Roman History Research Paper

Roman History Research Paper
Roman history. According to Ian Haynes, a professor of Archeology in Newcastle University, Regina and Victor were once slaves and then set free.
Regina is depicted with a basket of wool and a jewellery box. Furthermore, she is described as a free woman and a wife. This statement establishes
and also questions female ideals in Roman times. Victor was a Moorish slave of the cavalry trooper Numirianus, who eventually freed him. The lines
engraved say "(Numirianus) who most devotedly conducted him to the tomb." This tombstone raises questions not only about hierarchy in the Roman
empire but also is an understatement about their personal relations. Relationships in the Roman empire is becoming a very popular topic especially
when it comes to values such as gender equality and solidarity. This topic of Roman history gradually becomes more popular because it offers
interpretations to contemporary issues, regarding class, gender ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A good strategy to keep history alive is to attract younger visitors to the museum. According to H. Park, education and enjoyment are not mutually
exclusive. Enjoyment can help the educational system by teaching children Roman history through art and games. The Arbeia museum makes
workshops for children where they can explore history by using real artefacts. Therefore, the museum gives children the opportunity to learn in an
interactive way by pretending they are real archeologists or Roman soldiers. The children can also learn sketching and drawing techniques which can
give them inspiration to learn about the Roman empire. This is a good strategy of preservation and teaching respect to the past because it uses pleasant
activities. What is more, the museum keeps secondary schools involved as well, by designing archeological workshops where children can put their
knowledge from school into
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Roman Empire History: The Battle of Teutoburg Forest
I. Introduction
The Battle of Teutoburg Forest was a critical battle in the history of the Roman Empire and in the formation of the German state. This battle took place
during the reign of Augustus in 9 AD during the time of the Roman Empire expansion. The fall of the Romans in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest was the
consequence of several mistakes and strategic blunders by the Roman general Varus and his superiors in Rome. This paper will outline these mistakes
as well as the strategic advantages that Arminius exploited on behalf of the Germanic tribes that successfully pushed back the Romans from the forest.
The defeat at Teutoburg devastated the Roman emperorAugustus, who, as a result, lost his willpower to pursue the continued ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Roman infantry and cavalry were extraordinarily well–disciplined and were in excellent physical condition.viiiI6, Although their men
were in great physical shape, their uniforms were typically made of metal and had breast plates which are very cumbersome. In addition to the
unfortunate uniforms, each Roman soldier carried forty pounds of equipment, which included spears, gladiuses (short two–sided swords that were used
for thrusting, slashing, blocking, and parrying), and shields.ixI7 The Roman shields (aka. scutum) were heavy and covered most of the soldier's body.
The German fighters consisted of about twenty to thirty thousand able–bodied freemen and ten thousand auxiliaries.xA2 While they lacked the formal
discipline of the Roman army, their minimal heavy weapons and intimate knowledge of the terrain made the Germans better suited to fight in the
forest.xiA2xiiG1 They wore limited armor, typically made of leather for ease of moving.xiiiG3 Some of their weapons included large swords, axes,
shields, and large broadswords.xivI9 The German shields were light, and were used primarily for deflecting their opponents' weapons as opposed to
covering their entire

Summary: The Most Significant Events In Roman History
From 66–73ce, a major war occurred that resulted in the Jews of Palestine revolting against Rome. This event is one of the most significant events in
Roman History. Approximately thirty five years after Jesus' death, the Jews of Palestine rebelled against their rulers. In 63ce, the Romans occupied
Israel (). When Roman armies breached Jerusalem's walls, they killed tens of thousands of Jews, burned the holy city, and demolished the Jerusalem
Temple, where the Jews worshipped. Over the course of time, the Romans rule had become more and more oppressive for the Jews because of annual
taxes, the Romans' control over the High Priest and the general treatment they received by the Romans. In addition, ideological disparities between the
Roman and Jewish belief in one God were at the center of political tensions which led to the revolt (). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since idolatry was not something the Jews believed in, they refused to place the Emperor's statue in the Temple (). In response, the Emperor
threatened to destroy the Temple. As a result to the Emperor's threats to destroy the Temple, he was assassinated before he could carry out his plan.
A short time after, a group of Jews known as the Zealots had become active. They believed that any of their actions would be justified if it meant they
could regain their political and religious freedom. The threats the Emperor gave convinced more people to join the Zealots and when the Emperor was
assassinated many took it as a sign that God would defend them if they decided to revolt

The Roman And Roman History
Emperor Augustus ruled over a period that is known as the Roman Peace (Pax Romana), from his reign in 27 B.C to his death in 14 A.D. In Virgil's
character Anchises (As seen above), Augustus is portrayed to have brought to fruition a golden age in Roman history. His ability to turn Rome from
the ravages of civil war into a prosperous empire was accomplished through the harnessing of his exceptional administrative powers. Emphasis placed
on religious reinvigoration and social reform helped forge a Roman empire that ensured political and social stability amongst all classes. The
flourishing of Rome's art and poetry reached its peak due to this stability. Architecture was also used and developed significantly to develop a new
sense of personal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Ara Pacis (Altar of peace) consecrated in 9 BC was one such structure, which exemplified the celebration of peace and Roman civic ritual. Augustus
utilized the great architectural minds of Agrippa to continue Caesar's grand ambitions to celebrate the citizens of Rome. The emperor also urged other
notables such as Marcius Philippus and Lucius Cornificius to construct buildings grandiose in nature. Though concrete was invented 2 centuries prior,
under Augustus' reign experimentation with the material enabled the construction of some of Ancient Rome's most enduring architectural legacies. The
sudden abundance of marble, coupled with Greek Hellenistic tradition gave rise to the materials adorning some of the grandest public works in the
capital such as . A new mix of Graeco–Italic style of architecture graced these works as well. The impact of the size, quality and variety in Augustan
buildings was evidence of the profound impact Augustus had on his people and subsequently, the buildings that adorned the empire.
Architecture in the Augustan age flourished, it's strength and pre–eminence in the ancient world were captured in Emperor Augustus' final words– "I
found a city of bricks and left it a city of Marble". Though some view his words as an exaggeration, through this metaphor Augustus describes the
empires strength and civic pride it had established through the presence of imposing structures.. It was with structures like these, that Rome was a
beacon of

Julius Caesar's History And Contributions Of The Roman Empire
2. Octavian is Julius Caesar's great nephew but was named his adopted son in Julius Caesar will. Octavian was able to gain power due to being
named in Julius Caesar's will as his son. He was originally the son of Julius Caesar's sister. His father Gaius Octavius was the first person in the
family that became a senator but passed away when Octavian was four years old. Octavius was able to balance the empire, made the army smaller
sized, and formed a Roman navy. He also held interest in temple buildings which in turned he took on the repair all of the 82 temples and built more
along with a new forum. He also tried to implement morals with laws that would govern marriage and family to rule out promiscuity. He very well
also believed and supported literature. The Augustus of Prim Porta is important because it is one of the best–preserved portraits that is on display for
all people. It shows the type ruler he created with his government with his stance and appearance. Octavian was very important to Roman history and
culture due to all the positive change and building of the Roman empire. Aside from the reconstruction of temples and creating military forces he
brought back peace to the people with the endings of civil wars. The strongest opponents are deceased and solider ended with wealth also gave him
universal support.
4.The Colosseum is important part of roman life because it was a gift from the emperor to the Roman people. It is considered an amphitheater and it also

