. The
development of Arab nationalism, especially in the 1910s and 1920s revolved around three critical
events and movements. The first major development in Arab nationalism was the emergence of the
ideology itself from cities throughout the Middle East, particularly in the Fertile Crescent where the
movement gained popularity in reaction to changes that happened in 1908 in Istanbul, the heart of
the Ottoman Empire. Second, WWII made it possible for some Arabs, with the support and direction
of a new ally, the British to fight against the rule of the Ottomans. Thirdly, with the Ottoman Empire
crumbling in the late 1910s, Arab nationalism was able to became the dominant ideology and would
subsequently became increasingly popular after the British backtrack on its promise to Sharif
Husayn and the Hashemite family to form an Arab kingdom (Khalidi, 1991, p 205). The British, for
their part, incited the Sharif of Mecca to launch the Arab Revolt during the First World War. The
Ottomans were defeated and the rebel forces, loyal to the Sharif's son Faysal ibn al–Husayn entered
Damascus in 1918. By now, Faysal along with many Iraqi intellectuals and military officers had
joined al–Fatat which would form the backbone of the newly created Arab state that consisted of
much of the Levant and the Hejaz.In addition to Arab revolt by Sharif Husayn in 1916, various
revolts had significant influence in the spread of nationalism in the Middle East. A number of Arab
revolts against the European powers took place following the establishment of the British and
French

Nationalism: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Analysis
Nationalism is the "desire of a large group of people to create or maintain a common statehood
(Goldschmidt, 164)". Nationalism which was a European idea, came with ways of western thinking
which meant modern education, a focus on infrastructure, enlarged armies, etc. Nationalism also
brought the thinking of creating nations based on race, language, religion, etc. (Goldschmidt, 165)
Consequently this way of thinking has helped to create some of the biggest conflicts in the world
today including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which creates numerous problems even in today's
world. Therefore, despite the good nationalism has brought to the world by helping to modernize the
world, the overall affects of nationalism I believe has done more harm ... Show more content on
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He was born in 1902 in Iraq, he grew up as the son of a very religious Shiite father, and mother who
was a decendent of the prophet Muhammud. Consequently he grew up with a deep sense of Shiite
nationalism and hatred for all Sunnite muslims and non–muslims. Later he went to the school of
Union and Progress which was headed by the Young Turks, the Young Turks were Arab nationalists
who tried to restore the Ottoman constitution (Goldschmidt 186). At this school he was taught Pan–
Islamic thoughts, so he no felt hatred for Sunnite Muslims, but dreamed of an Islam state where all
Muslims can coexist (Jamali, 13). When Iraq was first occupied by Britain, Mohammed's feelings of
Pan–Islamic nationalism increased. Despite this and the fact that his that his father wanted him to
become a religious leader. Mohammed signed up for the American University of Beirut for further
learning. Coming into the college he had strong Pan–Islamism feelings, and was also an orthodox
muslim. In spite of all this being true Mohammed came out a changed man who became a pacifisit
and a modern nationalist. He printed out his ideas in 2 publications and handed them to people in his
home town. He later became a teacher in a college named the "Training College at Baghdad" where
he changed the curriculum to assume more modern thinking (Jamali, 16). This is the type of
nationalism, I believe

The Global Ascent Of The Nation State Essay
Those born after 1980 may take for granted the fact that the world is made up of about 200 nation–
states, which appear to be more or less equal in terms of the legitimacy of their nationhood.
However, history suggests that not all nation–states are created in quite the same way. According to
Wimmer and Feinstein: "the global ascent of the nation–state over the pass 200 years was a
discontinuous process, unfolding in various waves linked to the break–up of large empires." By
comparing the creation of nation states in the nineteenth century to those of the twentieth century, it
is evident that, while the end result was the same, the means of creating nation states can be quite
different. There are many factors and events which lead up to independence and nation–state
creation, such as nationalist sentiment, revolution, war, treaties, and tensions between people and
rulers.
Nation–states created in the nineteenth century are more akin to what Montserrat Guibernau defines
as "nations". Based on Guibernau's definition, nations are groups of people conscious of forming a
community, and they share a common past and culture. Conversely, in the process of creating a
nation–state, a group hopes to develop the community after the fact. Nation–states may be the result
of a treaty or consolidation of ethnic territories, meaning their histories can be fragmented and
incongruent. The new nation–states of the nineteenth century, namely of France and the United
States of America, are

How Significant Was the Presence of Foreign Powers as an...
How significant was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of
Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001?
During the years 1900–2001 a number of significant interventions occurred which affected the
growth and nature of Arab nationalism. Several key pressures considerably influenced a change in
the nature of nationalism; including, economic levers, agreements and military presenses in the
Middle East. Arab nationalism arose out of the fear of the possibility and later the certainty of
European or American dominance. The emerging ideology believed all Arabs to be united by both a
shared language and history. Foreign intervention in the Middle East long predated the First World
War, dating back to during the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was also true of the Arab fighters in the 1916 Arab revolt aided by the British; they wanted
gold and weapons much more than Arab independence. Cleveland highlights these points and the
fact that the promises made in the correspondence prompted contentment on both sides, as the
British wanted to see the fall of the Ottomans and Hussein wanted leadership. However,
"McMahon's language was so ambiguous and so vague..[that it has] given rise to conflicting
interpretations over whether Palestine was included as part of the future independent Arab state". It
is for this reason that the Arabs began to distrust Britain. The correspondence was between the
British high commissioner, Sir Henry McMahon and descendant of the prophet and Arab leader,
Sharif Hussein. For the British it was a useful agreement as they already saw the Ottomans as a
threat. However in the long term it caused unrest in the Middle East and widespread distrust of
Britain. The agreement is useful in showing the unclear language used by the British to avoid either
having to give land to the Arabs or create an argument. Deborah J. Gerner agrees with Cleveland in
that secret agreements , caused Britain especially to be viewed negatively by the Arabs; "It is clear
from this agreement [Sykes–Picot] that Britain had no intention of fulfilling its commitment to
support Arab independence in the Levant at the end of the war, whatever might have

