The document discusses the history and development of sustainable development as a concept, as well as how Belarus has implemented sustainable development goals. It describes how sustainable development emerged from concerns about environmental degradation and limited resources in the 1970s. Key documents like the Brundtland Report and Agenda 21 defined sustainable development and set global goals. Belarus aligned its goals with the UN's Millennium Development Goals for 2002-2012, focusing on social, economic, and environmental improvements like increasing incomes, export-based growth, and reducing emissions. Belarus is expected to continue steady progress in sustainably adapting international goals to its national context.

1. Rowley 11
Sustainable Development in Belarus
Casey Rowley

2. Course Title
Dr. Baktybek Abdrisaev
December 5, 2018
Introduction
The interconnected nature and continuous growth of developed
and developing economies put a stress on the environment that
threatens our ecosystem. The stress placed on our environment
comes from, among other things, our consumption and waste of
natural and unnatural resources. Over time, recognizing the
strain on our ecosystem resulted in the creation of sustainable
development as a concept. The focus of this research is on the
history of sustainable development and how it applies to
Belarus.
The concept of sustainable development came about during the
time Belarus established its independence. Under the leadership
of Alexander Lukashenko, Belarus has built a sustainable
development model unique to its authoritarian regime and
landlocked country. Understanding the history of sustainable
development and the creation of sustainable development goals
through the United Nations will provide the necessary context
for us to explain how Belarus has built and implemented its
model of sustainable development.
The History of Sustainable Development
Different points regarding sustainable development were first
discussed during the 18th and 19th centuries economic theorists
like Adam Smith and later Karl Marx. Sustainable development
initially focused on clean air, water, and renewable resources.
In 1980, the term sustainable development was used in the field
of forestry.[footnoteRef:1] Sustainable development in the
field of forestry discouraged the harvesting of connected forests
at a rate that prevented the renewal of those forests. Concerns
were raised in the 1970s with the recognition that human
consumption put pressure on the environment. At this time,

3. thought was being given to the limited natural resources and the
need future generations would have for it. Specific concerns
include global climate change, natural catastrophes, and hunger
and poverty. [1: Tomislav Klarin, "The Concept of Sustainable
Development: From Its Beginning to the Contemporary
Issues," Zagreb International Review of Economics and
Business 21, no. 1 (2018): 70, doi:10.2478/zireb-2018-0005.]
A group of economists, scientists, and humanists from
developed countries met in Rome in 1968 to discuss current
problems and future challenges facing humans.[footnoteRef:2]
The group published two important documents that appealed to
the world for a change of behaviors towards the planet. The
Roman club was one group that made large contributions to the
creation of sustainable development as a concept. The United
Nations is credited with the largest contribution to the concept
of sustainable development. The goals of the United Nations
include “maintaining peace and security in the world, promoting
sustainable development, protecting the human rights and
fundamental freedoms, promoting the international law,
suppressing the poverty and promoting the mutual tolerance and
cooperation.”[footnoteRef:3] The United Nations brought major
countries together with a common purpose that included
sustainable development as part of its defined goal. [2:
Tomislav Klarin, "The Concept of Sustainable Development:
From Its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues," Zagreb
International Review of Economics and Business 21, no. 1
(2018): 71, doi:10.2478/zireb-2018-0005.] [3: Tomislav
Klarin, "The Concept of Sustainable Development: From Its
Beginning to the Contemporary Issues," Zagreb International
Review of Economics and Business 21, no. 1 (2018): 71,
doi:10.2478/zireb-2018-0005.]
In 1983 the United Nations World Commission on Environment
and Development (WCED) was established to develop a global
change program.[footnoteRef:4] In 1987 Sustainable