What Are The Similarities And Differences Between The...
Three classes of Jews were considered political and religious leaders during the time of Jesus; the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Herodians. They
were often referred as the ruling council at that time.The Sadducees were aristocrats which were wealthy and held powerful positions and were often
called the "liberal scholars of Christ's day". They were the ones who controlled the state locally, spoke to the state universally, directed relations with the
Romans, participated in the Sanhedrin, prepared and drove the army, and gathered taxes. They did not relate well to the common man, nor did the
common man hold them in high opinion. In comparison to the Sadducees, the Pharisees were mostly middle–class businessmen, and therefore were in
contact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A striking similarity was that they all were against Jesus and His teachings. Those three most overwhelming, political, and religious gatherings wanted
to kill Him. So they all joined efforts to do everything needed to reach their goal. They place all they trust in what each of them accepted as "reality,"
insulting the critical fact that the main teachings was from God, through His Son, Jesus Christ. This work has revealed one customary conviction about
these three religious groups–their solid lack of regard for Jesus. Their unbelief drove them to impact God's people to have confidence in their
conviction rather than the truth that lays in Christ alone. Perhaps the best lesson that can be learned from those three religious gatherings is to
believe everything the Bible says, including the miraculous and the afterlife unlike the Sadducees. One should not treat traditions as having equal
authority as Scripture, and not allow our relationship with God to be reduced to a legalistic list of rules and rituals unlike the Pharisees. Romans
14:12 says, "So then, each one will give an account of himself to God." The Pharisees, Sadducees, and Herodians drove the all inclusive community
of God into ungodly and religious beliefs. One day they will be judge according to what they did and each individuals will have to give an account of
himself to

Essay on "Gladiator": An Accurate Portrayal of Roman History
The Gladiator epic directed by Riley Scott (2000) is based on real life events of the Roman Empire, their society, as well as the role of gladiators.
Scott tried to portray the Roman culture as accurately as he could, and even went further to ensure his authenticity by hiring several historians to do
so . It is supported by the findings of historians' research. The film is historically accurate in most parts, including the role of gladiators; gladiatorial
games and the aspects of Roman society such as the religions and beliefs. Some characters such as Commodus, Lucilla and Marcus were loosely
based on the real life characters. However some parts of the film were exaggerated such as the battles in the arena, where gladiators fought to... Show
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This is actually factual as for gladiators were actually trained under their managers, tested and marked for purchases. The purposes of a gladiator were
not to fight in wars or battles but to battle against each other, animals and beasts solely for public entertainment in the ancient Rome. The portrayal of
gladiators' status in the Roman society as well as their roles for bloody thirsty and violent entertainment in the film is displayed true to the ancient Rome
.
Throughout the film, gladiatorial games are shown to be one of the most important parts of the Roman society. Gladiatorial games and fights followed
a strict procedure and ceremony. They arrived at the Colosseum through an underground tunnel. From there, they were able to access to the arena
through a pair of gates reserved to them only. Additionally, the gladiators often marched in groups, with their distinctive uniform and equipment. This
is displayed accurately when Maximus enters the arena through a pair of gates and works with a team of other gladiators with similar outfits.
However, they did not wear fantasy helmets and bands wrapped around the lower arms and their armors are not always closely historically accurate.
Moreover, Roman people loved to watch people battle to death and bloodthirsty violence as a form of entertainment. Spectators in the film cheered and
chanted wildly in the Colosseum when their favorite, Maximus was battling with

The Battle Of Actium During Ancient Roman History
The battle of Actium was a significant event in Ancient Roman history, which consequently shaped Rome's politics and society for many years to
come afterwards. The battle took place in 31BC near the promontory of Actium in Greece, between Marc Antony's forces and Octavian's forces. This
battle was caused due to actions taken by both Marc Antony and Caesar Octavian. Julius Caesar was the great–uncle and also adopted father of
Octavian and was assassinated on the 1th of March in 44BC (also known as the 'Ides of March'). He was assassinated by members of the Senate who
had conspired to do so led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Brutus because they felt that Caesar had ruled much too like a king. Rome didn't
have and hated kings because... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
they ran to the houses of the murderers with intent to burn them down, while others went every whither through the city seeking to seize the men
themselves and tear them to pieces." This highlights that Caesar cared so much about his people that he had left some of his fortune to them
which caused uproar and anger. Antony fulfilled his purpose in causing the crowd to be especially resentful towards Brutus and Cassius, who
claimed to kill him for the greater good. "The whole city was fired with a wonderful affection for him, and a passionate sense of the loss of him."
The reading of Caesar's will lead up to the battle of Actium as when Antony read out the will, it was found that because Caesar was so impressed
with Octavian, he adopted him and made him his heir and successor and also left nothing for Antony. Antony felt discouraged and threatened that
Caesar was in favour of a seventeen year old who possessed all these leadership qualities over him who had served as his right hand man. One leading
cause of the Battle of Actium was the Battle of Mutina which was fought on the 21st of April in 43BC at Mutina. This battle occurred between the
forces of Marc Antony, and the forces of Decimus Brutus. Prior to the battle, Octavian had returned to Rome after hearing the news of his father's
assassination and of his adoption and inheritance in Caesar's will. However, when he returned, he had found out that Antony

Ancient Greek And Roman History
Women in Ancient Greek and Roman history are easily overlooked, whether that be though art, poetry, or mythology. Mythology is extremely
popularized throughout all of Greek history and art, leaving domestic life in the shadows for the most part. The fascination with godly entities
possessing special powers and abilities, like transporting to and from the underworld or wielding lightning bolts, in comparison to everyday women's
domestic life it is a slightly dull topic. Women's history in numerous different cultures has a minor amount of information recorded, no matter the form
of record keeping, compared to men. Men typically had more interesting and highlighted roles in daily life, for example; craftsmen, soldiers, senators,
or even emperors. However, domestic life for women was not as simple as many may have perceived it. Another key component to keep in mind that
was additionally mentioned by Michael Massey is," nearly everything written about women in the ancient world was written by well–educated men of
the upper class, and nearly always about from the wealthy middle and upper class." Women inancient Greece and Rome may not have been captured in
the majority of vase paintings, however, the examples of text and other forms of art from the ancient world provides insight on the daily domestic life
of women. A women's role in ancient Greek society was not monumental;

Roman Witch History
Ever since human civilizations started to develop, societies have classified certain groups or individuals as "Them", while they themselves have
classified their own selves as "Us". The classifications of "Us" and "Them" have existed throughout history and have affected the way that people
act towards outsiders, who are put in the "Them" category. This is seen often in the Roman world, where anyone who were different, such as the
witches, were perceived as an "Other." Since the Romans were a people that valued conformity, witches were viewed and treated very differently and
in a negative way. In the Roman world, witches were considered highly dangerous women. Both men and women of every social status were terrified
of witches and their power.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During Lucius's journey to Thessaly, Aristomenes tells Lucius that he could tell that Lucius was an educated man based off "his dress and
appearance" (Apuleius 17). In the Roman world, people would judge people based off their apparent wealth and status. There was a specific way
that people were supposed to live, based off of their social status, wealth, etc. Since people were able to assess another's capabilities by their
outward appearance, it shows that people of a certain class must have looked and acted in the same way. The people conformed to the identity of
their social class, which meant that most people behaved in the way that their social status required them to behave in. The Romans were clearly not
very tolerant of people who were different. Thelyphron, the man who was disfigured after guarding a corpse from witches, was ridiculed and mocked
by the other guests at Byrrhena's feast because of the disfigurement of his face (Apuleius 32). The people did not display any sympathy towards the
disfigured man. Instead, the majority of the guests regarded him as an outsider because of his disfigurement, and as a result, treated with disrespect.
This shows how much conformity meant to the Romans. Anyone who didn't live their life out as they were supposed to or looked different than the
average person were considered outcasts and different from the rest of the