Essay about Nationalist Ideas in the Middle East
Nationality is the desire of a group of people to preserve or obtain common statehood and the
ideology stressing loyalty to the nation–state or seeking independence of a national group. Michel
Aflaq, Theodor Herzl, and the Palestinian National Charter have fundamentally different ideas on
establishing nationalism, however each movement and charter wishes to establish a national identity
as well as a state due to their experiences of oppression and dispersion. Michel Aflaq describes his
ideas on Arab nationalism through the Arab Baath party, which entails the establishment of an Arab
state and the right to govern themselves, as well as a revivification of old Arab thought and
ideology. Theodor Herzl depicts the Zionist nationalist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the Ba'th party is willing to use force to achieve their goals, the ideology of Ba'th
socialism agrees to work with other nations, and does not want total domination, the main aim is to
be recognized as a state, and nationalism will follow. The Zionist movement differs from the Ba'th
movement in that it does not enact a political ideology such as Ba'th socialism, but it calls for
rallying of the Jews and mass immigration in order to secure specifically Palestine as the Jewish
state. The Nationalist ideals of each differ considering when the Ba'th party is about the

The Uk And London Are The Home Of Global Menswear
1. Introduction
'Britain, the UK and London are the home of global menswear'
(Menswear: British Fashion is GREAT, 2004, 6:41) Caroline Rush, chief executive of the British
Fashion Council stated in a video to promote and celebrate British Menswear.
London, as the capital of the United Kingdom and often used synonymous as representing the
country as whole, is regarded by many as the capital of menswear, claiming to have invented several
items crucial for contemporary Western menswear and the long–standing tailoring tradition of
Savile Row. As the statement above, London is also a pivotal point for fashion. Ironically, both are
often referred to separately. Menswear contains more than the fickle, superficial phenomenon of
fashion – as it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After giving a brief introduction about how dress can be and is applied to fuel and represent
nationalist sentiments in relation to gender, I outline what has been interpreted as Britishness in
dress and its use in the fashion industry. In the last chapter, I return to the exhibition in the Museum
of London and critically analyze its conception.
2. Dressing a nation
Nations, despite their localization in certain geographical and geopolitical territories, are always
imagined communities because national boundaries do not necessarily coincide with ethnic and
cultural identities of all members of a nation. Due to nations' artificial construction they are subject
to constant formation and change. To '[foster] a sense of identification' (Kaiser, 2012, p.52) within
such a conglomerate of multiple identities of its inhabitants, often certain forms of dress are
introduced and used to create and establish coherence and uniformity within the nation and
difference to other nations (ibid p.52f).
2.a National femininity
With dress employed as a way to express and strengthen national identification of its inhabitants
many nations chose rural, 'traditional', ethnic or peasant attire, perceived as unchanging and static,
as a most appropriate representative (ibid. p.53).
Especially in the aftermath of colonialism in the

Growth of Arab Nationalism
Arab nationalism was a movement striving for Arab political unity in the Middle East. There was
undoubtedly a huge increase in an Arab sense of nationalism between the years 1948 and 1973. One
major reason for this was the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, which gave the Arab powers
something to unite against, because not a single Arab nation recognised Israel as a legitimate state.
There were other reasons, however, most notably the continuing struggle of the Palestinian people
and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, Nasser and Arab frustrations with the actions of the
west.
The State of Israel was created in 1948 after the British withdrew from their mandate after years of
terrorism. In its first day of existence it was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A high point of Nasser's regime was the Suez crisis of 1956. He expelled Western "imperialist"
troops from the Suez Canal and it was portrayed as a huge victory, proving the Arab nations could
compete with the combined might of not only Israel but also France and Britain. Even though, in
reality, it was because the UN forced them to withdraw, it was made out to be because of the
strength and determination of Egyptian troops. Nasser was made out to be a hero in the Arab world,
and mobs were seen throughout the Arab world screaming and chanting Nasser's name. The Suez
crisis, along with the charismatic nature of Nasser, inspired belief in the Arab World that they could
finally achieve their goal: to liquidate and destroy Israel. Another way in which Nasser encouraged
Arab nationalism was through his opposition to the Baghdad Pact – a pact aligning Turkey, Iran and
potentially Iraq with the Western Powers. Nasser, through the world largest radio station – "The
voice of the Arabs" –, portrayed any country thinking of joining the pact as traitors to the Arab
people, thereby stirring up that feeling of the Arabs being one people, as opposed to individual states
who can make their own decisions. As a consequence of Nasser's campaign only three states joined
the pact. This was because the people were so against the idea of abandoning the Arab fight the
governments had no choice but to abandon the pact. Nasser was consequentially a vital component
in the

Rhetorical Analysis Of Donald Trump 's Election Of The...
In November 2016, Donald Trump was elected president of the United States. With a campaign
centered around otherization and nationalism, the atmosphere of this election, as well as the
attitudes of the citizens of the country, bears similarities to 1930s Nazi Germany. While it may
initially seem far–fetched to compare Donald Trump 's election to Adolf Hitler 's rise to power, both
campaigns utilize nationalistic, racist sentiment and a fear of the "foreign other" to gain power
within the country. Moreover, both campaigns utilize propaganda and the media in their own way to
generate hatred and fear to further their own goals. I will argue that these tactics used by Donald
Trump has inspired numerous acts of hatred, and that any person who is not a white male has a
reason to fear Trump 's presidency.
With any essay making a comparison of Hitler and the Nazis, the idea of Godwin 's Law should
come into question. Godwin 's Law is a popular internet adage that states that as an argument goes
on, the probability that someone compares the other person to Hitler or Nazis approaches 1. What
this means is that when a discussion becomes heated, it becomes off–topic, and any potential
spreading of facts and information halts; instead, the participants in the discussion resort to name–
calling. Comparing someone to Hitler – a man that is responsible for the deaths of 11 million people
and is commonly referred to as the evilest man to have lived in recent times – is akin to insulting

Essay On Nationalism And Nationalism
Nationalism could be a type of religion in some cases. Nationalism could be a kind of religion
promoted by the state in order to help supplement obedience and conformity to the wishes of the
state. Like all religions, nationalism tries to answer the problems of life, for instance, who the
person is, from where do they come from, what is the person's legacy and etc. All these questions
could sometimes be answered through nationalism and that's why some people could be extremely
nationalistic. Just like every false idea of reality, it could be dangerous. Although religion is not the
thing that truly successfully binds people in a geographic space as well as nationalism does,
nationalism could still act as a sort of religion.
"More recently, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some way religious nationalists often occur to their religion traditionally and follow specific ways
that their ancestors believed in because religious people would only refer to their religion's text but
religious nationalists would refer to ancestors. Religion and nationalism could sometimes be
separated by the idea of politicizing religion or having the influence on religion to politics. For
example in Saudi Arabia they have the effect of religion on their political ideologies and they make
laws according to the Islam. The most reason why religion can be similarized with nationality is
because it gives a sense of national unity and it's a belief shared by a group of people and that kind
of shows how its similar to nationalism. The idea of religion supports the persons national identity,
shares similar ethnicity with a group of people, language and culture also that's how nationalism and
religion are similar.
Whatever the case may be, the modern religion and nationalism, nationalism would win over
religion because everyone sort of follows tradition more than religion these days and tradition could
lead to a specific belief and build up a national group. So modern people would put nationalism
before their religion. An example for this is the Islamic extremist group ISIS on how they turned
religion into nationalism but follow nationalistic belief and act as one more than they would follow
the actual Islamic