4. Development, the Brundtland Report was published and, the
concept of sustainable development was more clearly defined.
The report analyzed the conditions of the world looking at
socio-economic development and order, environmental
degradation, population growth, poverty, politics, and wars. The
report defines sustainable development as “development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations.”[footnoteRef:5] The concepts that came
from the Brundtland Report addressed the balance between
human needs and environmental pressures. The report is
foundational to the modern concept of sustainable development.
[4: Tomislav Klarin, "The Concept of Sustainable
Development: From Its Beginning to the Contemporary
Issues," Zagreb International Review of Economics and
Business 21, no. 1 (2018): 74, doi:10.2478/zireb-2018-0005.]
[5: A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) REPORT OF THE UNITED
NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT." United Nations. Accessed December 05,
2018. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-
1annex1.htm.]
Leading up to the Earth Summit in 1992 where 178 countries
would attend to define a global framework for solving
environmental issues, several documents were adopted. Two
documents that were adopted help us understand the framework
used to create sustainable development goals, The Rio
Declaration and Agenda 21. “The Rio Declaration contains 27
principles of sustainable development on the rights and
responsibilities of the United Nations.”[footnoteRef:6] The
first principle puts humans at the center of concerns for
sustainable development. The Rio Declaration also discusses
states sovereign right to develop and utilize their resources but
should preserve the environment. The declaration discusses
global cooperation and consideration of the environment. [6:
Tomislav Klarin, "The Concept of Sustainable Development:
From Its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues," Zagreb

5. International Review of Economics and Business 21, no. 1
(2018): 75, doi:10.2478/zireb-2018-0005.]
Agenda 21 is a non-binding global program with objectives of
sustainable development and action plans and resources for
their implementation. Agenda 21 is broken up into four parts:
Social and Economic Dimensions, Conservation and
Management of Resources for Development, Strengthening the
Role of Major Groups, and Means of Implementation. Each
section discusses topics like addressing poverty, helping
developing countries, protecting our
environment.[footnoteRef:7] The Rio Declaration defines the
principles for sustainable development in the eyes of the United
Nation and Agenda 21 describes the goals and implementation
of those goals. [7: "A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) REPORT OF THE
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT," United Nations, accessed December 05,
2018, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-
1annex1.htm]
When a country is creating sustainable development goals, the
principles and action plan created from the Rio Declaration and
Agenda 21 are commonly the foundation from which to start.
More commonly, sustainable development goals are created
through the United Nations and countries align their goals to
these.
In 2002, the United Nations met for the World Summit on
Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa to
discuss sustainable development goals for the period 2002-2012.
The goals established for the period include - the eradication of
extreme poverty, universal primary education, promoting gender
equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality,
improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, ensuring
environmental sustainability, and developing a global
partnership for development.
Understanding the history of sustainable development and the

6. framework created through the creation of Agenda 21 and the
Rio Declaration help clarify the context in which Belarus built
their sustainable development goals through the period 2002-
2012.
Since the adoption of Agenda 21 and the commitment made by
parties to the Millennium Development Goals, Belarus has
worked to align its sustainable development goals with those
defined by the United Nations. Belarus has taken the principles
from the Rio Declaration and the action plan from Agenda 21
and adapted it to meet the geographic and cultural needs that
make Belarus unique. The goals in which Belarus measures its
success against come from the Millennium Development Goals
established in 2002. Belarus’s Sustainable Development Model
In 2002, the United Nations began implementing all of Agenda
21 and setting goals in accordance. The first period and set of
goals implemented in the spirit of Agenda 21 and the Rio
Declaration was called the Millennium Development Goals. The
eight goals discussed are those that Belarus is using in the
National Report on Sustainable Development of the Republic of
Belarus Based on “Green” Economy Principles. This document
provides insight into Belarus’ model of sustainable
development. The Belarusian model of sustainable development
is unique to Belarus and includes the following major goals:
Development and adoption of long-term and medium-term
program and forecasting documents, focused on sustainable
socio-economic development of Belarus in various spheres,
continuous improvement of national legislation to bring it into
conformity with the principles of sustainable development,
development of civil society, and above all, environmental non-
governmental organizations, Possibilities for integrated
solutions in the field of public economics, ecology and social
development, research and innovation infrastructure relevant to
sustainable development goals, and developed environmental
monitoring and ecological statistics systems.[footnoteRef:8] [8:
"Sustainable Development of Belarus Based on "green"