Roman Colosseum History
The largest amphitheater in the world, an iconic symbol of the ancient world that still stands today, and place where thousands of men and animals have
lost their lives. Only one place fits the description, the Flavian Amphitheater, or more commonly known as the Roman Colosseum. The Colosseum of
Ancient Rome is an extraordinary feat of architecture that had many uses and represents the rich history and the eventual fall of the Roman Culture.
If a Roman was asked directions to the "Colosseum", they would be confused on what they were being asked. Similarly, if a normal person in modern
times was asked directions to the "Flavian Amphitheater", they would think the same as the Roman. The Colosseum is no longer commonly known as
the Flavian Amphitheater ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Games were designed to entertain while also showing the emperor's power and wealth. But there was another, perhaps bigger, reason for the shows:
blood sports and death(Cartwright). The day of games had a very specific order: first were the comic or fantasy duels that contained women, dwarves,
or disabled people, second came the gladiator battles, and finally the animal hunts(Cartwright). Gladiators were generally male slaves or prisoners of
war("Colosseum"). The animal hunts were led by the bestiarii(professional animal killers) and thousands of animals were butchered in a single
day(Cartwright). Some animals that were killed were lions, tigers, bears, and even elephants("Colosseum"). There were also defenseless animals like
deer, ostriches, and giraffes(Cartwright). Brutality was deliberate to achieve crudeliter(the correct amount of cruelty)(Cartwright). In order to hold
mock naval battles, the floor of the arena could be flooded and hold large amounts of water("Colosseum"). These naval battles were common at the
beginning of the use of the Colosseum, but became more rare towards the decline of the Colosseum. Even dramas were held in the arena. Many
executions were held inside the Colosseum, even crucifixions(Cartwright). Many Christians were murdered in the arena because they were seen as a
challenge to the authority of the emperor(Cartwright). These Christians were thrown to lions, burned alive, shot with arrows, or many other gruesome
ways(Cartwright). The most important citizens sat on stone benches with cushions in the lower level of the arena(Favro). Lesser citizens had to sit on
wooden bleachers in the upper levels(Favro). These citizens climbed to seats that had a height equivalent to a 16 story building(Favro). This is about
160 feet high. The Colosseum was used heavily while in its prime, but its use and structure gradually began to decline. It still stands today, but, like
Rome, has been partially destroyed. The Colosseum

History Of Roman And Greek Culture
"It is the constant aim of the management to prevent the use of a single word, expression, or situation that will offend the intelligent, refined and
cultured classes" (Stein 23). This is the motto of 'Mr. Chase's Original Idea: Polite Vaudeville,' a then unheard of yet soon widely popular subcategory
of vaudeville theater in the early 1900s until the 1930s. In many places and in many time periods in the world, it is found that theater is not only
considered prominent in culture but is often integral. This can be seen especially in ancient Roman and Greek culture, as the combination of theater,
music, and dance were significant.
Rome has been a place of passionate, bustling life for more than 2,000 years. This trend started when the huge city was founded in 753 B.C.E. Theater
has been an essential part of Roman culture since this time, and expressive plays and musicals were performed regularly. Roman plays were often
performed in temporary wooden theaters in earlier times, until Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, better known as Pompey the Great (a military and
bureaucratic leader), built the first stone theater in Rome. This theater, known as the Theatre of Pompey, could hold up to 11,000 spectators and was
hugely popular during its high point. The theater was built in 55 B.C.E. and is considered the first permanent theater built in Rome. Two stone theaters
were built after that: the Theater of Balbus and the Theater of Marcellus, both built in 13 B.C.E. and capable of holding up to

The Most Popular Destination Of The Jewish People's...
Masada derives from the Hebrew word mezuda, meaning fortress or stronghold. Currently, it represents one of the Jewish people 's greatest symbols
of intransigence. In the name of tradition, some inductees to the Israeli Defense Forces take their oath of loyalty to the Jewish state on top or at the
Western Wall of Masada, as remnant of the sacred Temple inJerusalem; The oath ends with "Masada shall not fall again."1 Next to Jerusalem, it is the
most popular destination of tourists visiting Israel today. The fortification was built by Herod the Great, King of Judaea, who reigned between 37
BCE and 4 CE as a palace complex for himself. The overall product of Masada was an engineering achievement with it's architecture and structure,
making it habitable in time of emergency. The geography also provided a natural defense for Masada, which helped Jewish sustenance during their
last form of resistance against the Romans. Evidence of a siege occurring in this ancient plateau thousands of years ago are primarily sourced by the
reminiscence found by archaeologists, as well as first century Jewish Roman historian Josephus. To further understand the history of Masada, prior
experiences of society at the time shall be considered; the Jewish society has been condemned and conquered throughout history, as well the Romans
height of imperializing and conquering being executed. The siege of Masada consisted of the Jews retreating from their destroyed civilization,
Jerusalem, to the strategic

The History And Forms Of Roman Art And Architecture
Introduction
The Romans wanted their art and architecture to be useful. So, they planned their cities; built structures such as bridges, public baths, marketplaces,
apartment houses and harbors. When a Roman official ordered sculpture for a public square, he had a purpose that it should tell the future generations
about the greatness of Rome.
Rome also is also known for it's unique cultural achievements which include the invention of the dome and the developments of groin wall and
concrete and European wide network of roads and bridges.
Origin &Association with the Greek
Rome was initially ruled by Etruscan kings who possessed a variety of Etruscan Art for their tombs. It was also used to decorate their palaces by
showing the victories in military. Upon founding the Roman Republic in 500 BCE, the Etruscan influence in art declined and with the interaction
between Romans and Greeks, they fell into the influence of Greek art. This process was known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, many Greek sculptors such as Myron, Phidias, Callimachus, Praxiteles etc. and painters such as Zeuxis, Appelles, Corinth etc. were
considered of great significance throughout the Hellenistic world.
Forms of Roman Art
1.Architecture
Architectural design was one of the greatest contribution made by Rome in the history of art. During the age of Emperor Trajan (98–117 CE) and
Emperor Hadrian (117–138 CE) Rome reached to the peak of its architectural grandeur which was attained through construction of several buildings like
monuments, baths, canals, palaces, temples and mausoleums.
Domes & Arches
In the age of the Republic, Roman architecture discovered the curved arch and round temple. However, they didn't invent the arch. It was used in Greek
architecture and wasn't well known. Romans were the first to master the use of multiple arches or vaults. After the turn of the millennium, Roman
architects developed several tactical techniques for urban building on massive

