Direct Oxidation Of Methanol Lab Report

Direct Oxidation Of Methanol Lab Report
Proposed Mechanisms for the Direct Oxidation of Methane to Methanol
The oxidation of CH4 usually progresses to C02 and H20 because the intermediates are a series of highly reactive radical reactions and this makes
partial oxidation of CH3 into CH3OH very hard. In addition, CH3OH oxidizes faster than CH4 and requires less energy for its oxidation. Industrial
attempts to synthesize methanol from methane is usually done indirectly since the direct methods have low methanol specificity and yield. Current
industrial methods for producing methanol involve making synthesis gas from methane and then catalytically converting it to methanol. Several
methods are used such as steam reforming, and dry reforming. These methods require high temperature of about 800В°C, the reactions are endothermic
requiring lot of energy. The end–product of the reactions also requires intensive purification from impurities such as sulfur and other compounds.
Finding feasible mechanisms for oxidation of methane to methanol cannot be over–emphasized because of the uses of methanol such as production of
other chemicals like formaldehyde, acetic acid, for extraction of sulfur and most importantly as an alternative to fossil fuels.
Due to the severe reaction conditions, energy intensive, and less efficient means of partial oxidative production of methanol, ways of directly
oxidizing methane to methanol are being investigated. Some of the methods that have been researched are high pressure oxidation of methane in a
flow system, catalytic oxidation with copper, and gas phase homogenous oxidation where the reactors have no stainless steel and products are
prevented from contacting the wall of the reactor to improve methanol selectivity and yield. Also, introduction of strong oxidants like N20 was
explored, however, strong oxidants are very expensive and so not feasible for industrial use.
Recent research, however, uses Methane Monooxygenases as a model. Methane Monooxygenases are oxidoreductase enzymes commonly found in
methanotropic bacteria. One of the most studied methanotropic bacteria is Methylococcus capsulatus. It converts methane to methanol then methanol
to formaldehyde and formaldehyde to formate and carbon dioxide which is used energy
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Dispersion of Different Silane Modified TiO2 Rutile...
Figure 3 shows dispersion of untreated, APS, FHES and TMSO treated TRNPs in different solvents after centrifuging at 1000 rpm for 15 minutes.
After centrifuging, if most of the particle settles down it is an indicator of poor dispersion of the particle in the solvent. When the relatively large
particles settles down and small particles remains in the suspension it is an indicator of medium dispersion. If all the particles remains in the solvent
and no precipitation is found it is an indicator of very good dispersion. From Figure 3 it is found that, untreated TiO2 is best dispersed in DMF and
DMAc polar aprotic solvent which is also supported from small Z average diameter and acceptable PDI value. For untreated NP medium dispersion is
found in DI water and ethanol and poor dispersion in TCB, Toluene, DCM, choloroform, THF and isopropanol. As the untreated TRNP is hydrophilic
in nature the particles tends to disperse well in relatively polar solvent. APS treated titania nanoparticle renders hydrophobic behavior to the surface
[20] and essentially doesn't dissolve in DI water, DMF and DMAC etc. highly polar solvent. The best solvent for APS modified titania is ethanol,
isopropanol and formic acid which is conspicuous both from digital image and small mean diameter value of the nanoparticle. Due to the presence of
–NH2 functional group at the end of organic surface of APS treated TRNPs the hydrogen bonding force is the dominant dispersion force. As a result,
APS treated NPs

Thin Layer Chromatography ( Tlc )
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to identify components within a compound and determine the compounds purity. The purpose of
this experiment is to determine what solvent works the best at separating the different pigments of the paprika extract. The solvents used to develop the
plate are hexane and methyl tert–butyl ether (MTBE), as well as three mixtures of the two solutions (5% MTBE in hexane, 10% MTBE in hexane, and
30% MTBE in hexane). Hexane is a non–polar alkane that is used as a solvent for many different things and MTBE is a polar ether that is used as a
fuel additive. In this experiment, five TLC plates were set up and ran in each of the five prepared solvents. There are four steps when performing
TLC which include: spot (touch the capillary to the plate briefly so the compound runs out and forms a small spot on the plate), develop (choose a
solvent to develop the plate, then place the slide in the developing chamber), visualize (when the solvent reaches the stop line, remove and visualize
the data), and calculate (measure the distance between the spot and start line to calculate the Rf values). Rf= Distance traveled by spot Distance
traveled by solvent Procedure Extraction of carotenoids from paprika powder. First weigh out 0.5 g of paprika powder and place it in a 50 mL beaker.
Then add a magnetic stir bar to the beaker and 5 mL of methyl tert– butyl ether (MTBE), allowing it to stir for 5–10 minutes. Vacuum filter the solution

Methanol: Ecologically Clean Fuel
In recent years increasing interest to methanol as an effective means to produce a ecologically clean fuel, available and cheap raw materials for the
synthesis of various hydrocarbons and products of their processing. The most accessible and cheap raw material for the obtaining of CH3OH are
natural and associated gases, from which by Fischer–Tropta's method it is possible to obtain hydrocarbons of different composition and structure. The
formation of gasoline from methanol, developed in the present time flows through the stage of formation of DME, which turns further into the mixture
of hydrocarbons consisting more than 50% of the valuable branched paraffins. Such "methanol" fuel in their composition does not contain sulfur and
nitrogen compounds and a minor amount of aromatic compounds. Now, methanol increasingly became used as fuel and also as additives to motor
fuels (from 3 to 65%). Methanol increases the octane level of fuels and reduces harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Based on the methanol it is
possible to obtain alternative pollution–free fuels such as dimethyl ether (DME) and dimethoxymethane (DMM). Dimethylether is used as
pollution–free diesel fuel contains no sulphur, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Samples of catalysts pre–treated with solutions of its salts washed, dried, and activated, then loaded in a quartz reactor, which was supplied a mixture
of methanol and air. The reaction was performed at T 413–573Рљ. The reaction products were analyzed by chromatography, the yield of DME on
natural clinoptilolite made 24.1%, for Cu2+– modified sample is 47.7%, of Co2+ – modified sample is 41.3%. The introduction of relatively small
amounts of cations Cu2+, Co2+ led to increase of catalyst activity. Influence of partial pressure of CH3OH on the yield of DME is studied (max
output of DME is achieved at a ratio of CH3OH:O2=