Gaddaf Research Paper
An ideology is "any set of fixed, predictable ideas held by politicians and citizens on how to serve
the public good". Muammar al–Gaddafi's ideology as a revolutionary , meaning he was "involve[ed
in] or support[ed] a political revolution" ; as a Bedouin , who are Arabic nomads and believe that
society depends on its people to support it ; and as an Arab nationalist, meaning pride in Arab
achievements and desire for unity among Arab nations , worked together to form his belief system.
Muammar al–Gaddafi was hindered by his ideology in successfully preventing and ending uprisings
in Libya?
First, Gaddafi was deluded by his beliefs as a revolutionary, in that he thought that his people would
not rise against him . Even during the Libyan revolts in 2011, Gaddafi said in an interview that,
"They love me. All my people [are] with me. They love me all. They would die to protect me". His
views made it difficult for him to believe that the Libyan people would revolt because that notion
completely contradicts his view that he was harmonious with Libya itself. Even while he was in the
middle of dealing with uprisings, he put the blame on outside influences, like the West or Al–Qaeda
drugging Libyan people. He may have known the reality of the revolts but chose to ignore ... Show
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His ideology clouded his judgment and he stayed in denial, which precluded him from predicting
the uprisings and taking measures to prevent them from happening. Even as he was aware that the
uprisings in Egypt may spread to Libya, he stubbornly condemned those uprisings while well–aware
that some Libyan people were in solidarity with those in Egypt. Therefore, Muammar al–Gaddafi
was hindered by his ideology in dealing with the Libyan

Syrian Civil War Essay
ECPSC– 2013
CURRENT AFFAIRS HANDOUT – 11
SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
Gen
1. The Syrian civil war also commonly known as the Syrian uprising is an ongoing armed conflict in
Syria between forces loyal to the Syrian Baath Party government and those seeking to oust it. The
conflict began on 15 March 2011, with popular demonstrations that grew nationwide by April 2011.
These demonstrations were part of the wider Middle Eastern protest movement known as the Arab
Spring. Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al–Assad, whose family has held
the presidency in Syria since 1971, as well as the end to over four decades of Baath Party rule. In
April 2011, the Syrian Army was deployed to quell the uprising. After months of military sieges, the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. The Assad family comes from the minority Alawite sect, an offshoot of Shiite Islam that
comprises an estimated 12 percent of the total Syrian population generating resentment among some
Sunni Muslims, a sect that makes up about three quarters of Syria's population.
2
World Opinion
6. The Arab League, United States, European Union, Arab States of the Persian Gulf, and other
countries condemned the use of violence against the protesters. The Arab League suspended Syria's
membership because of the government's response to the crisis, but granted the Syrian National
Coalition, Syria's seat on 6 March 2013. The Arab League also sent an observer mission in
December 2011, as part of its proposal for peaceful resolution of the crisis.
7. A further attempt to resolve the crisis was made through the appointment of Kofi Annan as a
special envoy. On 15 July 2012, the International Committee of the Red Cross assessed the Syrian
conflict as a "non–international armed conflict" (the ICRC's legal term for civil war), thus applying
international humanitarian law under the Geneva Conventions to Syria.
Current Situation
8. On 2 January 2013, the United Nations stated that the war's death toll had exceeded 60,000; on 12
February, this figure was updated to 70,000. According to various opposition activist groups,
between 62,550 and 74,470 people have been killed, of which about half were civilians, and also
included

Alma's Two-State Solution
Imagine if you were caught between a century old fight between two groups fighting for legitimate
rights and valid aspirations. This is the story of the new generation of teenagers' like Alma, a 19–
year–old Palestinian living in the West Bank. For most of Alma's life she has had to fear for her life
and the lives of her family members. What truly stands out about Alma is the deep comprehension
that she has about the situation that is occurring around her rather than seeing the Palestinians and
the Israelis as two different groups she sees them as one. She believes that at the end of the day that
the Palestinians and the Israelis are human beings who deserve dignity, rights, and equal lives. That
why for the sake of the new generation of Palestinians and the Israelis the international community
should make it their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two– state solution allows for the Palestinians and the Israelis to be able to fulfill their need for
self–determinism, which is the right that has been repeatedly encroached upon. The two–state
solution will also result in the mending of the relationship that Israel has with the Palestinians and
the Arab world and it will allow for citizens of each state to be able to live their lives without the
constant fear of violence. To begin with, the two state solution advocates for the importance of
engagement and dialogue between the Israelis and the Palestinians and the Arabs of the middle east.
In 1948–1982, the relationship between the Israelis and the Arabs escalated leading to a civil war.
From 1982 and onwards the tensions have simmered as both side remember the egregious
aftermath. This is evident because about 400,000 Palestinians Arabs had fled from Israel after the
segment of the war that lasted form 1948–1949 (Gale). The forced mass exodus of the Palestinians
has been described by the United Nations Refugee Agency as "one of the most protracted case

Review of Army of Shadows Essay
In Army of Shadows (2008), Hillel Cohen reexamines the typical historical narratives about
Palestinian perspectives prior to the Nakba. Much of the discussion pertains to the changes that took
place within the mindsets of numerous groups of Palestinians during the British Mandate. It could
be beneficial to compare the approach and methodologies of Hillel Cohen's book to Ilan Pappe's The
Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (2006) and his reassessment of Israel's historical memory. Pappe
focuses on the planning and actions that were taken to ensure an ethnically cleansed Israel and
places this in direct contrast with current perspectives of historical rhetoric. Both authors draw from
a variety of sources in order to adequately examine the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the more important aspects of nationalism in the 1920s was how Arabic newspapers were
used to "define" notions of treason. Cohen assesses how one is determined to be a traitor, whether
through absentee land sales or contributions to Zionist intelligence organizations, and how this leads
to violent repression of all varieties of treason. It is interesting to note that although nationalism was
becoming "rooted" within Palestinian society, the notion of treason was not wholly accepted.
Widespread concepts of nationalism did not become "the principal component in the basket of
identities of each individual and the one for which he is willing to kill and be killed" but instead, in
the 1920s, setup the mechanisms that helped to achieve this goal: establishment of nationalist
"norms," coercion, and reward. "The press, the religious system..., and the educational system
served as central tools" to setup the negative and positive influences into the norms of nationalism.
This in turn led to the concepts of who is a traitor and who is not. As nationalism comes into its own
by the riots of 1936, the definition of who are traitors or collaborators began to take a more specific
role. Whether they were "opportunists," village leaders, patriots, or moralists, all found themselves
at odds with the rising forms of nationalism. Common responses within the Palestinian narrative