Julius Ceasar's Role In Roman History
Julius Ceasar was one of the greatest generals and politicians in Roman history. He had started off his life in the year of 100 B.C. It was assumed
he was born around July 12 or July 13. Ceasar was born into a patrician family, making his family neither rich nor powerful in this period. Julius's
father had been a praetor, but passed away when Ceasar was 16. His uncle Gaius Marius, had been a war hero and politician. In 84 B.C he married a
woman named Cornelia. Although, things changed when Sulla became a dictator and ruled the Roman government. He ordered him to divorce her
because she had come from the family of one of Sulla's enemies. When he refused to, he had gone into hiding. He had returned though in 78 B.C
when Sulla had died. In 75 B.C, Ceasar he went to Rhodes to strengthen his education. While there, he was also captured by pirates when he was
sailing the Aegean Sea. Ceasar had organized a naval force to destroy them, which resulted in the death of many of the pirates. When he had returned to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 61–60 B.C, he served as governor of the roman province of Spain. He was then elected as consul, a powerful government position. Between the
years of 58 and 50 B.C, Ceasar secured the governor ship of Gul, allowing him to build a bigger military, and begin the kind of campaigns that
would show his status as one of Romes all time great leaders. Ceasar had also during this time formed an alliance with Pompey, who was a
powerful leader. Pompey had grown envious of Ceasar's growing power. This had ended up with Pompey and Ceasar going to war in 49 B.C.
Pompey and his troops were no match for Ceasar and his military campaign. By the end of 48 B.C, Ceasar had pushed his enemies all the way to
Egypt. Ceasar pursued Pompey into Egypt, where he was eventually killed. While in Egypt, Ceasar aligned himself with CleoPatra, with whom he had
a son named

The History of the Roman Government Essay
The History of the Roman Government
The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. They've had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy
would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was.
They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power–hungry. This might
be explained by the myth that they are descended from Romulus, who's father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have
caused many, many civil wars. After type of government, the change has been made with a civil war. There have also been many civil... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
So it is willed."(Nardo 13)
Finally, he wound up at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. He went inland up the river, which was a miracle in itself, because the river is very swift.
He found Latium, ruled by King Latinus, and married his daughter, Lavinia. With King Latinus' permission, Aeneas and Lavinia founded a city called
Lavinium, where they ruled side by side for many years. When Aeneas died, his son Ascanius took over. Ascanius founded a new city, which he called
Alba Longa, and made it his capital.
Now we advance four centuries. The king of Alba Longa is Numitor. He had a jealous brother named Amulius, who seized the throne and drove out
Numitor. To prevent Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, from having children who could claim the throne, Amulius made her a celibate priestess. While
she was a priestess, Mars, the god of war, came and visited her and she had twin boys named Remus and Romulus (Burrell 7). When Amulius found
out about the twins, he was furious. He ordered Rhea imprisoned and the boys drowned on the Tiber. The slave who was ordered to drown them felt
pity for them, and instead sent them down the river in a basket. When they landed, a she–wolf found them and nursed them because her cubs had just
been killed and she was still fertile. Romulus and Remus were found by a shepherd named Faustulus, who took them home to his wife to raise them.

The Functions and History of the Roman Senate Essay
The Functions and History of the Roman Senate In today's modern world representative government is the norm. Nearly all governments are ruled by
their citizens via a republic or some other type of governing body. However, in the ancient world, this standard of democratic government had not yet
taken hold; political control still belonged to the few elite, rich, and powerful persons and influential families. Thus, we have a contrast between
governments of the ancient world and our modern day governments. In other words, the past generally denotes monarchy, empire, or absolute control.
While modern government usually implies republic, voting, or democratic control. However, an analysis of Roman government reveals that it does...
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Their primary duties included leading the army, serving as judges, and having ceremonial religious duties. The next governmental institution, which
represented the democratic element of the Roman Republic, are the Assemblies. These Assemblies were theoretically made up of all adult male
Romans (the only exception is that they had to be present at the meetings). Their primary functions were the annual elections of consuls, approving
or rejecting laws, and deciding issues of war and peace. One great flaw of this body was that the wealthier citizens voted first and thereby had a great
influence on how the rest of the Assembly voted. Finally, we come to the focus of this report, that is, the Roman Senate. The Senate represented the
aristocratic and elitist element of Roman government and was a collection of patrician citizens (the patrician/plebian conflict will be described in more
depth later) who served as the legislative branch of the government as well as an advisory body. In the beginning of the Republic, the Senate contained
300 members, the members themselves were chosen from the patrician class, ex–consuls, and other officers who served for life. By the time that Julius
Caesar gained power, the Senate's membership had increased to nearly 800 people. Despite having a mostly advisory role, by the 3rd Century BC the
Senate had been able to increase its

Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Despite being an immediate bestseller, shortly after publishing, Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire became
unpopular with large groups of the British reading public. The abridged edition consecutively presents the stories behind the Empire's leadership and
course of action. Gibbon revivifies the complex and compelling period of the Romans by detailing the prosperous conditions of the empire, the decline,
and the aftermath of the fall. At the same time, Gibbon efficiently scrutinizes the declining virtue of the Roman people. Gibbon made an argument that
the intellectual inflexibility of the Roman Empire had declined into "barbarism" and "Christianity," which ultimately attributed to the fall of the Empire.
This is exactly what Gibbon did. "Change is inevitable. But, so is continuity." The nature of military power is about shaping international politics
and the weight of material resources. Gibbon's strict focus on social factors led to his writing the Decline and it becoming a lost paradigm so
quickly. The argument should not be solely based on whether or not virtue matters, but on how the characteristics of a leader, coupled with the
military and economic prosperity of a state, led to the decline. Gibbon focuses largely on the social themes of barbarism and Christianity, and in
doing so, gives a humanist approach as the reason for the end of the Roman Empire instead of analyzing all the pieces. Gibbon begins his work by
idolizing the Empire under Augustus and the subsequent rulers who followed in his footsteps. "The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded
by ancient renown and disciplined valour... During a happy period (A.D. 98–180) of more than fourscore years, the public administration was
conducted by the virtue and abilities of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and the two Antonines. It is the design of this ... to describe the prosperous condition
of their empire..." From the onset of the book, Gibbon sets out on a path to explain the virtuous characteristics of the empires. These emperors, the
"good" emperors, were the last before the start of the

Sadducees And Herodians Essay
Three classes of Jews were considered political and religious leaders during the time of Jesus: the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Herodians. They
were often referred as the ruling council at that time.The Sadducees were aristocrats which were wealthy and held powerful positions and were often
called the "liberal scholars of Christ's day". They were the ones who controlled the state locally, spoke to the state universally, directed relations with the
Romans, participated in the Sanhedrin, prepared and drove the army, and gathered taxes. They did not relate well with the common man, nor did the
common man hold them in high opinion. In comparison to the Sadducees, the Pharisees were mostly middle–class businessmen, and therefore were in
contact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A striking similarity was that they all were against Jesus and His teachings. Those three most overwhelming, political, and religious gatherings wanted
to kill Him. So they all joined efforts to do everything needed to reach their goal. They place all they trust in what each of them accepted as "reality,"
insulting the critical fact that the main teachings was from God, through His Son, Jesus Christ. This work has revealed one customary conviction about
these three religious groups–their solid lack of regard for Jesus. Their unbelief drove them to impact God's people to have confidence in their
conviction rather than the truth that lays in Christ alone. Perhaps the best lesson that can be learned from those three religious gatherings is to
believe everything the Bible says, including the miraculous and the afterlife unlike the Sadducees. One should not treat traditions as having equal
authority as Scripture, and not allow our relationship with God to be reduced to a legalistic list of rules and rituals unlike the Pharisees. Romans
14:12 says, "So then, each one will give an account of himself to God." The Pharisees, Sadducees, and Herodians drove the all inclusive community
of God into ungodly and religious beliefs. One day they will be judge according to what they did and each individuals will have to give an account of
himself to