Methanol Vs Isobutanol
Discussion
The results do not support the hypothesis as there is no general trend in the volume contraction. However, there is a correlation between the number of
carbon chains in the alcohol to the contraction of the mixture. Methanol has had the most volume contraction, while having the least amount of carbons
in the molecule (CH3OH) – having an average of 1.206ml in volume contraction. Whereas Isobutanol, which has the highest amount of carbon chains
(C4H9OH), has had the least amount of average volume contraction of 0.578ml. According to the (Solubility of Things, n.d.), as the amount of carbon
atoms increases in the molecule, the alcohol has less solubility in water. This is due to how there are more carbon atoms repulsing the water molecule,
therefore having less contact as well as hydrogen bonding with the HO chain. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water molecules contain a unique dipole property, having the hydrogen atoms being slightly more positive than theoxygen atom, which allows for the
attraction between OH chains. Although an alcohol molecule contains an OH chain, carbon atoms repulse the water molecules while having a weaker
dipole force leading to less volume contraction. Furthermore, due to any disturbances such as heat or kinetic energy as well as the repulsion from the
carbon atoms they are constantly transitioning throughout the mixture. This is evident from the solubility of isobutanol and water. As there is a high
amount of repulsion between water and alcohol molecules, the alcohol floats, although there is minute change in volume (refer to results). This
separation between liquids decreases the amount of volume contraction, as they are more segregated as shown in graph 1. This solubility of isobutanol
was expressed in (Solubility of Things, n.d.), having only 0.11% solubility in

Literature Review On Esterification Of Methanol
2.10 Literature reviews Alexandra et al, investigated the esterification of oleic acid with methanol by homogeneous catalyst that is
4–dodecylbenzesulfonic acid. Firstly, this catalyst was compared with sulfuric acid and p–toluene sulfunic. It was shown the result that reaction rate
increased with increasing hydrophobic of the catalyst. Secondly, the effect of the parameter in esterification reaction was studied. It was observed that
quantity of catalyst and temperature increase the reaction rate. Another parameter, methanol shown an almost negligible effect. Conversely, water have
decrease reaction rate owning to water phase removed efficiency of catalyst. Third , the kinetics of esterification show a decrease in the concentration
of catalyst , methanol and volume of the reaction solution when was the problem of the separation of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best esterification conditions were show at 50oC, 20% methanol to oil molar ratio and 0.4% by volume sulfuric acid after 5 h a reaction could
reduce FFA content in feed stock to less than 1.88% Hence, the esterification of the alkali refining process decreased the FFA of esterified oil to the
requisite level. The value of acid was reduced beneath 0.86 mg KOH/g esterification oil with the condition of NaOH concentration 0.5N , excess alkai
15% at 60oC and time 40 min, thus shown the optimum of transesterification [30]. Xiaochen et al, introduced that the condensation of lignosulfonated
and formaldehyde generated the solid which had COOH and –SO3H groups. The solid material shown high activity in the hydrolysis of
polysaccharides to monosaccharides. Good accessibility of cellobiose to – SO3lt site and manifold binding of hydroxyls of cellobiose on–COOH and –
OH group might react for the increased activity compared to other acid catalysts

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Karnovsky's Fixative
Karnovsky's fixative is made of gluteraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, and phosphate buffer. This fixative is considered the best one used in this class, so
the best results were expected when using Karnovsky's fixative. Gluteraldehyde functions similarly to formaldehyde in that it cross–links effectively.
However, this molecule is larger than that of formaldehyde, so it is not possible to use in paraffin embedding, because the large wax molecules would
be unable to penetrate the tissue after fixation. The largest disadvantage of this exceptional fixative is the higher cost, both of the materials required
for fixation, and for the required plastic embedding rather than paraffin. On the other hand, the benefits of using Karnovsky's fixative often outweigh
the increased cost. The cytological preservation of tissue using this fixative is incredible, and allows for great visualization of structures under the
microscope (Hopwood, 1967). This fixative can be used for electron microscopy due to this feature, and offers stunning results using less powerful
microscopes as well. A further disadvantage of this fixative and embedding process is that the stains we are able to use are more limited as well.
Methods and materials – Fixation
Please refer to the attached index for specific times and notes for each step performed in the fixation. All steps were done according to protocols
provided by Dr. Huebner (2017).
For the fixation using Neutral Buffered Formalin, I used full size, uncut

Research Paper On Methanol
Methanol
Methanol is one of the most versatile compounds and one of the top ten chemicals produced in the chemical industry. The methanol industry spans the
entire globe, with production in Asia, North and South America, Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Worldwide, over 90 methanol plants have a
combined production capacity of about 100 million metric tons (almost 33 billion gallons or 90 billion liters), and each day more than 100,000 tons
of methanol are used as a chemical feedstock or as a transportation fuel (60 million gallons or 225 million liters). Methanol is also a truly global
commodity, and each day more than 80,000 metric tons of methanol are shipped from one continent to another [24]. Methanol's blending octane values
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chemically, methanol is an aliphatic alcohol containing about 50 wt % oxygen with physical properties consistent with other alcohols used as gasoline
blending components (see Table 2).
As is common for most alcohols used in gasoline, methanol is fully soluble in water and also miscible with gasoline–type hydrocarbons. Some
cosolvent alcohols (ethanol, propanols, or butanols) are generally required in the methanol premix used for gasoline blends to provide adequate water
tolerance (solubility) or phase stability where colder temperature conditions are experienced during the year. Similar to most gasolines and other alcohol
fuel blends, inhibitors or additives are recommended for fuel methanol to provide added protection against corrosion of fue system metal parts and
components. Properly blended gasoline with fuel methanol is typically compatible with materials commonly used in gasoline distribution systems as
well as vehicle fuel systems. In general, the fuel methanol premix is handled in a similar manner as gasoline or gasoline blending components with the
exception of added precaution to keep the fuel methanol premix from being exposed to any water or moisture. Methanol gasoline blends have been
successfully shipped commercially in barges, pipelines, and tanker trucks similar to conventional gasoline. As discussed later, because of methanol's
affinity for water, some precautions

A Brief Note On The Independent Research Project
Independent Research Project
Student's Number: _______________________________
VARIABLES:
Independent variable: substances– Sugar, Salt, kerosene, Margarine, Salicylic Acid, Vaseline
Dependent variable: whether it is soluble and creates an emulsion
Controlled variables: 1mL of substances Sugar, Salt, kerosene, Margarine, Salicylic Acid, Vaseline, and 5mL of solvents Water, Vegetable oil,
Ethanol,
amount of swirls to mix around
пЃЈIndependent variable identified
пЃЈDependent variable identified
пЃЈSome control variables identified
пЃЈAll control variables identifiedTotal
/4
METHOD:
1. Gather all materials that are available from the above list.
2. Measure 5mL of a solvent (water) and pour into different test tubes 6 times using a measuring cylinder.
3. Collect 1mL of each substance from the list (Sugar, Salt, kerosene, Margarine, Salicylic Acid, and Vaseline) using a spatula.
4. Set one of the substances (i.e. Sugar) into one of the test tubes containing water.
5. Record observation of whether it dissolved or did not dissolve, in the results table below; and repeat for the other 5 substances.
6. Pour the water in the test tubes containing the substances down the sink, EXCEPT the test tubes containing kerosene and oil.
7. Clean test tubes with test tube cleaner and warm soapy water in the sink.