The Identity Of The Arab Nations National Identity
"Cultures in MENA are traditions, beliefs, and behaviors shaped by history, religion, ethnic identity,
language, and nationality". MENA consists of a mix of ethnic, language, and religious groups. The
diversity of these groups allow for cultures to co–exist in the region. The family is very import and
the values that come from having strength in a solid extended family allows for respect, honor, and
loyalty. Religion plays a huge influence in the daily lives of the people in MENA.
"Language, culture, social, and political, economic interests, and a collective memory of their place
and role in history. The logic of nationhood is frequently being formed and reformed, reflecting
changing conditions and self–conceptions; together these deny total separation as well as complete
incorporation in the way communities relate to one another is fortified by shared images and
origins" (Barakat, Halim). The national identity of the Arab Nations national identity is said to be
focused on language. Albert Hourani stated in his most famous book, "Arabic Thought in the
Liberal Age" by Albert Hourani asserts that Arabic people are more focused on their language more
than any other peoples of the world." This theory is also stated by Jacques Berque, saying "the East
is the home of the word the Arabic language does not really belong to the world of men; rather, it
seems to be lent to them," and that "Arabic writing is more suggestive than informative."
The origin of Arab identity as relating

The Arab Ba'ath Movement and The Rise of the Baath Party...
Contrary to popular beliefs, civil activism and civil society has managed to thrive in the Middle
East. Social movements on a variety of topics have occurred despite the lack of democracy and
democratic institutions in certain countries. One popular movement was the Arab Ba'ath Movement
which eventually led to the formation of the Baath Party. By analyzing the movement's history,
ideological stance, goals, the actors, dissenters, and international aspect, one can determine how and
why the movement flourished in Syria.
Syria was granted de jure independence from the French in 1941. However, the country was not
truly independent until 1946. For the next twenty–five years, the country would be launched into
extreme political instability and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were attracted to the idea of equality on the basis of being an Arab and the promise of social
reform, something that was desperately needed in the countryside. Additionally, the nationalist
ideals the Baath promoted would neither exclude nor destroy the middle class and the positions they
held (Galvani 4). The Baath also had a base in the military. Therefore, they were able to help
members of rural communities join and gain prestige in the military.
The Baath Party had two goals: to unite the Middle East into one Arab nation and to create a new set
of political elites completely comprised of the rural, lower class to replace the tradition urban elites
(Antoun and Quataert 33). They wanted to reverse the effects caused by imperialist intervention and
the agrarian crisis in the 1950s. Therefore, when they took power, transformation – a reformation
from the top down – occurred. The new regime took a more revolutionary turn and incorporated
extreme leftist elements such as the idea of a one party system. It also had the state play a major role
in national development, social welfare services, labor rights, regulation of private business in the
national interest, and agrarian reform (Hinnebusch 680).
What made the Baath Movement so successful was its ability to bring together various classes of
society that divided Syria. It did this by promoting movements that were aligned

U.s. Foreign Policy Policies
he New York Times reported that the United States has refrained from systematically attacking Al
Qaeda's franchise in Syria because US–backed fighters coordinate and are enmeshed with the outfit.
The newspaper also reported that the Pentagon had refrained in 2015 from attacking ISIS militants
in and around the Syrian city of Palmyra in order to further the US foreign policy goal of regime
change in Damascus.
The United States has a long history of forming tactical alliances with political Islam to counter
secular Arab nationalists, whom it views as inimical to its interests of dominating the Arab world,
with its vast petroleum resources. Syria, whose constitution describes the country as "the beating
heart of Arabism" and "bedrock of resistance against colonial hegemony on the Arab world," is the
last of the secular Arab nationalist states opposing US domination and control of the region.
A frank discussion in a July 14, 2016 New York Times article [1] acknowledged that US irritation
over the Kremlin's military intervention in Syria has been prompted by Russia focussing its attacks
on Al Qaeda's franchise in Syria, the Nusra Front, an outfit Washington views as an ally of
convenience in pursuit of its goal of toppling the pro–independence Arab nationalist Assad
government, at the same time it props up client state dictatorships in Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia,
Bahrain and Qatar, while robustly providing military, economic and diplomatic support to the settler
regime in

The Role Of Modern Nationalism And The Middle East
In this essay I will be discussing the role of modern nationalism and how this ideology affected the
transition from colonial rule to independence in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as the
problems that plagued them since 1945, and how these different nations have solved them. I will be
specifically concentrating on the nations of India, Algeria, and Iran. In the wake of World War Two,
the power of Asian nationalism was irrepressible. Many new nations emerged all throughout this
massive continent. Even though these various nations are different in many ways the way in which
they came together hold true. Everywhere Asian nationalists rallied their people against colonialism
and imperialism brought on by the various countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this was a problem, it was fairly brief. Since India gained their independence, the country
has faced many problems. These problems include ethnic and religious conflict, poverty and
overpopulation. These problems have been attempted to be solved by the Indian democracy. For
example, The prime minister, Indira Gandhi (1966–77 & 1980–84) embarked on the "green
revolution" this increased agricultural yields for India's eight hundred million people. This solved
problems of poverty for a short period of time, this is because India has one of the fastest growing
populations in the world. Gandhi realized this and took stringent action by calling for a state of
emergency form 1975–77. During this time period she imposed very repressive birth control
policies, even involuntary sterilization. Over eight million people were sterilized in an effort to
control the overpopulation problem. This was not the end of India's problems though, in 1980 the
religious divide proved to be a deadly one. Gandhi took it upon herself to fix the problem, ordering
the army to attack a sacred temple which harbored Sikh extremists. She did this all because this
particular religion wanted more autonomy in the Punjab region of India. A short time later she was
assassinated by two of her