7. Economy Principles," UNDP in Belarus, accessed December 06,
2018,
http://www.by.undp.org/content/belarus/en/home/library/enviro
nment_energy/publication_1.html.]
The model is based on the principles of Agenda 21 but add
characteristics that recognize the strong authority of the state
and integration to other CIS countries. Belarus’s national
strategy for sustainable development up to 2020 focuses on
three components defined in the National Strategy for
Sustainable Development up to 2020. These include the
Economy, Social sphere, and Environment. Belarus economic
goals encompass to move to a “green economy,” reduce poverty
improve human development, improve civil society, and ensure
demographic security. Belarus’s social goals include raising the
quality of consumer goods and services, raising wages and
pensions, restructuring the economy and modernizing
production, creating more “green” jobs, and other measures that
will improve research and development. Lastly, environmental
goals specific to Belarus include - the improvement of their
regulatory system, adoption of environmental management
programs that meet European standards, the introduction of
resource-saving techniques, and several other goals that aim to
reduce Belarus’s impact on the environment while modernizing
the economy.[footnoteRef:9] Despite the adoption of unique
goals, Belarus strives to meet international commitments to
sustainable development. [9: "Sustainable Development of
Belarus Based on "green" Economy Principles," UNDP in
Belarus, 11, accessed December 06, 2018,
http://www.by.undp.org/content/belarus/en/home/library/enviro
nment_energy/publication_1.html.]
Laws in Belarus fall in line with international agreements made
related to environmental protections in the country. Belarus has
developed laws that protect the Wetlands, an area that is crucial

8. to the environment in Europe. The Belarusian government
expresses its commitment to improving the environment and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions to levels set by the United
Nations. The National Report on Sustainable Development of
The Republic of Belarus Based on “Green” Economy Principles
highlights Belarus’s strategy to reduce emissions and increase
the absorption of greenhouse gases in Belarus and a national
program to mitigate climate change for the period 2008-2012.
Belarus is working to integrate the goals defined in the UN
Millennium Declaration (period 2002-2015) to its unique
country. Belarus’s focus and Achievements
For the period following the adoption of Agenda 21 and creation
of the Millennium Development Goals, Belarus focused
sustainable development primarily on Social, Economic, and
Environmental improvements. The following paragraphs will
cover
Belarus has seen social progress in several areas in the period
2002-2012 that primarily focus on monetary increases for the
individual and the country. The social and economic dimensions
of sustainable development defined in Agenda 21 primarily
focus on poverty, consumption behaviors, health, and achieving
sustainable populations. Belarus’s social policy focuses
primarily on increased income, employment, increasing life
expectancy, and fertility rates. Several laws have been passed in
Belarus to promote these goals. In the period 2002-2010 Belarus
has seen an increase in life expectancy with men’s expectancy
in 2010 64.6 and women’s expectancy at 76.5 years. The
standard of living for the citizens of Belarus also increased in
terms of real income by 3.3 times.[footnoteRef:10] The social
goals implemented to improve the lives of Belarusian citizens
while benefiting the state. The increase in monetary gain by
Belarusian citizens results in a more stable economy as a whole
for Belarus. The social improvements point to serving more
economic progress than social. [10: "Sustainable Development
of Belarus Based on "green" Economy Principles," UNDP in

9. Belarus, 16, accessed December 06, 2018,
http://www.by.undp.org/content/belarus/en/home/library/enviro
nment_energy/publication_1.html.]
The economic and social model discussed in Agenda 21 overlap
as their goals seek to improve the lives of humans. The
economic development and goals emphasized in Belarus’s
National Report highlight the move from being the “assembly
line” of the USSR to becoming a “socially oriented and highly
efficient economy aimed at export.[footnoteRef:11] Belarus has
focused on economic security based on exporting goods as well
as importing. Initially, Belarus did not open up trade with other
nations when independence was established. When Belarus
changed its approach, it became a highly integrated economy.
The National Report acknowledges Belarus lacking to meet all
of the goals laid out in Agenda 21 as it relates to the
consumption of raw materials. Without access to raw materials,
Belarus finds it necessary to extract resources from the ground
which impacts the environment negatively. [11: "Sustainable
Development of Belarus Based on "green" Economy Principles,"
UNDP in Belarus, 18, accessed December 06, 2018,
http://www.by.undp.org/content/belarus/en/home/library/enviro
nment_energy/publication_1.html.]
The Belarusian model of sustainable development specific to the
environment is more aligned with the goals set in the
Millennium Development plan. For this period Belarus
improved areas include the reduction of C02 emissions,
industrial and consumer waste, and renewable resources.
Belarus as a land-locked country that is dependent on others for
most of its natural resources is becoming increasingly focused
on renewable energy. For this reason, C02 emissions in Belarus
have decreased by 56% of the 1990 levels between the period
1990-2010.[footnoteRef:12] Belarus has implemented the
sustainable development goals defined for the period 2002-2012
in ways that improve the economy and, as a byproduct, has