History: The Roman Empire and The Feudal System
When the Roman Empire fell the people were left in confusion and left the people in awe. Since they were left without any ruling, they had no idea
what to do. Riots and fights broke out throughout Europe. Kings and queens had to tame the corruption. The feudal system had been created to keep
order throughout the kingdoms. This order was suppose to keep the kingdoms from ever corrupting again.The feudal system was made to keep order
but itself it was corrupted. Once born into a status that is in which you stay. The church itself was in had its own hierarchy, believing they had more
power than the king. Had the sense of if not christianity, then no other religion. The time of change is really the time of power and deceiving.
Roman empire in which covered most of the western Europe.Held in the hands of the great leader Augustus. He had conquer and took over many
places of western Europe. Some may say more than he can handle. Augustus had the thought that he and his army was undefeatable. Barians had took
control of his land. This angry, uncivilized group of men, conquer his the land. Leaving the Roman empire to crumble into the hands of the "great
leader". Leaving the people in confused commotion, falling into the period the "dark ages". A time of for change, however it was otherwise.
The kings and queens to order made a system of order called the feudal system, in which it was an hierarchy.In this hierarchy you can see the pope
/church in it's own box. Showing that the

History of Criminal Law from the Roman Justice Essay
With the name of "dogma of the completude", a phenomenon appears of the medieval roman tradition – from the times where the Roman law goes
being, to the few, considered as the Right for excellence, of a time for all statement in the "iuris Corpus" –, that it compelled the jurist and the Judge to
trust the sufficiency of the legal system – without necessity of if helping in the fairness –, workmanship of an infallible State in the construction of the
system, capable of foreseeing a rule for each existing case and that porventura came existing. according to principle, the order did not have gaps. The
Judge was obliged to judge all the controversies the one that was called to nullify and rank in the codes only made it on the basis of a... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the new State positivado in the jusnaturalismo of the enciclopedistas, from the French revolution of 1789, the "certainty" took account of the
legal scene of the time. With the sprouting of the "school of exegese" (narrowly connected with the dogma of the completude), it was transferred to
understand that the "Code" did not have gaps, therefore the judge fit the function to base its decisions on the analogy and the orienting general
principles of the code. The law started to be the only unalterable e source of the Right, fitting to the judge, the sight of the problem, to find the norm in
the "Code", renegando it tradition of the Common law of the "Ancien Regimen" that placed as formal sources of the Right, to the side of the law, the
customs, the sentences and, with has detached, the doctrine, the side of the tradition and the principles of the Natural law. This school– of the Exegese
– all dominated legal the thought French of century XIX, truily idolatrando the law. However, in the elaboration of the "Code Cívil",
Cambacérès (author of the first project) said that the code could not foresee all the cases. This task would fit to the legislator who,
observing the case concrete, would elaborate the pertinent law. Referé was the call "legislatif." The article 4º of the French Civil Code,
Napoleonic

How the Roman Catholic Church Has Changde History
Intro/Argument
The Roman Catholic Church has changed history an incredible amount, especially in the twentieth century. It did not affect one single region of the
world but many. The whole world went through drastic changes in the twentieth century such as the economic downfalls, destruction of governments,
and failure of political systems. Through the economic and spiritual support of many different Catholic charities, such as The Knights of Columbus, the
Catholic Church came to the aid of many people in need and changed the course of history. The Catholic Church also experienced the most influential
people during this time period. Pope John Paul II influenced the whole world. Also Mother Theresa contributed to society in many different ways. It
was not just a specific person that aided people in need but also the church as a whole. The world experienced so many tragic things in this time
period. The world went through two world wars and an economic collapse. The Catholic Church was the rock people needed during these stressful
times and it did not change. The Catholic Church has influenced people's lives for the better since it's beginning. It helped build new countries and
repair the old ones. It helped rebuild governments and tea down dictators. Through the twentieth century the world went through many horrible things.
One of them was communism. The Catholic Church helped put an end to communism in some parts of the world. It shed light on the evils of men and
gave

The Video 'History Of The Roman Colosseum'
History of the Roman Colosseum "This was the entertainment, this was the football field..."The video, History of the Roman Collosseum, gives one
a more detailed look at the history of the roman colosseum. The video starts with the construction of the colosseum. According to the video, it was
built by captive jews, and paid for with stolen jewish relics. The video then goes into the evolution of the games, some of the games were amazingly
elaborate. Oftentimes the gladiators and animals were hoisted up to the battlegrounds by elevators, while on occasions the colosseum floor was
flooded to stage actual navy battles. The video makes a good point that the games did this to impress and captivate the people. The colosseum was built
specifically

Spartacus: The Greatest Slave Rebellions In Roman History
A hero of his time, Spartacus led one of the greatest slave rebellions in Roman history. The rebellion ended on the day many believe Spartacus died.
He is believed to have died in battle with Crassus in 71 BC. This was shortly before Crassus joined the First Triumvirate. The slave revolt happened
after Spartacus and the other slaves fought or left their master for the way they were being treated or forced to do things they did not want to. The
beginning of the third servile war with Spartacus and his fellow gladiator slave fighting their master at the gladiator training school and escaping to
mount Vesuvius, where they met up with other escaping slaves.
" The roman leaders did not command the regular citizen army of legions, but rather whatever forces they could hastily conscript on the spot," wrote
Appian, a writer who also lived in the second century A.D. At the time Spartacus chose to fight back though he might have or might not have known it
was a perfect time for the revolt. At this time the Roman government was at war with two other countries, seriously depleting their ranks and making it
Historians believe that he was a Thracian warrior that was either at war with Rome or an ally to the roman soldiers. At some point though
Spartacus was taken as a slave and forced to train as a gladiator in Capua. With the help of the other 70 gladiators in 71 BC, at the school they
escaped to mount Vesuvius and meet the other estimated 100,000 through their journey's trying to get revenge and freedom. Spartacus shared power
with Crixus , so everyone held equal power to avoid fighting in their own revolt. They successfully defeated Gaius Claudius Glaber but later when he
was replaced, Cruxis dead and Spartacus soon after. In war with Crassus. Anyone remaining was either forced back into slavery or was crucified along
the Appian way as a