Nationalism in the Middle East
The concept of "identity" in a person's life often emanates from systemized sense of social
representations and relations. Actors in the identity criterion have a sense of belonging characterized
by a capacity of self–reflection, entailing a process that constantly reaffirms one's status and
differentiation from others. Identity produces consciousness of action and becomes formalized, with
symbolic character and recognition found within specific limitations that are confined in a particular
environment (Montserrat 10). Therefore, an individual's uniqueness directly creates a singular
person's identity, which is an essential element in the development of national identity. It is the
summation of those individuals' identities that leads ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Middle East nationalism process was delayed in comparison with the European
nationalism because the Arab world possessed unique aspects due to cultural, political and religious
features that were associated with the colonial rule. Due to the aspect of their likeness in terms of
language trait, Arab nationalist in the Middle East had a greater appeal for nationalism, despite the
shifting political alliances.
Despite having identical cultural orientations, the Arab nationalists had consciousness identity
difficulties because they were under the Ottoman Empire for a long time. Arguably, in the first
stages of Arab nationalists movements, European powers had sought to simulate the its development
trends in Arab inhabited territories in order to facilitate dismantling of the Ottoman empire, which
still continued to maintain its influence, even after its disintegration. Conversely, after the fall of
Ottoman Empire, European countries tried to obstruct the promotion of Pan Arabism attempting to
achieve unity, thus hindering them to develop the Pan Arabism nationalist trend (Gerber 263).
However, the tribal and multi–confessional diversity among the Arabs presented a challenge in
achieving the unity goal. Moreover, the Arabs were also divided on religious aspects, thus
disadvantaging

Terrorism After Ww2
Terrorism after World War Two took on the rise of Nationalistic and Endemic terrorism. "Terrorist
campaigns were aimed at the security forces, and they also targeted audiences in the imperial
homelands" (White, pg. 161, 2012). The British government was a major player in the cause of this
I believe from regions in Cyprus and Kenya. Occupation by the Brits gathered the rise of the
original ethnic groups within those regions to fight against this occupation. "This resulted in an
uncomfortable conflict of interests with the NATO partners of the United Kingdom and Turkey, and
it threatened the stability of the alliance" (White, pg. 162, 2012). France also invaded North Africa
and some French citizen moved to that region as a result of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
138, 2012). These long–term separatists are different from the religious group as are the ethnic and
nationalistic groups. They usually have a clear mission. The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA)
fought against Spain for a long time and just ended its fight in 2011. Ethnic terrorism is as its name
states that it's a fight between different ethnic groups within a region. Examples of these are the
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). They want to
make a statement of the identity, and be recognized as such. Unfortunately this can take on a violent
nature and become terrorism as it has in the past. "Modern terrorism is associated with the 1916
Easter Black Rising, the Black and Tan War of 1919 to 1921" (White, pg. 139, 2012). Sri Lanka has
suffered terrorism in the form of this type by groups of the Sinhalese, and the Tamils. Ireland had
been occupied by the British for an extremely long time and this has caused terrorism in Ireland.
"Irish nationalists, long angered by the colonial rule of England, incorporated terrorist techniques
into their revolt against British rule, and their experiences evolved as weapons technology
improved" (White, pg. 139, 2012). "Ethnic Terrorism in separatist movements ranges through many
parts of the world.

The Creation Of Historical Formation
The emergence of Arabism has been an endless debate amongst scholars. The primordialists claim
Arabism is a creation of historical formation, whilst on the other hand, the modernists refer to
Arabism as a product of modernity. Similarly, the end of Arabism is also contested. The orthodox
position argues Arabism ended following the defeat of 1967 and the death of Gamal Abdul Nasser,
President of Egypt between 1954–70 (Ajami, 1978). Whereas, Kramer (1996) states the rise of
political Islam weakened the effectiveness of Arab unity. In more general terms, Arabism may be
viewed as an idealistic concept that offered unrealistic objectives, limiting its ability to become
successful (Farah, 1987). The definitions concerning Arabism can sometimes be interpreted
differently by scholars. For this essay, Arab nationalism and Pan–Arabism will be discussed as
similar entities, these terms can be defined as a nationalist desire to seek a union of all Arabs in a
single state. Whereas, Arabism can be defined through more broad terms which encompasses a
common identity between Arabs, regardless of having a united Arab state or not. This essay will
argue that Arabism, including Arab nationalism and Pan–Arabism failed due to a combination of
reasons. An ideology applied to an entire region, instead of a one–nation state will prominently be
accompanied with complications. Within the Arab states, there is a division of loyalties, competing
ideologies and a disunited Arab front. For these reasons,

Reasons For Arab Nationalism Failed
Arab Nationalism is an ideology which was prominent in the 19th century, as Arab nations began to
gain independence from colonial powers. The foundations of Arab Nationalism are based on the
notions of political, cultural, religious and historical unity amongst Arab nations. One of the
fundamental goals of Arab Nationalism was to see the end of western powers in the Arab region,
and the removal of those Arab governments who were seen too dependent on western power. The
rise of Arab nationalism came with the weakening and defeating of the Ottoman Empire but
declined after the defeat of the Arab armies in the 1967 six–day war. This essay will look at the
reasons as to why Arab Nationalism failed making references to the aims of Arab Nationalism.
In order to see why Arab Nationalism failed it's important to see the start of Arab Nationalism, the
aims and goals and the events that took place. As mentioned Arab Nationalism was an ideology that
rose in the 19th century. Arab Nationalism was a movement that was refuting against the repressive
rule of the Ottoman Empire. When French and British industrialists set eyes on the Middle East, a
diplomatic deal was put in place, the agreement made stated that British and French imperialists
would support the Arabs in their independence in exchange for Arab help in World War I. However
a more recent theory proposed by Adeed Dawisha contends amongst other things that the Arab
revolt against the Ottoman Empire was less to do with Arab

The Beginning Of The Xx
Introduction
The beginning of the XX century was marked by the struggle of Iran to maintain the national
independence in the face of Russian and British economic and colonial pressure and to save the
Persian culture. These attempts to preserve and resurrect national consciousness were skilfully used
by the revolutionary politicians in their struggle for power and the majority approval. The Western
idea of nationhood and the sense of belonging to a greater nation with similar linguistic and racial
characteristics were developed in post–Napoleonic Europe and became crucial in the unification of
countries such as Italy and Germany whereas in Iran this process have partially resulted from the
reaction to the foreign influences. Likewise in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The character of this topic dictates to use historical comparative analysis of nationalism theory in
Iran at different points during the modernization reforms in the first half of XX century under Reza
Shah Pahlavi. To address this aim, the first section will look at the historical preconditions of
nationalism in Iran during the late Qajar dynastic rule and early years of Pahlavi's rule. Then it will
focus on the political roots of nationalism in Iran during the modernization by Reza Shah Pahlavi.
The role of education and propaganda as the main tools of the nationalism spread and development
will be discussed in the second section. The final section of this paper will defend the thesis that
nationalism was predominantly implanted idea from above by demonstrating the inconsistencies
between the modernizing nationalist doctrine and the Islamic nature and philosophy of Iranian
population. This paper will conclude that the nationalism as a state ideology was imposed in Iran by
the constitutional monarchy of Reza Shah Pahlavi and it used language, history and ethnicity in
order to maintain the public support.
Section 1 – Iranian politics and nationalism
The first quarter of the XX century represents the new period for Iranian politics. Fred Halliday's
definition of nationalism as "political movements arising at particular times with specific
leaderships" is more likely to distinctly show the situation within the state. The Constitutional
revolution and later

