A group consists of two or more individuals who come together to achieve a particular objective. They are inter-related & inter-dependent. Formal groups & Informal groups Stages of Group Development Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning

1. Meaning
Definition
Types
Stages

2. MEANING
 A group consists of two or more individuals who come
together to achieve a particular objective.
 They are inter-related & inter-dependent.

3. DEFINITION
 According to Homans, a number of people who
communicate face to face with one another over a span
of time is regarded as a group.
 Stephen – the term Group means 2 or more
individuals , interacting & interdependent, who have
come together to achieve particular objectives is
known as human group.

4. TYPES OF GROUPS
 Formal groups
 Informal groups

5. FORMAL GROUP
 Formal groups are set to carry out some specific task or
to meet a required goal.
 They have specific deadlines.
 The membership is formal & relations also.
 There is clearly defined rules & regulations.
 It may be permanent or temporary.

6. TYPES OF FORMAL GROUPS
 Command group
 Task group
 committee

7. COMMAND GROUP
 It consists of a manager & employees who have to
report to the manager.
 It is based on organization’s hierarchy & establishes
superior-subordinate relationship.
 Here membership is based on position of employees as
defined in organization’s chart.

8. TASK GROUP
 It is created by employees who work together to
complete a particular task.
 The group is temporary & membership is based on the
task assigned & delegation of authority.

9. COMMITTEE
 Committee consists of a group of people officially
delegated to perform activities such as – problem
solving, investigating, reporting, decision making etc.
 It consists of advisory authority, secretary & some
other members

10. INFORMAL GROUP
 Informal groups are set by members of organization
on the basis of social needs of need for affiliation.
 Members have informal relationship.
 There is no formal rules & regulations.
 It is created as people work near one another every day
& form friendship.

11. TYPES OF INFORMAL GROUPS
 Friendship group
 Interest group
 Reference group
 Membership group

12. FRIENDSHIP GROUP
 Individuals having common characteristics come
together & make a group which is known as friendship
group.
 It is outside of the work activities & it can be based on
similar age, same political view, attended the same
college etc.

13. INTEREST GROUP
 People come together & act jointly to achieve a
common goal or a common interest which is known as
interest group.

14. REFERENCE GROUP
 Sometimes people use a group as a basis to take
decisions & to form opinions.
 For many people the family is the most important
group.
 Other reference groups are co-workers, friends &
religious organizations.

15. MEMBERSHIP GROUP
 When a person takes membership of a group may be
formal/informal is known as membership group.
 Here each member would be expected to contribute to
the group’s well being & would enjoy the benefits
arising from the group members.

16. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
 According to Bruce Tuckman group development
consists of 5 stages. These are
 Forming
 Storming
 Norming
 Performing
 Adjourning

17. FORMING STAGE OF GROUP
DEVELOPMENT
 At the primary stage there is anxiety & uncertainty
among members.
 They do not feel comfortable with each other because
of certain questions such as – what is the purpose of
group, with whom they have to work, how they will
work together etc.
 This stage is complete when members feel as a part of
the group.

18. STORMING STAGE
 At this stage conflict arises because members accept
the existence of group, but resist the constraints that
group imposes on members.
 Group leader is decided in this stage & tasks are
assigned to each & every member properly.
 This stage is completed with clear hierarchy.

19. NORMING STAGE
 In this stage close relationships develop & the group
focuses on mutual understanding.
 Group members recognize where they fit in & the
group agrees on how it will operate.
 This stage ends with co-operation & common interest.

20. PERFORMING STAGE
 The structure at this point is fully functional &
accepted.
 Group energy has moved from getting to know &
understand each other to perform the task at hand.
 Members’ attention is directed to self-motivation &
motivation of others for accomplishment of tasks &
achievement of goals.

21. ADJOURNING STAGE
 It is the last stage of group development for temporary
groups.
 In this stage, the group prepares for its closing of the
task.