8. Dry the test tubes once cleaned and repeat experiment using vegetable oil then with ethanol.
9. Record results for each experiment and compare results with other

Methyl Alcohol Should Be Illegal
Methyl Alcohol is a toxic, colorless, flammable liquid alcohol. CH3OH is the chemical formula for it. Originally from the distillation of wood but now
oxidizing methane. In 1923 German chemists had figured out how to make a synthetic methyl alcohol called methanol. They put carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen into an industrial pressure cooker and superheated it to more than 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Methyl Alcohol isn't a poison like cyanide. It didn't
make you violently sick then kill you. A lethal undiluted dose is little as two teaspoons for a child, and a quarter cup for a man. A more average
amount leads to blindness then coma and soon death. Methyl (wood) alcohol is not easily broken down by the body. The enzymes in human livers
struggle with methyl. As a result, the poison lingers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The latest round of alcohol on the streets was not filtered well, so with the poisonous government added impurities and methyl alcohol still
contaminating the drink, it was lethal. Two days later twenty–three of them were dead. I think this is a very sad reading about poisons. The doing was
directly a result of the decisions by a government that is supposed to protect us. I understand the situation would have been a hard one to solve, but it
seemed with every decision made to try to fix it, the problem just got worse. The sickly patients hallucinated, vomited, and were blinded by the wood
alcohol. In hospitals there was even a special unit called the alcoholic ward, specialized much like the way burn units are today. Many people like
Wayne Wheeler (general counsel of the Anti–Saloon League of America) thought it was crazy that the fact that "these so–called victims had violated
the law, and deserve no sympathy for their illegal and idiotic behavior". The next day the Treasury department announced that it had decided to require
the formulas be doubled

Methanol Experiment
Introduction: This practical report is based on the experiment of identifying the two alkanes used in the alcohols. The aim of this practical was to
determine the type of alcohol A and B were by using their boiling points and the amount of carbons each alcohol had. Hypothesis: If more carbon
atoms are added to an alcohol then the boiling point of the alcohol will be higher. Variables: Independent: The independent variable of this practical
was the type of alcohol. Dependent: The dependent variable of this practical was the boiling point of the alcohol. Controlled: The controlled variables
of this practical were the amount of alcohol used and the process of boiling the alcohol. Safety: Chemical Risk of Methanol: Methanol is highly... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the number of carbon atoms is increased the boiling point of the alkane is also increased. Beginning at 1 carbon atom, the boiling point was –164
degrees. As another carbon atom was added, this boiling point increased. This continued through to 10 carbon atoms which had a boiling point of 174
degrees. In the second graph, it was found that the trend is decreasing. As the number of carbon atoms is increased the melting point of the alkane
decreased. Beginning at 1 carbon atom, the melting point was –182 degrees. As another carbon atom was added, this melting point decreased. This
continued through to 10 carbon atoms which had a melting point of –30 degrees. Since the two alcohols used in this practical were Methanol and
Propanol, the boiling point of those two alkanes were focussed on. According to the graph and table, methane had 1 carbon atom and a boiling point of
–164 degrees, while propane had 3 carbon atoms and a boiling point of –42 degrees. When testing the boiling points of these alcohols in the practical
experiment, it was found that alcohol A had a boiling point of 68 degrees and alcohol B had a boiling point of 99 degrees. These results proved that
methane was alcohol A and propane was alcohol B. This was determined as alcohol A had a lower boiling compared to alcohol B. When comparing the
boiling point of methane and propane, methane had the lower

Methanol Waste Bins
While working in SIMDS, I was expected to know how to correctly dispose of the different waste products within the laboratories to maintain a clean
and safe environment. The disposal system consisted of three main bin types. These included the biological contamination bins, chemical waste bins,
sharps bins, confidential waste bins and the domestic waste bin. All these different types of bins were expected to contain a specific items.
Each bin is designed to contain its own waste material. For example, the biological waste bins are diesigned to contain any materials that are deamed
as biological hazards. This means that any waste material from a patients sample must be discarded in these bins alone, matieral that might have also
come into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of which is known as the domestic waste bin. These bins can contain average house hold waste such as paper tissues used to wipe hands
after they have been washed as well as cardboard and paper. These bins are collected by the cleaning staff at the end of each working day. The
confidential waste bin as seen in figure 6 can be used to contain physical data that contains personal information about the patient or members of staff.
Once full the tray is emptied into a larger confidential waste bin. This waste is ingenerated in order to destroy any unwanted personal

Reaction Paper On Etthylene Glycol
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Description
Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, sweet–tasting chemical. It is poisonous if swallowed.
Ethylene glycol was once thought innocuous; in 1931 it was suggested as being suitable for use as a vehicle or solvent for injectable pharmaceutical
preparations. Numerous cases of poisoning have been reported since then, and it has been shown to be toxic to humans. Ethylene glycol poisoning is a
relatively common occurrence worldwide. Human poisoning often occurs in isolated cases, but may also occur in epidemics. Many cases of poisoning
are the result of using ethylene glycol as a cheap substitute for alcohol or intentional ingestions in suicide attempts. Less commonly it has been used as
a means of homicide. Children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Haemodialysis in severe ethylene glycol and methanol poisioning, if serum methanol levels >50 mg/dl, metabolic acidosis, significant electrolyte
disturbance unresponsive to conventional treatment, CNS, visual or fundoscopy abnormalities, renal failure and in case of consumption of >30 ml of
methanol. During dialysis, Fomepizole needs to be dosed every four rather than every 12 hours.
7. Inj. Folinic acid should be administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg, with a maximal dose of 50 mg. It should be repeated every 4 hours. If Folinic acid is
not immediately available, folic acid can be substituted at the same

Simulation Lab Report
5.1 Simulation Results: A. Effect of Argon gas on Cavitation in methanol: The radial motion of 10 micron argon and nitrogen bubble in methanol at
323.16 K was depicted in figure 1 and figure 2 which represent the sonoluminescence bubble characteristic which include bubble radius (R/R0),
temperature, number of methanol molecules, pressure, micro–convection (or oscillatory liquid velocity) and acoustic (or shock) waves emitted by the
bubble. (A)(B) (C)(D) (E)(F) Figure 1: Effect of sonoluminescence characteristics on bubble dynamics: A) Normalized bubble radius (R/R0), B)
Temperature in the bubble, C) Number of methanol molecules in the bubble, D) Pressure inside the bubble, E) micro–convection (or oscillatory liquid
velocity) generated by the cavitation bubble and F) Acoustic waves (or shock waves) emitted by the 10 Ојm cavitation bubble (argon) in methanol at
323.16K. B. Effect of Nitrogen gas on Cavitation in methanol: In methanol as medium the bubble with its initial radius of 10 Ојm under ultrasonic
irradiation expands 7... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parameters such as amplitude of oscillatory and acoustic wave, radius of bubble and number of methanol molecules which have effect on bubble
kinetics are more pronounced at frequency of 20 KHz. And this frequency is able to maintain cavitation effect in reaction medium. So 20 KHz can be
considered as optimum frequency and used for further simulations. 5.3 Effect of reaction temperature: Reaction medium (ambient) temperature plays
crucial role in controlling bubble dynamics. Impact of ambient temperature on bubble dynamics is shown below. A. Methanol as liquid