The Rise Of Zionism And Arab Nationalism
The rise of Zionism and Arab Nationalism in the nineteenth century triggered major political
tensions in the region of Palestine. The conflict among the Zionists and Arab Nationalists is
primarily due to the politics of territory and is essentially not comprised of religious opposition. In
fact, before the advent of Zionism and Arab Nationalism, Jews and Palestinians shared a local
identity due to mutual tolerances. This identity, which took precedence over religion, created a
vivacious community with its own unique set of traditions and customs shared among the Jews,
Muslims and Christians. However, following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Zionists
whom were seeking a safe haven from Jewish prejudices in mainly Eastern Europe, proclaimed their
return to Palestine. Zionists sought the territory of Palestine as the 'official land of the Jews' because
of their ancient homeland ties. Furthermore, as Zionism progressed, Arabs Nationalists were
threatened by the ideology and the vast Jewish immigration to Palestine. In the Arab point of view,
Zionism emerged as a European movement, which appeared to be another attempt by Western
imperialism to subordinate Muslims to Europeans. Although Arab Nationalism and Zionism were
similar in nature, these two identities were destined to clash primarily due to their irreconcilable
nationalistic aspirations and cultural characteristics.
The birth of Zionism began in Eastern Europe; the Zionist movement became known as a
nationalistic

Political Changes In Syria
### just delete it´s been merged ### Syrian Economy
Syria's economy has evolved, and molded itself into what it is now. But behind every great
achievement there is a beginning. And that beginning was when Syria became independent in 1946.
When Syria finally became independent, the country was able to do as it pleased. Since Syria had
just become a country, it lacked resources for economic prosperity. But slowly, agriculture began
controlling the country's economy.
However, by the 1960s, when the Baath party became the major political force in the country,
Syria's plan for its economy completely changed. But slowly by the mid–1960s everything went
back to normal and the Baath party had the economy under control.
By the 1970s, Syria achieved high rates of economic growth. The dramatic rise of the world oil
prices led to increased production from domestic refineries. And high prices from agricultural and
oil exports, and the fact that Syrians began to work in oil–rich Arab states encouraged growth.
By the end of the decade, the Syrian economy had transitioned from agriculture based economy to
being dominated by the service, industrial, and commercial sectors. Development of irrigation,
electricity, water, road building projects, and the expansion of health services and education to rural
areas contributed to prosperity. By the mid–1980s, Syria's economic boom collapsed as a result of
the rapid drop of world oil prices, lower export income, drought affecting agricultural

Nationalism And The Islamic State
Nationalism is the sense of an individual showing extreme loyalty to their country. It is homologous
to tribalism. Similar to a family it is held together by a sense of affinity. According to professor Liah
Greenfeld of Boston, nationalism is "an image of social order which involves the people of a
sovereign elite and a community of equals." Nationalism includes individuals tied together by
charismatic bonds such as race, faith, language, economy, way of life, history, ideas, and location.
("Nationalism" Greenfeld) These people desire power and strength in which they feel strongly loyal
too. In other words they seek development of their nation. For instance, a group called ISIS, also
known as The Islamic State deeply follows the Muslim Faith. They are willing to fight to the death
for their beliefs on how society should be organized and live. Also, World War One and World War
Two are great examples of a historical nationalistic era. People from every country stood their
ground and battled until they had nothing left. They risked their lives for their countries which
showed true nationalism. Events like these lead to tragic endings which included death, loss in food,
clothing, lower economy, political issues, and disputes within countries. Despite what one may
assume the root causes of international conflicts are, nationalist ideas are in fact the origin to this
dissension because many countries are loyal to their beliefs, ensure the stability of their nation, and
are set on

The World And Caution Of The Arab World
As the Ottoman Empire's fall drew closer, the concept of Arab representation and its manifestation
as both a valid state and successor rose as a strong candidate towards a new rule. However, the Arab
world is faced with two distinctive parties that wish to establish their own set of rules of national
identity. The first party belongs to the Pan–Arab movement that wishes to unite all the Arab people
from the farthest east to its west of the Arabic speaking world. Meanwhile, the second party
involves advocates of separate national identities that are distinguishable between each nation
instead of one solid nationalist vision. Both parties contain an argument as to what is the most
beneficial towards the Middle Eastern and North African region. With Pan–Arab leaders, such as the
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's Michel Aflaq and Salah al–Din al–Bitar, advocating a strong anti–
imperialist sentiment in the face of European involvement in the Arab world and caution of the
Ottomans' gruesome history repeating. Additionally, Pan–Arab nationalism and socialism was
advocated by prominent leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. On the other hand, prominent state nationalists
that wanted their own independent countries to rise came forward with leaders such as Lebanese
intellectuals like George Samné and Antoun Saadeh, who recognized the sovereignty of their own
Syrian statehood and defied the concept of a more group inclusive ideal.
To begin with the Pan–Arab parties' movements and their push towards

The Clash Of Zionism And Arab Nationalism Essay
Introduction to Middle East Politics
Midterm Essay
Minahil Tauseef
Clash of Nationalisms
The clash of Zionism and Arab nationalism has led to the longest running conflict in the history of
the world that shapes the politics of the Middle East to this day. The roots of the modern Arab–
Israeli conflict can be found in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th
century. The source of the conflict is territorial claims over a small piece of land that is the historical
homeland for two different nationalities. Palestine has historically held great significance for the
Jews. Zionism transformed that religious attachment and made it into a basis for a claim onnational
grounds that this is their national home. This set them in potential conflict with another nationality,
the Arabs, who seePalestine as historically and currently belonging to the Arabs, and in the Pan–
Islamic context, as Muslim lands. Over the course of this paper, I will talk about why the Arab–
Israeli conflict was inevitable and why these two ideologies were fated to clash.
In order to understand the clash, we must first understand the importance of the region that has been
the focus of two conflicting territorial claims. The Jewish claim to the state of Israel is rooted in the
nearly six–thousand–year old belief of Jews that Israel is the homeland promised to them by God in
the Torah. Jewish history has been a continuous cycle of exile and return to the "promised land".
The desire to