History Paper Burial Practices, Concept of After Life...
The concept of afterlife existed among many ancient civilizations. It was met as a way of understanding the present or as a way to predict the future
depending on their needs. As such, in order to explain the unknown phenomenon that impacted their daily life, early tribes saw natural events as simple
as the rain and the winds or birth and death and regarded them to be controlled by supernatural powers related to the gods, demons, the moon, the sun
or other external driving forces. Ancient people sought protection for survival and power to maintain order with the tribes by practicing rituals which
were aimed to invoke the spirit of the deceased. However, as civilizations evolved with time, their beliefs became more complex and profound. ... Show
However, the suffering in the other world would end eventually. Romans' funeral rituals usually included washing the corpse, laying it flat on a sofa
or bed, and dressing it with the finest clothes that individual had ever possessed. A coin would then be placed under the tongue or on the eyes so that
he could pay the "ferryman Charon" for rowing him to the land of the dead.
The marble urn I observed at the Met dated from mid 1st – 2nd century A.D. was used to place the ashes of the deceased after the body was cremated.
As time went by, they came to understand that the dissolution of the body was inevitable and the physical body was only a temporary host of the
soul. This piece of artifact provided evidence that in ancient Romans' point of view, the remains of the physical body had to be disintegrated in order
for the soul to begin a new life. It is reasonable to conclude that Romans regarded cremating the body of the dead as a naturally faster way to begin the
life in the other world than slow disintegration of the corpse.
On the other hand, Egyptians believed that the person's physical body was more than a temporary host and it had to remain intact, a condition
necessary to attain the afterlife. Moreover, they contemplated the idea that a person was the combination of several elements such as, the "ba", which
was the non physical part of the individual and the "ka" which was a universal force shared by all.
Furthermore, in

Roman History Essay
Death
In Rome when you died it was very important that you were buried properly and the correct procedure was followed. If something didn't go right the
funeral would start again. The Romans believed in life after death, and the souls of the dead could help the living or make life hard for them. To
insure that the souls of the dead rested in peace a gold coin would be placed under the tongue, this was to pay the ferryman Charon to cross the river
Styx. If you didn't have a coin or you drowned you had to wait for 100 years. Once across the river your soul would be judged. If you had a good life
you would be sent to Elysia or the Elysian Fields. If you didn't you would be sent to Tartaurs where you would be tortured for all eternity. The ... Show
They thought that work was below them.
The rich would be educated and go into the military as a tribune. When they came out of the military they went into politics. They were put into a
arranged Marriage planned by the head of the family. The middle class were educated to a lesser level and went into the military.
They then went into the family business. The marriage was arranger by the head of the family. The skilled plebs were educated to a lesser level still.
They then went into an apprenticeship in a trade or a shop. The unskilled plebs had no education. They Built up a pool of temporary work like
laboring or hiring them self out to people without slaves. The unskilled plebs could collect
2 forms of dole. The first was the grain dole where each man was given an amount of grain to last a mounth. The grain was also available to children
but boys recived more than girls. The second form of dole was patronage.
Each Roman was a client and a patron. The client would see if there were any jobs that needed to be done and vote the way the patron wanted them
to, and be a part of a big crowd accompining the patron in public. In return the patron would help out with money, give legal advise to them, invite
client to dinner or give food. Many
Romans had many patrons or clients.The working day started at sunrise when they would have breakfast and work approximatly eight hours. Mid
afternoon they would stop and have lunch. In the afternoon they would go to the

The Most Part Of Roman History
The most part of Roman history are remembered as its monumental structures that stood for millennia. One often wondered how it is possible for such
large scale architecture to be standing against the test of time. It is the use of concrete. The endurance of intact constructions such as the Pantheon
evinces the concretes' durability, the durability that preserves the mechanical properties which resulting in the monuments' continued survival .This
paper discusses the implication 1 of Roman concrete from the production, the mechanical properties to the social and cultural context of concrete in
imperial Rome.
Rome, situated on the Tiber River between the two volcanic districts, the Monti
Sabatini to the North, and the Colli Albani to the South, obtains most of its building stones from the volcanoes. 2 Building materials such as pozzolana,
a kind of reddish volcanic sands, limestone and rubble that are found near Rome, are crucial to concrete
1 Brune, PF, AI Ingraffea, MD Jackson, and R Perucchio. 2012. The toughness of Imperial Roman concrete.
Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. Korea Concrete Institute,
Seoul. 2
2 Lancaster, Lynne C. 2005. Concrete vaulted construction in Imperial Rome: innovations in context.
Cambridge University Press, August 8. 7
1
production. Vitruvius wrote in his Ten Books of architecture that "[This] substance
(pozzolana), when mixed with lime and rubble... lends strength to buildings of other kinds... [which]

Early Roman History Essays
Early Roman History
As Greece reached the height of its prosperity Rome which lye slightly to the west slowly began its rise as a civilization. The Greeks centered their
culture around Art and literature whereas opposed to the Romans who settled their culture upon warfare and leadership. Without planning, would rise
very steadily as an empire. Shortly before Christ most of the surrounding cities and nations were at peace under Rome's rule.
Early Romans kept no written records. Their history is so mixed up with fables and myths that historians have difficulty distinguishing fact from fiction.
Historians only know of two early works of Roman history, the history of Livy and the Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Junius Brutus led the rebellion against Tarquinius Superbus in 509 BC. The young republic was now set out on its long career of almost constant
warfare and conquest. At the time it did not seem destined to rule the civilized world. It was only a tiny city–state, much like the city–states that were
flourishing at the same time in Greece.
Rome was now well launched on its way to world domination. One conquest led to another. Upper Italy, Sicily, Spain, Macedonia, Greece and Asia
Minor were subdued and made Roman provinces. Intoxicated with their sudden rise to power, the new generation of statesmen departed from the wise
policies of their great predecessors. They fought ruthlessly and ruined the countries they conquered.
Governors administrated most of the conquered lands. Wealth poured into Rome from all over the world, and the ancient simplicity of Roman life
gave way to luxury and pomp. Morals were undermined, and vice and corruption flourished. Enriched office holders acquired estates and bought up
the little farms of peasants. Soon the peasants were poor and homeless. The streets of the capital were now flooded with hordes of poverty–stricken
people, ruined farmers, discharged soldiers and idlers from Italy.
War of class against class was soon to come. The Gracchi brothers came forward as champions of the people. They proposed laws to redistribute the
public lands and to limit the powers of the corrupt and selfish

History Of Roman Number Symbols
The history of Roman Number Symbol are represented by letters. The Roman numerbs are represented by seven different letters are I, V, X, L, and D.
Therefore, these roman letters represent 1, 5, 10, 100, and 500. Ancient Roman use these seven letters to make a lot of different numbers and to be
written of the Roman alphabet. In the Etruscans was an ancient civilization of Italy developed their own numeral system with different symbols. A
common theory of the origin Roman numeral system was represented by hand signal. For example, the Roman numeral system by hand signal was
used like one, two, three and four signaled by the equivalent amount of fingers that were used. Then, "The number five is represented by the thumb and
fingers separated, making a 'V' shape and The number ten is represented by either crossing the thumbs or hands, signaling an 'X' shape" (Pollard).
Therefore, the numbers; six, seven, eight and nine are represented by one hand signaling a five and the other representing the number 1 through to 4.
The hand signal was used for counting by either crossing the thumbs, fingers separated, and signaled, which helped to hand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The tally sticks had been used for thousands of years and continued to be used until the 19th century. For instance, the tally sticks was used to either
additive nor subtractive, whereas the numbers one, two, three and four were represented by the equivalent amount of vertical lines. If these
numbers described in the article would be written in tally sticks a Roman numerals. For instance, "Four could be written as either IIII or IV"
(Reddy). Another example, seven on a tally stick would look like, IIIIVII, when shortened it would look like VII. These Roman numbers are the
same like the Roman number symbol. Another reason, larger numbers in tally sticks like 500 and 1000 would be a 'D' and 'M' in a circle