Using 1 Hydroxyalkyl Free Radicals Essay
Addition of 1–Hydroxyalkyl Free Radicals to Unsolvated
Formaldehyde in Alcohol–Formaldehyde Solutions with
Nonbranched–Chain Formation of 1,2–Alkanediols
Michael M. Silaev
Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
Corresponding Author: mmsilaev@rc.chem.msu.ru
Copyright © 2016
Abstract: A mechanism of the initiated nonbranched–chain process of forming 1,2–alkanediols and carbonyl compounds in alcohol–formaldehyde
systems is suggested. The quasi–steady–state treatment is used to obtain kinetic equations that can describe the nonmonotonic (with a maximum)
dependences of the formation rates of the products on the concentration of free unsolvated formaldehyde. The experimental concentration of the free
unsolvated form of formaldehyde are given at the different temperatures, solvent permittivity, and total concentrations of formaldehyde in water and
alcohols.
An empirical equation for calculating the free formaldehyde concentration in alcohol–formaldehyde (including water/ethanediol–formaldehyde)
systems at various temperatures and total formaldehyde concentrations and an equation for evaluating solvent concentrations in these systems were
derived.
Keywords: nonbranched–chain process, free formaldehyde, 1–hydroxyalkyl radical, formyl radical, competing reaction, equation.
Free radicals add to the carbon atom at the double bond of the carbonyl group of dissolved free (unsolvated, monomer) formaldehyde. The
concentration of

Test Material And Its Effects On The Human Body
TEST MATERIAL
SUBMITTED BY
Anuron Deka
A1218311004
B.Tech
8th Sem
Abstract
Thousands of people around the world suffer from injuries everyday which requires removal or reinforcements of the damaged tissues through
surgical procedures. Tissue engineering, especially scaffolds have a major role to play in such situations. Scaffolds, a porous cross linked structure
aims at the regeneration of the damaged tissue by supporting the cells mechanically while not altering the normal functioning of the cell and the
individual as whole. Scaffolds are generally made of synthetic biocompatible polymers. But such scaffolds are generally expensive and may take
longer time to decompose inside our body. So we looked for autologous biomaterials which have the desirable properties and can be used in place of
the polymers. The autologous biomaterials will also be cheaper and decompose faster compared to the polymers. In this report, I have mentioned three
such autologous biomaterials; albumin, collagen and B.mori silk fibroins, which are easily available and possesses the desired properties to
manufacture scaffolds from them. I manufactured scaffolds by the process of electrospinning and tested the porosity and swelling of the scaffolds.
Introduction
Tissue engineering is a field where scientists try to repair or regenerate damaged tissues or cells with the help of artificial materials. In layman's term,
tissue engineering can be defined as "an interdisciplinary field

Methanol Exposure And Its Effect On The Fertility Of Biota...
Introduction A plant that produces alcohol as the main or by–product sometimes experience failure or did not properly manage their waste. The
wastewater may be released to the water streams nearby and affecting the environment and human. Some of alcoholic compound that are endangering
the environment is acetone, methanol and n–propanol depending on the concentration. Acetone has a slight toxicity when exposed to aquatic life and it
caused membrane damage, a decrease in size and decrease in germination of various agricultural and ornamental plants. Methanol may affect animals,
birds and fish, leading to their death. Exposure can also cause low growth rate in plants. Long term methanol exposure can affect the fertility of biota
and affect their appearance or behaviour ("National Pollutant Inventory", 2016). Since alcohol is very volatile it is more practical to detect the
compound using Gas Chromatography (GC) instead of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. With hydrocarbon it is suitable to use
flame–ionisation energy. In this experiment, GC that was used has the schematic diagram as below: Figure 1: GC schematic diagram. Sheffield Hallam
University (2016) Based on Figure 1, the wastewater sample would be injected onto the injector port and with high temperature about 200C the
wastewater sample would be vaporized and forced through the capillary column that has a temperature of 87C. Difference in polarity would determine
the retention time of the compound in the GC.

Mixing Methanol Lab Report
The purpose of mixing methanol and the catalyst (NaOH) is to react the two substances to form Methoxide. The amount of Methanol used should be
20% of the volume of the oil NaOH does not readily dissolve into Methanol. It is best to turn on the mixer to begin agitating the Methanol and slowly
pour the NaOH in. When particles of NaOH cannot be seen, the Methoxide is ready to be added to the oil. This can usually be achieved in 20 –30
minutes Step 3: Draining of Glycerol After the transesterification reaction, one must wait for the glycerol to settle to the bottom of the container. This
happens because Glycerol is heavier then biodiesel (Onkar S.Tyagi et al. 2010). The settling will begin immediately, but the mixture should be left a
minimum

Case Study : Charles River Laboratories
Charles River Laboratories, while now a multinational CRO with sites in over 15 countries, started with humble beginnings as a one man lab
founded by Dr. Henry Foster. Initially, Dr. Foster set out to provide the greater Boston area with robert research models that he bred and cared for
himself. Now, Charles River Laboratories has well over 8000 employees all over the word, and is dedicated to
Behind the scenes of a lab there is a team of hardworking individuals ensuring that scientific progress can be made. At Charles River Labs in
Worcester, MA that team is known as Lab Operations. There are different segments of lab operations, such as sample management, clinical services
support, and general lab support. All segments of Lab Operations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ammonium hydroxide (H5NO or NH4OH) that has a density of ~0.90 g/cm3. It is a colorless solution made by adding water and ammonia. Instead
of adding formic acid, ammonium hydroxide is added into Needle Rinse 1.
Carbamazepine (C15H12N2O), which is a drug that has been used as an anticonvulsant for patients that suffer from seizures or epilepsy, neurological
pain, and also to aid in manic and aggressive behavior for people suffering from dementia. At CRL, it is used as an internal stock standard.
Carbutamide (brand name Glucidoral) is another chemical used as an internal stock standard. The drug was initially released to help with diabetes,
however it was later taken off the market due to the negative side effects.
Chrysin (C15H10O4) alsa known as 5, 7–Dihydroxyflavone, is also used as an internal stock standard. Chrysin is a flavone, or , that is found in
carrots, honeycombs, and the blue passion flower.
Dimethyl sulfoxide, more commonly referred to as DMSO, is an extremely useful chemical as it is a fantastic 'vehicle' that penetrates membranes. It is
a very polar organic liquid and is used frequently as a solvent. It is used to create the aqueous versions of the internal stock standards.
Formic Acid (HCOOH or CH2O2) is the simplest of carboxylic acids and has a density of 1.22 g/cm3. Formic acid is also found in bites/stings from
insects in the Hymenoptera family contain formic acid. Commercially, formic acid is primarily used as a preservative for