The Role Of Believing In The Myth Of Arab Nationalism
In "The Need for Understanding the West" the author talks about the necessity for Arabs to learn
and adopt Western ideologies and societies to have a better future. Khashan praises Europe for their
open mindedness, stating that this aspect of European society is responsible for them becoming the
economic and the political focus of the world. He also talks about the failures of Arab societies from
foreign perspectives and also discusses how Arab nations are viewed as failures by other nations due
to their lack of successful leaders, and for not having a behavioural system that encourages hard
work, punctuality, and human rights. Finally, he asks Arabs to take a few notes from the West as a
step toward modernity, but not before they resolve their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The steady economic growth among the leaders would decrease and the nations would be able to
deal with the West and with foreign entities better. It was also created to establish trade, because all
countries would be united. The league was supposed to benefit every nation as a whole and give
them a presence in the world but the Arab states and their unwillingness to cooperate resulted in
failure. Politically and economically speaking, I think Khashan makes a powerful point when he
talks about how Arab countries must be a united front. Wealth has always been an issue in the
Middle East. For example, oil is a major issue as it has made the Gulf extremely wealthy while
countries such as Syria and Egypt are less privileged which causes tension amongst leaders and the
countries. Arab countries cannot be selfish when it comes to sharing the wealth amongst one another
and must help each other become stronger and

Opec Essay
Introduction
In our society, oil is one of the core requirements. Whether it is to drive from a point A to a point B
or to fly between distant countries, oil always had a fundamental impact on our civilization. Its
impact is felt, on a daily basis and under many aspects. Not a day goes by without hearing about the
Brent's changing undulation, on the markets in New York or London. Some have thought that the
desire to gain control of Iran's oil resources was the core of the CIA's intervention in that country, in
the 1950s. In recent years, it was considered, by left–wing groups, that the war in Iraq was based
upon an attempt of foreign control over the Iraqi petroleum resources. Even though both events have
an unquestioned place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They formed the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC. Since the OPEC
was instated to protect the interests of oil producers, it could be seen as an example of regional
integration. The OPEC is widely considered, throughout the world, as a cartel. This would be an
intellectual misconception. The concept of cartel would consider oligarchies limiting competition
and monopolies increasing prices. Oppositely, many international oil producers are not members of
the OPEC. These non–members saw a fourfold increase in the oil prices, during the 1973 oil
embargo. In A history of the modern Middle East, William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton stated
that the immediate objective of the OPEC was "to utilize the collective bargaining power of its
member states to pressure the Western oil companies to increase oil prices.". However, the birth of
the OPEC did not occur, overnight. In 1947, the Venezuelan and Iranian delegations held talks in
Washington, to coordinate their oil policies. In OPEC: Past and Present, Abdul Amir Q. Kubbah
stated that the Arab league had a project of creating an "association of Arab oil–producing
countries.", since 1945. The first OPEC–type grouping occurred in 1953, when Iraqi and Saudi
delegates joined forces. The agreement between these two states was the first to involve cooperation
from both governments. The Arab League held a summit in Cairo, in 1959. During that summit,
"views have been exchanged concerning the

The Formation and Actions of the Free Officers movement...
In the wake of the second World War a new military coup was being swiftly formed in Egypt by a
group of junior officers. It was called the Free Officers movement. Soon after its formation Gamal
'Abd al–Nasser as a result of a populist movement became their leader. According to the group they
launched this movement "to put an end to that corruption, ineptitude and treason" (The modern
middle east p.238) that was very apparent in the wake of the war and colonialism. As the military
offices began to take control they had the tough task of having to weaken the grasp of the social elite
on the rest of the population. The effects of the elite were largely seen by their actions in parliament.
This was easily seen as the large landowners who are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nasser's influence wasn't solely in Egypt, after the success with land reform other countries in the
region begin to implement similar land reform laws allowing a middle class to emerge and greatly
improving the lives of many working class wage laborers who were previously repressed.
Egypt in the 1950s and 1960s was the leader of the Arab world and under the control of Nasser they
set out to solve many of the issues of colonialism. Another prominent issue at the time was there
was very little infrastructure in Egypt and the infrastructure they had exists mostly to push
agricultural commodities to market. Other forms of infrastructure were also lacking. For example,
Egypt didn't have a large school system until the 1950s. There was also economic imbalances, one
of which has to do with a small upper–class of ruling elite, the other having to do with how foreign
interests capture large sectors of the economy; not a lot of industrial development, and then state–
led industrial development. Land is not equitably distributed; there was a lack of an independent
army outside of British control; and the country was misrepresented within politics because of the
British involvement. Among the newly forming nation states we see Arab countries like Egypt
starting to confront these issues and impart emerge as an independent nation state. That is absolute
autonomy and sovereignty over their territory. During this time there were two main

To what extent is Nationalism inherently aggressive and...
To what extent is Nationalism inherently aggressive and expansionist? Intro: It is difficult to define
Nationalism as either inherently destructive or expansionist. It depends on the type of Nationalism
and the circumstances in which is arises and how people use or abuse it as an ideology. Heywood
defines four main breeds of Nationalism; Liberal Nationalism, Conservative Nationalism,
Expansionist Nationalism, Anti and post colonial Nationalism. One of the types of nationalism
which is more likely to be inherently destructive and expansionist is Expansionist Nationalism, as
its name suggests, is essentially destructive and expansionist. It advocates a form of national
chauvinism where patriotism and national pride reaches a higher level. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I believe that modern expansionist and destructive imperialism is a logical consequence of the rise
of nationalism and that the liberation of conquered peoples was its unavoidable consequence. In
some regions, Europeans exerted complete political authority, in other areas, spheres of influence
were established, and leaving the existing governments as puppets, occasionally only economic
influence was exerted. Imperialism in Africa created colonies designed to serve the needs of the
colonial powers. Colonial boundaries often exacerbated long–standing ethnic rivalries. The
consequences of expansionist nationalism were destructive and also predictable. Competition
between the expanding modern empires, rooted in expansionist nationalism, led to inter–state wars,
starting overseas in the peripheral territories where these states sought to expand their rule, and it
ended, during the 20th century, in gigantic inter–state wars at the centre. World Wars I and II
brought the defeat of Germany and Italy in comparison with France, England, America and Russia,
but all of Europe suffered from war devastation. In this period, the true off–springs of nationalism
who elevated this school to its highest position and gave it its severest form were