10. improved the social conditions in the country. As new
sustainable development goals are developed for the period
2015-2030 it will be interesting to see how Belarus adapts the
goals for their needs. [12: "Sustainable Development of Belarus
Based on "green" Economy Principles." UNDP in Belarus.
Accessed December 06, 2018.
http://www.by.undp.org/content/belarus/en/home/library/enviro
nment_energy/publication_1.html.
]
Conclusion
The 17 ambitious sustainable development goals laid out by the
United Nations for the period 2015-2030 attempt to solve a wide
range of issues. The goals include, but are not limited to, ending
poverty, zero hunger, quality education, gender equality, and
affordable and clean energy. Belarus intended to participate in
sustainable development and expressed its commitment to the
implementation of the goals. In news coverage, Belarus has also
expressed its commitment to sustainable development. The past
is indicative of what should be expected in Belarus’ future.
From the establishment of Belarus’s independence and the
creation of Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration, Belarus has
looked at sustainable development pragmatically. In the
implementation of sustainable development goals defined in the
Millennium Development Goals, Belarus took an approach that
is specific to the governmental structure and conditions of
Belarus, ensuring to include a strong state authority in its
characteristics. Based on the previous implementation of
sustainable development, it should be expected that sustainable
development in Belarus will continue at a steady pace. It should
also be expected that Belarus will position sustainable
development goals in areas important to the country. The
geographic location of Belarus and the dependence on Russia
for oil makes renewable energy a priority for Belarus.

11. Works Cited
"10 Ways Humans Impact the Environment." Interesting
Engineering. September 10, 2018. Accessed December 05, 2018.
https://interestingengineering.com/10-ways-humans-impact-the-
environment.
"A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) REPORT OF THE UNITED
NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT." United Nations. Accessed December 05,
2018. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-
1annex1.htm.
"Agenda 21.:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform."
United Nations. Accessed December 05, 2018.
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/outcomedocuments/agend
a21.
"Belarus: Agenda - 2030. The Future of Our Planet Is in Our
Hands." UNDP in Belarus. Accessed December 05, 2018.
http://www.by.undp.org/content/belarus/en/home/presscenter/pr
essreleases/2018/02/06/belarus-agenda-2030-the-future-of-our-
planet-is-in-our-hands.html.

12. Cassen, R. H. "Our Common Future: Report of the World
Commission on Environment and Development." International
Affairs64, no. 1 (1987): 126. doi:10.2307/2621529.
Cassen, R.H. "Our Common Future: Report of the World
Commission on Environment and Development." Our Common
Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987. Accessed December 5, 2018.
doi:10.2307/2621529.
"Conference, Meeting, Event, Observance, Celebration,
International Day, World Day, Session." United Nations.
Accessed December 05, 2018.
http://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/millennium_summit.sht
ml.
"Conference, Meeting, Event, Observance, Celebration,
International Day, World Day, Session." United Nations.
Accessed December 05, 2018.
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ml.
"Delivering on Commitments." MDG Fund. Accessed December
05, 2018. http://www.mdgfund.org/node/922.
Klarin, Tomislav. "The Concept of Sustainable Development:
From Its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues." Zagreb
International Review of Economics and Business21, no. 1
(2018): 67-94. doi:10.2478/zireb-2018-0005.
"Sustainable Development of Belarus Based on "green"
Economy Principles." UNDP in Belarus. Accessed December
06, 2018.
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nment_energy/publication_1.html.
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13. Environment. Accessed December 05, 2018.
http://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/sustainable-
development-goals/why-do-sustainable-development-goals-
matter.
11
Exam Precalculus Final Exam (Fall 2016)
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
Determine whether the given function is one-to-one. If it is one-
to-one, find a formula for the inverse.
1) f(x) = 2x2 + 6, x 0 1)
A) f-1(x) =
2
x - 6
B) Not one-to-one
C) f-1(x) =
2
x - 6
D) f-1(x) =
x - 6
2
Find the amount that will be in an account, given the stated
conditions.