The Roman Empire: The Largest Empire In Human History
The roman empire is historically known of being the largest empire in human history, lasting from 27 BCE to 1453 AD. Many historians are
discussing what allowed the roman empire from becoming the grand empire that it was. Many historians believed it was their superior military
technology, their great strong willed people, or their brilliante leaders. However, some believed it was the earlier Roman way of living during the
empire's early days allowed the empire to rise, and it ended because rome was different than it once was. The Excerpt from Livy goes into detail
about many wars stories in trying to convince roman citizens to go back to their older ways, to prevent the empire from collapsing For rome war was
everything it was, it was their

History Of Roman And Greek Architecture
Roman and Greek architecture is something to be revered. It is fascinating that people lacking the advanced technology we have today could create
monuments of such magnitude and perfection. Commonly, these temples were built to worship and honor deities, and so they must be built pristine.
Although the Romans sometimes cut corners when it came to materials in order to remain economic, they definitely didn't cut any when it came to
scale and appearance. Many early civilizations recycled styles and materials from previous civilizations and monuments, the Romans in particular, and
created their own styles and temples. It only makes sense that people still do this from time to time. There was a boom in Classical Revival style in the
United... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inside the front entrance, the hallway that circles the rear of the large auditorium has coffered low ceilings and classical columns. The main corridor
floor was of marble; the other hall floors were of quarter–sawed oak; and the classroom floors were made of hard maple. Most of the toilet and shower
rooms were finished in tile, marble and porcelain. Noticeably, marble was used throughout the building, definitely referencing classical architecture
since marble was a very expensive material that was commonly used in the construction and decor of Roman and Greek Temples. Approaching the
building from the East, one is immediately struck by an obvious air of superiority and timeless influence. An admirer from below is almost dwarfed
by the sheer strength it emits. The school stands above a tiered seating stadium that steeps sharply towards the East entrance leaving your central focus
on the building that looms proud over the stadium. Trost must have derived the style of the half circle stadium from theatres such as the one built in
Epidaurus Greece by Polykletos the younger in 350 BC. The function of the tiered seating in the Greek theater was to make sure that even the softest
sounds from the performance could reach the people seated at the very far top

Essay on History of Roman Citizenship
Citizenship is highly coveted in many nations, so coveted in fact that through only a few processes can one become a citizen for most nations, might
that process be natural birth or naturalization. Citizenship and its privileges were also highly valued in Rome, except becoming a citizen was
extremely difficult if not impossible. Roman citizenship also leads to assassinations and war within the Italian peninsula. There is a complex history to
Roman citizenship. Roman citizenship dates back to the founding of Rome in 753 BC. In the beginning, citizenship was only granted to those living in
Rome. Providences and territories were excluded. Citizenship was deemed to be highly valuable because with it came the right to vote. But as... Show
Subsequently, the Gracchi brothers were both assassinated for their attempts at reform. The provinces were growing more and more desperate and
frustrated with the more time that passed. So in 91 BC another Roman politician made an attempt to reconcile with the provinces. Marcus Livius
Drusus again tried to offer citizenship to the provinces. And again the Roman people were aghast at the outrageous attempt. Similarly he was
assassinated, except now the provinces within the Italian peninsula had had enough. Consequently, the Social War erupted in 91 BC. There were
two main tribes associated with the conflict, the Marsi and the Samnites. These two tribes, along with various others revolted against Rome in the
hopes of obtaining citizenship, more specifically the right to vote. In the end of the war, Rome defeated and regained control of all of its land;
however, the provinces did achieve their goal. In 90 BC Rome granted full citizenship to all the tribes who had not revolted and to those tribes that
would return peacefully. Then in 89 BC another cession was made giving citizenship to all Italian that applied for it within sixty days. Roman
citizenship now essentially covers the entire Italian peninsula. With the Social War new ways of becoming a citizen were also won. Before one of the
only ways to become a citizen was to be a child of a legal marriage of a Roman

Names In Roman History
Throughout Roman history, specifically from its foundation until it became an empire, names held deeper meaning than they are thought to have
today. Names in Roman history must be studied in order to fully understand Roman culture, because of the critical role they played in Roman society.
Not only did names identify you, but they also identified your family, social class, and even influenced the naming of Roman gods and goddesses.
Additionally, names in Roman history were chosen with specific reasoning, which is why they can be used to understand the culture. By understanding
the naming process, you have a better understanding of the culture. Names were important in Roman history, because of how much meaning they held.
Dustin Cranford from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As aforementioned Livy provides evidence for singularly named Romans with the story of Romulus and Remus. Another example of the ancient
romans using a singular naming system is available in their mythologies. Later when the transition into a binomial system took over, Appius Claudius
became a common name. Appius, being the praenomen and Claudius being his clan name, or stating that he was a part of the Cludian gens. Finally,
with the addition of the cognomen, records of people with a third name begin to stick out. Appius Claudius Caecus holds the praenomen Appius, the
nomen Claudius, and the cognomen Caecus. Caecus, his nickname, meant blind, which was ironic, because of his creation of the Appian

How Did Rome's Geography Influence Roman History?
Geography was a major influence on Roman History. Rome was set into two mountain ranges, The Alps and the Apennines, which was a good form of
protection against attacks by using hiding skills and encircling. Rome's fertile land made for considerable farming conditions. The land was fertile due
to the volcanic soil near the Po and Tiber rivers. The surplus of agriculture leads to population and trade growth causing an economy growth. The issue
with Rome's geography is the limitation of sea power. During the First Punic War, Rome had little to no ships leading to the Romans having to build
more. Rome was highly limited to ports to sea because Rome is not nearest to an ocean. Rome's geography greatly influenced Roman history.
The noble peoples, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Crassus received Syria, Pompey to receive Spain, and Caesar received Gaul. The Parthian army later killed Crassus in 53 B.C. Caesar was forced
back to Rome later and Pompey ended up fleeing to safety but then met death. The Second Triumvirate was made up of Octavius, Marcus Lepidus, and
Marc Antony in 43 B.C. Unlike the first triumvirate all of the members received the same land. Lepidus was sent into exile due to being defeated.
Antony, his ally Cleopatra, and Octavion later went into war against each other in 31 B.C. Octavion won and Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.
Both Triumvirates' contain many similarities and differences.
During the reign of Augustus Rome was at its most successful time. Roman writers produced their works during this time as well as others arts and
family values. Statues were made depicting Augustus because he was so loved. Temples were rebuilt and ceremonies were strengthened. Augustus
make all of Rome have a uniform currency, built highways and other ways of transportation, expansion of Rome, and denied the offer to become a
dictator. The Reign of Augustus was a strong time for all of