How Important has Nationalism been in Shaping the modern...
How important has nationalism been in shaping our modern world? Do you believe that the appeal
of nationalism will diminish in the future?
Nationalism has been extremely important and influential in shaping the modern world we see
today, causing revolutions, rebellions and the constant reshaping of world maps continuing even
today. Its appeal is something that I don't believe will diminish in the future. Many theologians and
political commentators alike agree that Nationalism has perhaps been one of the most prominent
political ideologies of the modern world "No single political doctrine has played a more prominent
role in shaping the face of the modern world than nationalism" 1, and doesn't look like ceasing to be
as influential anytime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Modernist philosophers agree that modernism is only possible in a developed industrial society,
where a strong economy provides a strong backbone for the nation's development, there is a
presence of a centralized authority and the nation is connected through a single common language in
which everyone can communicate with each other4. Although not known as a nationalist, the father
of communism Karl Marx described nationalism has being the transformation from feudalism to
capitalism, and saw nationalism as nothing more than a trend which would soon pass5. However
this was not the case, the industrial revolution stirred up patriotic sentiments throughout Europe,
especially Germany, France and Great Britain, which lead to an arms race powered by industry, this
played a major role in the lead up into WWI. Modernism continues to shape the modern world even
today, a form of modernism much like the one seen during the industrial revolution can be seen in
places such as India and China, who are currently experiencing their own version of the industrial
revolution. It can also be seen in the middle east where political movements such as the Muslim
brotherhood have stepped into power in places such as Egypt after a revolt against the former
dictator President Mubarak in 2011, which occurred

The Non-United States: The Arab Nationalism Movement
The Middle East region is one that is rich in natural resources, yet suffers many conflicts withing the
recent years. Most of the the struggled faced by the Middle East region relates to the Arab
Nationalism and Zionism movements. These movements have had a lasting impact on the way
Arabs view non–Arabs and how their region is meant to be governed. Arab nationalism is the
movement in which some nations in the Middle East region believed that there should be one state
that unites the nation instead of seperate countries as they shared a common culture, language and
history. They believed that living in a non–united states is threatning to the naturally resource rich
region to outside influence as the arab nationalism movement was against western or influence. The
Arab nationalism movement was more prevelant in Egypt while the similar wave isn't present in th
monarch of Saudi Arabia.

Taking a Look at the Arab Culture
Islam is the religion practiced by the Saudis and it governs the personal, economical, legal as well as
political lives. Islam basically started in Saudi Arabia. Many Muslims visit the country every year to
perform pilgrimage of the Holy Kaaba.
Among the obligations of Muslims, prayer comes first. As a Muslim, I pray 5 times in a day. Friday
is a holy day for Muslims. Most of the companies consider Friday and Thursday to be their
weekend. During Ramadan, Muslims observe fast starting from dawn till dusk and they are allowed
to work for only 6 hours in a day.
Where family values and culture is concerned, the tribe and family are basis of social culture. It
could be even seen in the naming conventions that we, the Saudis, tend to be cognizant of heritage,
clan, nuclear family and our extended family. We take responsibilities toward our families very
seriously. The families happen to be quite large and extended family happens to be very close. An
individual derives assistance and social network in bad times from his family.
When it comes to Arabic language, it would be worth mentioning to say that during Middle Ages,
mathematics and science received great boost in Arab–Islamic far–flung civilization, that stretched
as far as Asia. With the passage of time through commercial, scholarly and military contacts, Europe
also absorbed learning of the more advanced civilization. Contacts with Arab world did play
important role to simulate Europe's intellectual and cultural renewal in

Pan Arabism Research Paper
Pan Arabism was a movement that reached its high point in the 60's and 70's that called for the
unification of countries from North Africa and Asia to create a national Arabic identity. Although
Pan Arabism was its own movement, it closely was tied with Arab Nationalism, which basically
wanted a unified Arab country with lesser western political intervention. In this paper I will talk
about what lead to Pan Arabism and how it came to become an actual movement. I will also cover
Arab Nationalism because of its close relation to Pan Arabism. After I talk about Pan Arabism, I will
talk about the importance of Arabic language to the actual Arabic identity and the efforts that are
taken to prevent the downfall of this language. I will also cover the Politics of the time period of Pan
Arabism talking about Nasserisim and the Bath Party. Lastly, and most Importantly, I will talk about
unity in Pan Arabism covering the United Arab Republic, the Islamist Arabic Union, Maghreb
Union, and many more. Basically, I will talk about what time frame these unions were introduced,
what caused them, what their intent was, and why they failed if they did so. I also intend on
presenting the case as to whether a true Arab identity exists and what makes it up. Initially, what
caused the movements of Pan Arabism and Arab Nationalism to fail is inevitable political
intervention of western nations. I also believe that language and geographic positions were not
enough for nations to unify. That is what

Nationalism In The 19th Century
Nationalism is a belief that connects to national identity, which involves an individual identifying
with its nation by personal actions and behavior that supports their nation. The Ottoman Empire
ruled Arab lands in western Turkey before WWI. Many Arabs had shared the Muslim religion with
the Turks in the Ottoman Empire. The growth of nationalist ideas came to the Arabs in the
nineteenth century. Arabs were interested in nationalism because they wanted to restore the
importance of their culture and develop a positive identity. In the Ottoman Empire, Arabs demanded
for more rights and self–rule, but Ottoman authorities had responded to maintain control. Arab
nationalists were united by their goal for independence and their disapproval to Zionism. ... Show
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In the "1967 war, Israel captured and occupied these areas, and established a military administration
to govern the Palestinian residents of the occupied West Bank and Gaza" (Beinin and Hajjar). In the
Palestinians perspective, under the Israel's settlement they were rejected political and civil rights. In
Israel, Palestinian nationalism and life was prohibited and restricted because it was a criminal act. In
the Israelis perspective, they had relied on their authority and strategy of captivity to control the
West Bank and Gaza from the Palestinian opposition to the occupation. In the Palestinians point of
view, Israelis have been using harsh torture which has led to many deaths. In the Israelis point of
view, they have been using this exercise to prevent terrorism. Also, Israel considers all arrangements
of Palestinian resistance to the occupation as danger of Israel's national security. Israel explains that
the West Bank and Gaza Strip are not actually occupied and have maintained control of the entrance
and

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