14. 2) P = $12,000, t = 3, r = 9% compounded quarterly 2)
A) $15,540.35 B) $15,672.60 C) $3672.6 D) $15,327.73
Solve the exponential equation.
3) 3(1 + 2x) = 243 3)
A) 6 B) 2 C) -2 D) 81
Solve the logarithmic equation.
4) log3(2x - 2) = 1 4)
A) 3 B)
log31 + 2
2
C)
5
2
D)
5
3
Find the exact values of the indicated trigonometric functions.
Write fractions in lowest terms.
5)
25
15
20
Find sin A and tan A.

15. 5)
A) sin A =
4
5
; tan A =
4
3
B) sin A =
4
3
; tan A =
5
4
C) sin A =
5
4
; tan A =
4
5
D) sin A =
3
5
; tan A =
4
3
Find the requested function value of .

16. 6) If csc =
3
2
, find cot . 6)
A)
5
2
B)
2
5
C)
3
5
D)
5
3
1
Solve the right triangle for all missing sides and angles to the
nearest tenth.
7)
c = 28.5
B = 39.5°
7)

17. A) A = 50.5°, a = 22, b = 18.1 B) A = 50.5°, a = 34.6, b = 44.8
C) A = 50.5°, a = 44.8, b = 36.9 D) A = 50.5°, a = 36.9, b =
44.8
Solve.
8) From a boat on the lake, the angle of elevation to the top of a
cliff is 24°50'. If the base of the cliff is
2700 feet from the boat, how high is the cliff (to the nearest
foot)?
24°50'
2700 ft
8)
A) 1259 ft B) 1249 ft C) 1262 ft D) 1252 ft
Find the trigonometric function value for the angle shown.
9) sin 9)
A) sin = -
3
4
B) sin = -
3
5
C) sin =
4
5
D) sin =

18. 5
4
Find the measures of two angles, one positive and one negative,
that are coterminal with the given angle.
10)
2
3
10)
A)
4
3
; -
8
3
B)
5
3
; -
4
3
C)
5
3
; -
5
3

19. D)
8
3
; -
4
3
2
Convert to radian measure. Leave your answer in terms of .
11) 165° 11)
A)
10
11
B)
11
12
C)
12
13
D)
5
6
Find the amplitude, period or phase shift.
12) Find the amplitude of y = 4 cos 2x +
2

20. . 12)
A) 4 B) 2 C) 8 D)
2
Multiply and simplify.
13) sec x (cot x + sin x) 13)
A) cos2x + 2 sin2x B) csc x + tan x C) sin x + csc x D) cos2x -
cot x
Factor and simplify.
14) sec x csc x - 5 csc2 x 14)
A) sec x(sec x - 5 csc x) B) (csc x - 5)(sec x + csc x)
C) csc x(sec x - 5 csc x) D) csc x(sec x - 5 csc2 x)
Use the sum and difference identities to evaluate exactly.
15) sin 15° 15)
A) -
2( 3 + 1)
4
B)
2( 3 - 1)
4
C) -
2( 3 - 1)
4
D)
2( 3 + 1)

21. 4
Find the exact value.
16) Given that sin = -
4
5
with in quadrant IV, find sin 2 . 16)
A) -
24
25
B)
24
25
C) -
7
25
D)
7
25
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best
completes each statement or answers the question.
Prove the identity.
17) tan x + cot x = sec x csc x 17)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
Find the exact value in radians.

22. 18) cos-1
2
2
18)
A)
11
6
B)
4
C)
6
D)
4
3
Evaluate.
19) cos-1 cos -
6
19)
A)
7
6

23. B) -
6
C)
6
D)
5
6
Convert to degree measure. Round to two decimal places, if
necessary.
20)
5
2
20)
A) 450° B) 72 ° C) 900° D) 144°
4