The Dangers of Aspartame Essay
The Dangers of Aspartame
The Federal Drug Administration approved aspartame, an artificial sweetener surrounded by controversy, for widespread consumption in 1983. Its
brand name, NutraSweet, is a division of Monsanto, a major drug company who acquired G.D. Searle, the original drug company affiliated with
aspartame. Aspartame is used in everything from diet food to sugarless gum, but its major use is in diet drinks. There have been studies done to
determine what dosage of aspartame and it's by products, aspartic acid, methyl alcohol or methanol, and phenylalanine, is safe to consume or if the
amount is unlimited. Dr. Mark Gold (1995), a researcher involved with aspartame for over twenty years, found that seventy–five percent of ... Show
These chemicals convert to formaldehyde and diketopiperazine (DKP), two types of neurotoxins, at 86 degrees Fahrenheit, which is way below the
average human body temperature (Cohen 2). The chemicals "cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) ... and chang[e] the chemistry of the brain (Orange
2)" which keeps the brain able to regulate the amount of amino acids allowed in the brain. This affects the hippocampus or the area of the brain that
pertains to memory. Methanol is also "released in the small intestine when the methyl group of aspartame encounters the enzyme chymotrypsin
(Stegink 1984, p 143)," as quoted on the Holistic Medicine website in the well sourced article "Scientific Abuse in Methanol/ Formaldehyde Research
Related to Aspartame." While Monsanto may be correct in saying in a statement on July 1, 1999 that "It is physiologically impossible for aspartame to
cause brain tumors because it never enters the blood stream and thus cannot travel to essential organs, including the brain," aspartame's byproduct
methanol is absorbed into the blood stream and once there it breaks down into formaldehyde and methanol. On the Holistic Medicine website in the
article "Scientific Abuse in Methanol/ Formaldehyde Research Related

Methanol To China
Should there be more plastics? No? Because a chinese–backed company plans to build a huge methanol plant in federal way backyard so China can
make more plastic gadgets. Currently, the plant will have 1000 builders and then after it is built it will have 200 permanent job offers, we will be
shipping the methanol to china. In my opinion I disagree because methanol is very dangerous and hazardous to our health and oceans. One reason is
that methanol can cause bad things to happen to people. When methanol is consumed by humans it can lead to blindness and damage to the central
nervous system. Methanol when consumed can cause death and within the liver, methanol is broken down to form formaldehyde, a potential cancer
agent. The primary danger

The Production of Methanol and Hydrogen Fuels from MSW Essay
PAFC is commercially fuelled cell that promoted to be future energy requirement .Therefore, the fuel needed to fill in the fuel Production of fuel from
MSW is similar with biomass only vary in composition but after removal the non–organic. The reaction of converting the MSW is exothermically occur
at 50–100 atm and copper, aluminium and zinc oxide is used as based catalyst (Chen,1995). The CO2 is needed to activate the catalyst. Generally,
before MSW is used as feedstock it firstly will go through Refuse–Derived Fuel (RDF) process to eliminate the non–organic substances in the MSW.
The degree of pre–processing in conversion of MSW into a suitable feed material is a major criterion. By that, the product will be more uniform and this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The water quench saturated the product gas, cooling it to 70–100в„ѓ can sufficiently force all the tars and oils ,heavy metal, particulate matter to
condense out in a waste water stream.
Reforming Process
At low temperature gasifiers a significant fraction of gas heating value is entrapped in methane and other hydrocarbons. Reforming process is the
alteration of hydrocarbon properties by rearranging it .It upgrades the methanol and hydrogen production through steam reforming. In fact, the most
widely used method to produce hydrogen by steam reforming natural gas (Probstein, 1982).
Water Gas Shift Process
Shift reaction catalytically converts CO to H2 to through the water gas shift reaction for upgrading the syngas.
CO + H2O H2В¬+CO2––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (1)
The hydrogen production will be converted as much CO to H2В¬ as possible and methanol shift enough CO to make H2: CO ratio a little greater than
2:1.The process occurs at lower temperature thermodynamically but the kinetic are favoured by high temperature.
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
PSA is a technique which consists of four adsorber vessels, a compressor and H2S removal step. This technique is best suited for hydrogen separation
to obtain the pure H2 and the current technology can yield about 99.9% of pure H2 (Chen,1995).The hydrogen fuel that provided for energy
generation must solemnly have no CO or else it can be a poison to

Distillation Lab Report Discussion
Abstract:
Distillation is a technique used to purify and separate substances based on the different chemical properties of each substance. By heating the mixture,
vaporizing, and condensing the vapor, the resulting substance with lower boiling point can be then collected and analyzed. In this lab two type of
distillation were performed the simple and the fractional distillations. In the simple distillation, the resulting vapors immediately go through into the
condenser that condenses the compound by cooling it. In the fractional distillation, the fractionating column provides theoretical plates on which the
refluxing compound can condenses, re–evaporate, and condenses again. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the efficiency of simple ... Show
Volume of distillate for both simple and fractional distillations, it can be concluded that the both technique give different results. In the simple
distillation, the line appears straight. As there was only one phase, vaporization and then condensing, the process looks steady. Thetemperature almost
rises at the first boiling point. At this point the methanol materials starts to boil off and the volume distillate increases. The temperature remained
constant. As the last portion of the methanol boils off, the temperature start to increased. In the fractional distillation, the graphs appear in phases and
going upwards. There is time between phases where no change take place. The temperature rises and there was no component collected yet due to the
number of time that methanol is vaporizes and condenses. The graph proves that fractional distillation is better and more efficient for separation than
simple distillation. In the fractional distillation technique, the initial mixture contained 00000mole % of methanol and the first distillate contained 000
of methanol. However, in the simple distillation technique the initial mixture contained 30.01mole % of methanol and the first distillate ended up only
with 57.80% of methanol. This demonstrates that fractional distillation is more efficient than the simple one. Using the mole percent composition for
each type of distillation, the number of theoretical found to be,0000 for simple distillation

Methanol Alcohol And Ethanol Lab
The main purpose of this lab is to determine whether or not the number of carbon molecules relate to the amount of energy emitted measured through
the temperature change over the course of 2 minutes. The main three tested fuels are fuels methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol
(C3H7OH). Based on those formulas, Propanol alcohol has 3 carbons, Ethanol alcohol has 2 carbons and methanol has 1 carbon. Based on the
hypothesis mentioned above "If the number of Carbon molecules in the fuel increases, the amount of energy over 2 minutes is going to increase".
Based on the data shown above, propanol fuel had the most temperature change meaning that it burned with the most energy. Following that is ethanol
fuel having the second greatest temperature