The Pax Romana: A Prosperous Time in Roman History Essay
The Pax Romana was a time of relative peace during the Roman Empire. Although there were conflicts during The Pax Romana it was generally a
time of prosperity and expansion for Rome, mainly under the leadership of Augustus and Tiberius who successfully expanded borders and made
peace. Pax Romana is Latin for peaceful Rome. It was from 27 BC to 180 AD, from the end of the Republican Civil wars to the death of Marcus
Aurelious. Augustus started ruling when Pax Romana began, so it is also called the age of Augustus. During this period Rome expanded and fought
other provinces when they revolted or taking over. There were more peaceful effects happening and the art and architecture was flourishing. There were
a few different leaders during this... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During Pax Romana fighting mainly did the expanding.
Rome had control over Hispania for a while during Pax Romana, until they started to resist it. Augustus traveled to Spain to get rid of this resistance.
He was mostly successful but over the next twenty years revolts kept breaking out. Rome's defeat was completed by 13 BC.
During Pax Romana it was more peaceful than usual, inside the empire and with other places; money was not being spent on war; so the art,
architecture, and economy was good. Before Pax Romana the leader of Rome tried to make peace with Parthia, but failed. The task was left to
Augustus, who arranged to give back the Parthian king's son in exchange for the Roman treasures. Since the trade happened peacefully and with out
bloodshed Augustus became famous and got his face on Roman coins. Throughout this time period Rome was leader in law, government, engineering,
and literature. The Roman alphabet was made and set as normal. Comfortable cities had water, sewage systems, public baths, and heating.
Augustus was one of the main leaders during Pax Romana. His Rule was from 27 BC to 28 AD. He was one of the most important rulers in history
because he helped to expand border and make peace for Rome. The Roman Empire was described as an autocratic government. Borders were patrolled
by legions so the city was free of invasion. Augustus organized 150,000 to be border security. The large number of

Roman Trash Dump: History And Analysis
The Early Roman Trash Dump proved to be extremely plentiful in both archeological and archaeobotanical artifacts. One such find that gives us
some insight on what trade goods Berenike was exporting during the first century AD and onward is the substantial amount of ostraka. Ostraka are
pottery shards that were used to write official documents on like receipts or customs passes but they were not archival. It is speculated that large
quantities of ostraka were found here because they would be periodically dumped at this site from the customs house in the city to make space for
more incoming ostraka documents (Bagnall et al. 2000:1). Bagnall et al. (2000:8) gives us a description of the use of the ostraka based on textual
evidence found on... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the northwestern coast of India, Roman items like metals, glass, gems, amphora, and a coin from Tiberius's reign have been found and dated to the
first century AD (Tomber 2008:122). This is the same time that Berenike became a Roman occupied city and became the major port of trade for the
Romans to reach the Indian subcontinent. While Roman coins are an extremely rare find in India, of the coins found one was a contemporary imitation
of first century AD denarii (Tomber 2008:137). This shows that the inhabitants of areas in India had enough exposure to Romans and Roman currency
through trade during the first century AD that they were able to forge Roman currency. Ancient Roman artefacts like lamps, intaglios, and coins have
been found in areas of southeast Asia like Thailand and Vietnam; however, as Sidebotham

What Role Has Roman Catholic Church Played In History...
There have been many amazing discoveries and many ways that things in history have helped make impacts, and played important roles in history as
well. The roles that have been played as important, and change the ways of the world today. One important role was the role of the Roman Catholic
Church.
In 1517, a German priest: Martin Luther, publicly criticized the Roman Catholic Church. He believed that the church was too wealthy and abused it's
power. Things like this started things called: Protestant Reformations. Protestant Reformations are religious movements that began in small German
towns but then spread to most of Europe. The protestants were reformers who protested some of the Catholic church's practices. The printing press
helped spread ideas about the Reformation. Problems between the Catholics and Protestants happened throughout Europe, which then led to war. In the
1500s, French Catholics fought the French Protestants: (Huguenots.) In 1534, King Henry VIII founded the Church of England, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Catholic Church played an important role in every area of life. During this time period, the Catholic Church was the only church they had. The
Church seemed to be in charge of all religious information and decisions. At this time as well, the Church was also part of the government, as in a
political force. When facing more decisions, it was able to exercise their political power. The Church was, on top of everything, related to the
economic life. The Church controlled most/big portions of land. By owning a lot of land, they also owned many monasteries. The Church was, along
with having a great deal of political power, also had a lot of economic power. Altogether, The Catholic Church played an important role during the
Middle Ages for many different

Depiction of Etruscan and Roman Women in History
The Etruscan society allegedly migrated from Tuscany or Lydia. (Klien, 166) Much of what scholars know regarding Etruscan society is based on
funerary artwork. The Etruscans did not keep any written records of their activity. What we know about Etruscan lifestyle is based on their artwork
left behind. Early on Etruscan society had a lot of contact with the Greeks that reflect in much of the Etruscan works of art. The distinction in Etruscan
art and Greek art is clearly seen through the Etruscan representation of couples in art. The pieces in this collection will attempt to show how women in
Etruscan society enjoyed a liberal lifestyle in contrast to Greek and Roman counterparts. Etruscan women were adorned with lavish jewels, had a...
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Etruscans had a strong sense of community and valued the contributions women made to growing the Etruscan society.
In the Sarcophagus of Ramtha Vishnai (Figure 1)and Sarcophagus of Larth Tetnies and Tanchvil Tarnai (Figure 2) the sculpture represents a relief of a
man clad in a bracelet and woman embracing on their marital bed. The couple covered by a sheet, possibly the husbands cloak or tebenna that serves
as a symbol of their marriage. The sarcophagi are two generations of the same family. An inscription on the sarcophagus indicates that one coffin
contains the parents the other sarcophagus contains their son and his wife. The parents sarcophagus, carved in a local volcanic stone, show the more
naturalistic character of Etruscan art. The middle–aged man and his wife are pressed close together, their feet poking out beneath the covers.
("Conservation in Action: Etruscan Sarcophagi.") A long relief on the side depicts their wedding procession with the couple at the center. The son's
sarcophagus shows the influence of Greek art and styles in this beard and his wife's hairstyle, as well as in their idealized appearance and prose. The
sides of the sarcophagus are carved with less personal scenes of Greek and Amazon and horsemen attacking armed men on foot. Although the
sarcophagus depict a couple on its lid the coffin is designed for a

The History Of Medicine During The Roman Empire
The history of medicine is an extensive and distinguished one, as healers sought to alleviate illnesses and fix injuries since the dawn of humanity.
Shamen and pagan priests would visit the sick and injured in their homes. They used a blend of rituals and medical techniques, to cure these ailments.
Herbs, acupuncture and prayer were commonly used for the healing process. The ancient physicians also stitched wounds, set broken bones, and used
opium for pain. (Shuttleworth, 2010) (Gormley, 2010) Asmedicine practices progressed, so did the care for people. Christianity heavily influenced this
progression. The Church's role in providing for the sick became firmly established. It partly began as the Roman Empire turned to Christianity. After
400 AD, many monasteries were constructed generally including accommodations for travelers, the poor, and the sick. The monarchs of the sixth
century reinforced this and directed that buildings should be attached to cathedrals. These buildings were to be known today as hospitals. Soon enough,
religious institutions provided most of the healthcare to the poor, while physicians continued to make small house calls to the upper class. The
religious institutions back then are still used today and known as Catholic healthcare systems. Seeing as hospitals were becoming more popular
throughout history, the use of them increased, which hindered the conditions. Space in the hospitals became limited; some wards had over a hundred
beds with multiple

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