This document discusses pantothenic acid and vitamin K. It describes the chemistry, sources, requirements, absorption, functions, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity of each. Pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme A and is important for energy production and synthesis of hormones and fats. Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting and bone health. Deficiencies can result in bleeding issues. The document provides details on both vitamins.

1. ‫الرحــي‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بــسم‬‫م‬
Vitamins
Anas saad alsaab

2. :Objectives
• Describe the chemistry, sources, requirements, absorption, active form, functions,
deficiency manifestations, toxicity and antagonists (where applicable) of the
following vitamins:
• Pantothenic acid
• Vitamin K

3. Pantothenic acid
is a vitamin, also known : (pantothenate or vitamin B calcium pantothenate.)
chemistry: Pantothenic acid is the amide between pantoic acid and β-alanine.
C9H17NO5
Function:
Pantothenic acid is an essential part of coenzyme A (CoA)
pantothenic acid is an essential vitamin that the body does not produce

4. Coenzyme-A is manufactured in the cells of the body from three components: adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), cysteine, and pantothenic acid (vitamin B-5).

5. • Functions of CoA in the body:
• Initiates hundreds of important processes in the body.
• Initiates the TCA cycle that produces more than 90% of the energy the body requires to sustain life.
• Supports the development and functions of the male and female sex organs
• essential to the manufacture of fats, corticosteroids and the sex hormones,
estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
• Supports functions of the immune system and facilitates the repair of RNA, DNA and physical
injury.•

6. • Essential for HEME formation in hemoglobin.
• Facilitates the manufacture of connective tissue and the formation and repair of cartilage.
• Coenzyme-A is manufactured in the cells of the liver and other body organs from components transported
by the blood
• Essential in the synthesis of acetylcholine which is important for nerve transmission
•Pantothenic acid is an ingredient in some hair and skin care products
•Anti-stress Effect
•Coenzyme A may act as an acyl group carrier to form acetyl-CoA to
transport carbon atoms within the cell

8. sources high amounts in avocado, whole-
grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly, milk, and yogurt.
Overdose : Not a problem ,No toxicity but if person take more than 10
may causes diarrhea ,

9. Absorption: It is present in food either free form or coenzyme form
Free pantothenic acid is absorbed from upper part of small intestine by sodium dependent transport
system
Transport it enters portal circulation & transported to various tissues
Requirements

10. Deficiency

11. Vitamin K
• Describe the chemistry, sources, requirements, absorption, active
form, functions, deficiency manifestations, toxicity and antagonists
(where applicable) of the following vitamins:

12. • Chemistry: Vitamin K exists in different forms :
Vitamin - K1 (phylloquinone )
found normal dietry source and in plant , has phytyl side chain)
• Vitamin - K2 (menaquinone)
• found in animal produced by intestinal bacteria ,has isoprenyl side chain)
Vitamin - K3(menadione)
It is a synthetic form of vitamin K , lacks side chain and it is water soluble )

13. • Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin.
• Synthesized by intestinal flora
•
• Absorption :Upper small intestine
• Storage : in liver and amount in small intestine ,skeletal muscle .
• Toxicity
• No known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or
menaquinone (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K.

14. • Function
• Vitamin K is known as the clotting vitamin, because without it blood would not clot.
• promoting bone health, as an anti-aging vitamin.
• Osteoporosis : Post menopausal women from the age of 50 are susceptible to osteoporosis.
Vitamin K is needed by calcium to build bones.
• internal Bleeding is caused by Crohn’s disease mal-absorption and colitis as a result of decrease
in vitamin K content in the body. It can be controlled by vitamin K intake.
• Menstrual Pain .
•Blood sugar levels can be regulated with proper quantities of vitamin K in the body.

15. • Prevents Calcification : from cardiovascular disease have calcified heart valve and blood vessels
that is caused by building up of calcium inside the soft tissues
• Biliary obstruction caused by prolonged intake of oral antibiotics can be prevented by proper
intake of vitamin K.
• Necessary for activation clotting factor II, vII,Ix,x and proteins C and S
• Neonate are given vitamin K injection at birth to prevent bleeding
•production of the protein prothrombin, which converts soluble fibrinogen in the blood to insoluble fibrin
which makes up the greater part of blood clots.

16. Vitamin K deficiency may also cause :
Deficiency of vitamin K is rare due to the bacterial synthesis in the gut.
Vitamin K deficiency can also occur after long-term treatment with antibiotics.
Vitamin K deficiency is also common in infants at birth due to decrease intestinal flora
bacterial synthesized vitamin K and due to poor diffusion of vitamin K across the
placenta.
.

17. The symptoms and signs of vitamin K deficiency may include:
increase bruising, impairment of the blood clotting mechanism
and bleeding from the mucous membrane.

18. Dicumarol & Warfarin have structurally similarity to vitamin K ,
They competitively inhibit Vitamin K.

19. Requirements and Sources

20. Summary
•

21. Resources
•http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/
•002407.Htm
•http://www.theresearchpedia.com/health/health-benefits-of-foods/health-
benefits-of-vitamin-k
•http://www.coenzyme-a.com/answers.html
•http://www.mccordresearch.com/vitamin-b5Antothenic-acid
•http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126354-
overview
• "Vitamin K Overview". University of Maryland
Medical Center.
•medscape
Nutrition Facts and Information for Parsley, raw. Nutritiondata.com.
Retrieved on 21 April 2013.
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22. Questions

23. Done by: Anas saad alsaab.