Zebrafish Are Small Aquatic Organisms Which Are Common
Zebrafish are small aquatic organisms which are common model organisms for genetic and embryonic studies. Studies have shown that exposing
zebrafish to ethanol can result in morphological deformities. It is hypothesized that exposing zebrafish embryos to EtOH will result in more improper
development as well as a higher amount of mortality compared to zebrafish not treated with EtOH. Additionally, fish exposed atalcohol at 1 hour old
will be more deformed than fish exposed to alcohol at 24 hours old and fish treated with 1% ethanol will be less deformed than fish treated with 2%
ethanol. In order to study the effects of ethanol, zebrafish embryos which were 72 hours old were studied using a compound microscope. There was
one control ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are both genetic and environmental factors which contribute to FAS. Effects of FAS vary based on the time of exposure to and the concentration
of ethanol (Carvan, 2004).
Studies have shown that exposing zebrafish embryos to ethanol causes deformities to the embryo's skull and other parts of its central nervous system,
learning and memory problems, and cell death. Other effects caused by alcohol include the failure of facial organs to develop and malformation of the
body trunk (Carvan, 2004).
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate if exposing zebrafish embryos to ethanol had negative consequences on the organism's development.
In addition to exploring where or not the treatment had any effects, it was hypothesized that the intensity of any deformities will be higher if the
embryo is exposed to ethanol earlier post fertilization and at a higher concentration.
Methods and Materials
Zebrafish embryos were studied during two separate weeks. They were bred in–house and maintained on a 14:10 hour light/dark schedule in water
temperature lower than 28.5 В°C. The breeding tank was a five gallon aquarium. Fertilized eggs were initially placed into Petri dishes and then moved
to 500 mL plastic rearing containers. Ethanol solutions were made from a stock solution of 95% ethyl alcohol diluted with distilled water. These
solutions were added

Recrystallization Of Naphthalene Lab Report
Experiment 4: Recrystallization of Pure Phthalic Acid, Benzoic Acid, and Naphthalene
Charles Nyberg
Gilbert Immanuel and Rachel Zigelsky
Mussie Gide Introduction Chemical experiments are often described, when they are finished, by the yield or recovery of the target product or solid. Also
melting point can be tested to determine purity in a compound. Most times these chemicals are not completely pure so they can be recrystallized to
remove the impurities. The technique of recrystallization learned and utilized in this lab works best to remove contaminates from nonvolatile organic
solids.1 A solvent is used that dissolves the solid at room temperature and then the impurities can be removed via pipette or other simplified removal
process. When all impurities are dissolved and removed, a lattice or an ordered structure in the form of crystals is able to be collected and observed.
Some substances cannot be recrystallized with only one solvent. Therefore, two solvents, or solvent pairs, can help dissolve the substance at boiling
point only and not room temperature.2 Solvent pairs are able to be dissolved into each other but not anything else effectively. One part of the pair is
used to prevent dissolving at room temperature and the other half is used to help dissolve at boiling point. Lastly, activated charcoal is utilized to
remove brightly colored impurities from the dissolved solid solutions. The charcoal attracts the impure substances and then is able to be

Essay On Aspartame
In this paper the author wants to talk about this phony sugar that is slowly poisoning the masses. Silent killer who, disguise it's self as an alternative
sugar, this so–called sugar known as aspartame. But to bring to light two solutions that could end this ferocious ploy by the greedy government and
enterprise benefiting from this fake sugar. The two solutions that were to be proposed are unrefined cane sugar and educations.
Aspartame is extremely poisonous, and here is why. One of the toxic ingredients of Aspartame is wood alcohol. When the temperature of Aspartame
exceeds 86 degrees F, the wood alcohol in the Aspartame is converted toformaldehyde, and then to formic acid, which in turn causes metabolic
acidosis. Formaldehyde is grouped in the same class of poisons as Cyanide and Arsenic – which are very deadly toxins. The only difference is...
Formaldehyde kills quietly, and it takes a little longer. And, in the process of killing people, it causes all kinds of neurological problems." (Harder, 2016)
After the quote above explaining that aspartame has wood alcohol and how it supports the claim of being slowly poisoned by it. I want to introduce
the first solution to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Honestly, having this in our products with these add benefits and not getting slowly poison seems to be the better option all ready. Also to add to the
burn with the greedy manufactures that will choose to use chemical inanest sugar because they think it's a cheaper option and won't care about there
customers until issues of an actual lawsuit or health epidemic cause by them happens. In addition sugar cane the actual sugar cane from the plant can
actually be grown here in Florida or any higher heat climate area, state, country. One it can be grown here then we won't have to important it from
other countries all the time and also this could create new jobs for

'Manufacture of Hairspray and Dimethyl Ethle Production Essay
Executive Summary.
Aerosol hairspray cans are a cosmetic product used by 86% of women in the United States.(3) The consumer demand for hair products has stayed
relatively steady since the invention of hairspray. Industrial suppliers can increase their net profit of aerosol hairspray production by analyzing and
possibly optimizing their manufacturing process, mores specifically, the production of the most widely used aerosol propellant, dimethyl ether (DME).
The optimization of a thermally coupled DME reactor (OTCDR) proves to be economical, energy sufficient, and increase the net profit of the industrial
plant. It is in the best interest of industrial aerosol hairspray manufacturers to consider multiple alternative production ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrofluorcarbons (HFC's) are a new class of recently developed propellants, they share many of the same properties as CFC's but are less polluting.
Several popular HFC's include 1,1–difluoroethane and 1,1,1,2,–tetrafluoromethane. These propellants are relatively expensive but formulate fast
drying. Currently the most commonly used propellant is dimethyl ether (DME).
DME has been receiving a growing attention all over the world in recent years, the study on the synthesis of DME is the process of most interest in
regards to the production of hairspray. The production of hairspray is shown in Figure 1. Several methods of dimethyl ether are discussed.
Optimization of a DME production process is discussed and analyzed. The process of DME production is discussed because of the promising energy
consumption and economical value.
Dimethyl Ether
Dimethyl Ether is the most widely used propellant in aerosol cans in the United States (85%). Based on DuPont knowledge, national production of
DME is 15 to 20 million kilograms in the United States. This production is distributed across the following primary uses: industrial feedstock for the
product of other chemical substances (31%), hairsprays (48%), spray paints (6%), insect repellents/insecticides (6%), adhesives (5%), household
cleaners (1%), dusters (1%), tire inflators

Co2 Into Methanol Essay
CO2 is one of the biggest problem our planet currently faces. Scientists around the world are racing to find a solution that will help us deal with the
excessive Carbon Dioxide in our atmosphere.
CO2 is at its highest levels in millions of years. And without a solution these conditions will not change to acceptable levels anytime soon.
There are several research projects currently tackling this issue. Some have found methods to convert CO2 into methanol, or hydrocarbon fuel. But
these are not very useful at this time. Other attempts have produced products that are either too expensive or not scalable.
There is even a team in Iceland trying to turn CO2 into solid rock which can then be buried. But this method has not be fully proven as yet, ... Show
Adam Rondinone, an author of the study, explained to Popular Mechanics. It also only requires 1.2 volts of electricity, and yields over 60% of CO2
into Ethanol. These results were possible because the catalyst's nanostructure was easy to change, this, according to the researchers.
In a press release, Dr. Rondinone said this system is effectively reversing the combustion process. Explaining that it is very difficult to produce ethanol
from carbon dioxide with one catalyst.
Because of how cheap the materials involved are, and very low electricity requirements, this method can easily be scaled to meet global needs.
The team at Oak Ridge did say this is not a ready to use solution for global CO2 reduction. More development using this system will need to be made
in order to have a scalable program in place.
The Automotive Industry can benefit greatly from this innovation, and we can easily say it will be a big deal for other fuel consuming industries. In
the US we are currently blending over 10% of gasoline with ethanol.
The Oak Ridge lab will continue to develop this revolutionary technology, and if all goes well we might just be able to fix Earth's CO2

Annotated Bibliography On The Effects Of Aspartame
Annotated Bibliography for the Effects of Aspartame Numerous neurological and behavioral side effects have been linked with consuming aspartame
at well below the approved safe limits set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that has been ingested in
the United States for over three decades. Even though there are several studies showing the harmful effects of its consumption. When aspartame is
digested several toxic chemicals are produced, most notability formic acid & glutamate. Both of these chemicals cause the body to mimic the side
effects of multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer. Even the passing of aspartame to be allowed in food was controversial. Just as the studies on it, continue to
be today.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phenylalanine can pass through the blood brain barrier and significantly change the production of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are the
chemicals that send signals from one neuron to another. By bonding to a, "...neutral amino acid transporter (NAAT)..." (Humphries, Pretorius, NaudГ©,
2008, para. 7) phenylalanine is able to pass through the blood brain barrier. The body also further breaks down phenylalanine to tyrosine when it is
processed through the liver. If tyrosine is additionally broken down to dihydroxyphenylalanine and reaches the brain the production of dopamine will
be compromised leading to depression like symptoms after the consumption of aspartame. Further cellular breakdowns are additionally explained
throughout the article. The two most shocking assertions are the long–term effects with consuming high levels of aspartame with increasing the
chemical glutamate on the NMDA receptors leading to a decrease in stimulation and neurodegeneration, possibly causing or mimicking the symptoms
of the disease Alzheimer 's. The second alarming claim made on the effect of long–term ingestion of aspartame is when aspartame 's temperature
exceeds 86 degrees Fahrenheit. As the authors observed, "...the wood alcohol in aspartame is converted into formaldehyde and then to formic acid,
which in turn causes metabolic acidosis." (Humphries, Pretorius, NaudГ©, 2008). Metabolic acidosis causes methanol toxicity, which has been
associated with mimicking the symptoms of multiple

Methanol Plant In Tacoma
Would you be up for having the largest methanol plant in the world next to your city? Most people wouldn't. This would be a bigger con than pro
for Tacoma. It would cause environmental issues, and can be dangerous. One reason this would be a bad idea is because it would cause a lot of
pollution, and more than Tacoma already has. Another reason this would be bad idea is because if something goes wrong, it can cause a lot of
problems and can potentially be dangerous. This is why a methanol plant in Tacoma, WA would be a bad idea. First of all, one reason building a
methanol plant in Tacoma is a bad idea is because it would consume too much of our resources. One detail that supports the claim is in the text,
'Proposed Methanol Plant... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One detail that supports the claim is in the text 'The News Tribune', "Unknown amounts of airborne irritants, volatile, organic compounds, and carbon
will be released into the air." This detail supports the claim because Tacoma already haspollution, and if we keep adding it, it will only get worse. It
also supports this because the more we add, the more Tacoma will start to smell bad. Another detail that supports the claim is in the text, 'NW
Innovation Works', "While taxpayers have paid tens of millions of dollars to remediate the former smelter site, it remains polluted to this day." This
detail supports my answer because this proves that it i already polluted, and they cannot fix it now, so we keep adding to it, it will become way worse
and will become unfixable. The last detail that supports the claim is in the text 'The Seattle Times', "So, even though the Tacoma and Kalama projects
would increase Washington state's use of a fossil fuel, Inslee and other state officials have promoted the deal as a way to reduce the global release of
greenhouse gases, which scientists say are driving climate change." This detail supports the claim because even though it can be beneficial, in the long
run it would still cause climate change, which is bad for the environment. This is another way a methanol plant in Tacoma would be bad. Overall, the
methanol plant in Tacoma would

Soluble In Methanol
When we tested the solubility of the starting materials, we found that all of our starting materials were soluble in hexanes, ethyl acetate, and acetone,
which makes sense because all of these solutions are organic materials, so the starting materials should form London dispersion forces with them all,
and the reaction should occur. Enthalpy should not care about whether the reaction occurs or not because either way it has London dispersion forces,
but entropy would drive the reaction because it always wants a more random orientation, as explained above when describing enthalpy, entropy, and
free energy. Interestingly, none of the starting materials were soluble in methanol. Methanol is an organic solution and contains hydrogen bonding, so...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The combination of oils and fats with alkali products creates soap lather. However, when friction is applied to these molecules, more lathering
occurs. The friction creates air pockets and the oil forms around each pocket of air (Fredericks), creating more surface area. Soaps and detergents
made from avocado, coconut, and castor oil (vegetable oil) will produce more lather than those created from lard and fat because they produce
both fluffy (foamy) and stable (picks up dirt) lathers. This would explain why the canola oil had the best latherability. Canola oil is a type of
vegetable oil like castor oil, so it should have more lather. Detergent 2 was very basic and it was made from fat, which is not as good at lathering as oil,
plus it creates a hard soap, which does not lather as well (Taylor). Table 4 depicts our results from the latherability

Bagasse Research Paper
Energy Demand
The need for energy is a dominant, driving the force of the world. Paralleling population growth, energy demand cannot be supported by fossil fuels, a
limited resource with negative impacts on the environment. Currently, Global energy consumption is approximately 78% fossil fuels and 19%
renewables. It is critical that the ratio continues to shift in favor of renewables. With the transition to using more renewable energy sources, it is
imperative to fully understand each energy source and the impact it has on the world. Bagasse derived methanol is a potential sustainable fuel source
that may largely shape the future. Despite its strengths and potential as a biofuel, bagasse derived methanol's shortcomings should not be overlooked. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It involves taking the biomaterial waste from the processing of another biomass and turning it into a useable fuel. Theoretically, dependent on the
sustainable harvest of sugarcane, there is nearly a limitless supply of bagasse derived methanol. For the one mega joule of fossil fuel energy that goes
into production, eight mega joules of methanol are yielded. This output/input index suggests it to be a highly renewable fuel

Pollution and Environment Essay
A Modest Proposal for Methanol and Ethanol Powered Cars "We need more stringent regulations on car emissions... Let's add MTBE to the fuel– that
will reduce pollution... If people would just stop driving so much, pollution wouldn't be so bad..." People have long recognized the problems with the
gasoline we used now. We have tried everything from putting regulations on emissions, to putting additives in the gasoline (only to discover later that
MTBE got into the groundwater), to campaigns to get people off the road. However, more and more cars are on the roads as the population increases,
and people are not going to stop driving. Additives are as likely to cause problems as they are to prevent them. Just changing the... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
To help protect the environment, our health, and our economic independence, the government should use all the revenues from the taxes on dirty fossil
fuels to subsidize research and the production of alcohol burning cars. Problems with Cleaner Fuel Of course there are reasons why we have not
converted to alcohol burning vehicles before. Ethanol costs more per gallon than gasoline. However, new technologies have the potential to produce
ethanol at significantly smaller costs. Methanol, a high–performance liquid fuel made from wood or coal, can be produced at prices comparable to the
prices of gasoline and natural gas. In addition, oil does not occur naturally in unlimited supply, and just in the past few years, gas prices have been
increasing dramatically. Those prices will not fall back down. However, the introduction of an inexpensive alcohol–based fuel would provide an
alternative means of power and give consumers more choices. Some people argue that decreasing the oil we use would harm the economies of
countries like Venezuela that depend on America buying their oil. However, as third world countries grow and develop, they will also need fuel
sources and the United States has no right to monopolize large portions of the available resources. Besides, it is not the responsibility of the United
States to provide markets for all companies in the world. Markets come and go, and

Effects Of Alcohol On Women 's Drinking
Alcohol is very popular amongst all ages of women whether they drink before or after 21 years old or. Women are seen as vulnerable and weak,
which is a typical stereotype society defines. A reason why women may drink is indefinite. There is not an exact reason why women drink, but there
are many reasons why may one drink. Reasons may consist of positivity and/ or negativity for alcohol; however, there are many negative effects on
women. Women drink in order to have fun and get loose, or if they are stressed and feel overwhelmed. Consumption of alcohol is every day, but
people may not know what it is composed of. There are ingredients that people do not realize that would be in an alcoholic beverage. It is important for
women to know what they are putting into their bodies. As women drink more, the more likely women are known to have a disorder. Eating
disorders can play a big factor in drinking. Many people do not realize how alcohol is broken down, however, according to Kolander, "alcohol takes
place through the stomach, where about 20 percent is absorbed directly into the bloodstream, and from the small intestine where 80 percent is
absorbed and moves into the bloodstream and to all parts of the body" (p. 322). There are many types of alcohol; the three additional types of alcohol are
methanol, isopropyl, and butyl. These ingredients are dangerous for the body. Methyl alcohol, also called wood alcohol, is an ingredient in such
products as glass cleaners, turpentine,

Methanol And Water Procedure: A Case Study
After the transesterification process was complete the LEA was separated from the biofuel, and water/methanol mixture using an Erlenmeyer filtering
funnel utilizing both course and fine filters (Whatman 1541–125 and 1542–125). A 1:1 solvent to water ratio (300 mL) and a 3:1 solvent to chloroform
ratio (100 mL) were added to induce a phase separation. Phase separation was allowed to occur overnight. Biofuel and chloroform were separated from
the methanol/water mixture using a separation funnel. The chloroform and biofuel were separated by evaporating and recovering the chloroform by
heating the mixture to 62В°C and then running the chloroform gas through a condenser. Samples were taken of each product and byproduct excluding
chloroform so that

The Antioxidant Status And Antimicrobial Activity Of The...
An evaluation of the antioxidant status and antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of Ocimum gratissimum.
Sajini Souda1*, George Saramma1, Irene Goercke2, Kelvin Chabaesele3,Naledi Mannathoko1.
1.Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
2.School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
3.Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
*Corresponding author E–mail address: sajini.souda@mopipi.ub.bw
ABSTRACT
Herbal drug therapy is regarded as an important alternative for the treatment of chronic and infectious disease. Ocimum gratissimum has been used
extensively in traditional medicine in many countries.The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant status and antimicrobial activity of the methanol
extract of Ocimum gratissimum (MEOG) and to establish that the antimicrobial activity is due to its antioxidant potentials.The total antioxidant status
was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays and the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method to determine total phenolic content of the MEOG.The
antimicrobial effect was determined by agar diffusion and broth dilution method against different ATCC strains of pathogenicbacteria. Zones of
inhibition, minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined. The results indicate that the antioxidant
potential and antimicrobial activity of MEOG is mainly due to its total phenolic content

Pervaporative Separation of Methanol/Methyl tert-butyl...
1. Introduction
Separation or organic/organic mixtures using pervaporation process has become a prime alternative and is extensively studied particularly in the
chemical and petrochemical industries due to the process versatility. One of the classic example of its application is the separation of methanol (MeOH)
from methyl tert–butyl ether (MTBE) in the production of octane enhancers for fuel blend, which has already been commercialized using cellulose
acetate by Air Products [1, 2]. Since then, efforts have been devoted to producing the optimal membrane material for pervaporation separation of
alcohol/ether mixtures [1, 2, 3]. In the similar attempt conducted by Kim et al., [2], pervaporative separation of this azeotropic mixtures ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
CS concentration was fixed at 2.0 wt% and dissolved in 1 wt% acetic acid. Blends of CS and SA were casted onto the porous support to form
composite membranes and air dried.
2.2Membrane characterization
2.2.1SEM analysis.
The morphology of the composite membranes were determined by using Phillips XL –40 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 10 kV accelerating
voltage. The membranes were sputter–coated with gold before analysis.
2.2.2Swelling Experiments.
The pre–weighed composite membranes were immersed in a liquid sorbate of known composition of MTBE/MeOH in a closed bottle at room
temperature for 24 hours for an equilibrium swelling. The swollen composite membranes were weighed after excess liquid was blotted with filter
paper. The amount of sorbed liquid in the composite membranes was expressed as degree of swelling (DS%) which was calculated according to Eq. 1,
DS%= (W_s–W_d)/W_d . (1) where W_s and W_d are the weight of swollen and dried samples, respectively.
2.3Pervaporation experiments.
The schematic representation of pervaporation of MeOH/MTBE mixtures is shown in Figure 1, which operated in batch mode. The effective

membrane area was 56.745 cm2. Permeate was collected in the flask attached to glass cold trap and its composition was analyzed using

Simple Distillation Of Methanol And 2-Pentanol
A simple distillation was carried out involving a 30 mL pre–mixed solution of methanol and 2–pentanol in order to separate the two compounds by
taking advantage of the differing boiling points. Since methanol has a lower boiling point at 64.7В°C, compared to 2–pentanol's boiling point of
119.3В°C, it distilled off first. Through the use of the apparatus we set up, the solution was heated on a hot plate, the vapor that came up was cooled
by the condenser into a liquid and flowed down into the receiver. Temperature was recorded for every 2 mL of distillate collected. In addition, three 10
mL distillate fractions were collected to be analyzed through gas chromatography. The purpose of gas chromatography analysis was analytical for this
specific

Direct Oxidation Of Methanol Lab Report

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Direct Oxidation Of Methanol Lab Report