My Career As A Sex Therapist Essay

My Career As A Sex Therapist Essay
The occupation that I have chosen for this assignment is a Sex Therapist. I am a senior at the
University of Wisconsin– La Crosse and my career goal is to become a Sex Therapist, for the future.
How I got interested in this occupation is that I knew that I wanted to help people in some way, but I
didn't exactly know how I was going go about that. I grew up in a family environment that talked
about sex very openly. Which today, has made me feel comfortable taking about sex and I have
found that sexual topics are interesting to learn about. I changed my major to Psychology, which
will help me prepare for my career, because I plan to work in a clinical setting that deals with
diagnosing people based on their behaviors. Studying psychology is all about the mind's functions
and how it affects behavior. In the following paragraphs I will explain in–depth of background
knowledge and the educational requirements for pursuing a career as a Sex Therapist. Also,
providing information about the salary, competitiveness, type of job locations, and expectations. For
this assignment I interviewed Jill O'Brien, who is a Physical Therapist that works at Gundersen and
runs her own clinic that specializes in Pelvic Health. This is not the exact career that I want, but her
specialized interest is something similar to the type pf clients I could work with in the future. I could
not job shadow a Sex Therapist, due to confidentiality reasons. These are the topics I will be
describing in more depth
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Should Surrogate Motherhood Be Allowed?
Surrogate Motherhood is when one women carries to term the fertilized egg of another woman. This
procedure is chosen by married couples who can not conceive a child in the "natural way". In some
occasions the mother may be able to produce an egg, but has no womb or some other physical
problem which prevents her from carrying a child. Whether or not the husband can produce a large
amount of sperm is not a problem. Once the egg and sperm are combined in a petri dish fertilization
is very likely to occur. The couple will then choose a surrogate mother and make an agreement in
which she will carry the baby and release it to the genetic parents after the birth. There are four
different kinds of surrogacy arrangements. Total ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The contracting couple agrees to pay the surrogate mother's expenses during the pregnancy and
delivery plus a fee for the surrogates's services. The fee can vary between $10,000 and
$100,000 per pregnancy. The surrogate mother also agrees to terminate her parental rights to the
infant and turn it over to the contracting couple after birth. A vast majority of the surrogacy
arrangements proceed without difficulty, occasionally problems arise concerning custody of the
child.
Since the concept of commercial surrogacy is relatively new, there are few laws and legal precedents
concerning these contracts. In some states these contracts are illegal and are considered null and
unenforceable by the courts. (1–5) Many considerations are to be made in selecting a surrogate
mother. For instance: is the potential surrogate healthy and free from disease, is the surrogate's
genetic material compatible with the contracting couple's expectations, is the surrogate candidate
emotionally and psychologically stable, does the potential surrogate live in a stable situation which
positively influence the pregnancy, and does the potential surrogate have a family history of genetic
defects that might adversely affect the baby? In assessing these issues, the prospective parents might
benefit from the services of a professional family counselor. Additionally, the assessment of the
surrogate mother's qualifications can be aided by

Pros And Cons Of The Birth Of Surrogate Advertising
"Surrogate advertising is a reflection of the hypocritical society that we live in. We consider some
products good enough to be sold but not good enough to be advertised. A marketer has to sell his
product, and will find means to promote it. I don't blame him."
– Pushpinder Singh
Senior Creative Director (O & M)
Surrogate advertising has versatile definitions based on the viewpoints of different stakeholders.
While brand experts describe this concept as leveraging on the existing brand equity, marketing
agencies define it as an exercise to generate brand recall of products on the negative catalog while
the government of India has been little patient and comes down heavily on this controversial and
intriguing marketing tool.
The birth of surrogate advertising is believed to have taken place in Britain where English
housewives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, Kingfisher airlines, Royal Challengers Bangalore and White Mischief Holidays are all
full–fledged and established businesses. Again, from the company's perspective it does not break the
legal spectrum and therefore helps it to avoid unnecessary court cases and trials.
The major disadvantage lies in the fact that it defeats the purpose of ban on advertising of harmful
products. Often the surrogate product never sees the light of production or sale, thus fooling the
consumers. And even if the surrogate products do exist, often children and ignorant consumers are
not able to distinguish between the advertised products and the banned variant thereby causing
misconceptions and harm to the society in general. Also it challenges the ethical way of doing
business and adds massively to the advertising and promotional costs of the

Cloth Surrogate Mother
According to Harry F, Harlow his experiment was to obtain a mother that is patient as well as able to
be available twenty four hours to her infant monkey. So the researchers created a substitute mother.
The experiment consisted of separating the monkeys between six to twelve hours after birth and
more than sixty animals were taken from their mothers. The number of breasts was reduced on the
substitute from two to one. Some of the cloth surrogates lactated and some only the wire did but the
ones that were made of wire the infants could only get nutriment from the wire they would still
always go back to the cloth surrogate for comfort and warmth. Even though only the wire mother
could provide nourishment, the monkeys visited her only to feed.

Surrogate Motherhood Essay
Surrogate motherhood refers to that condition of a fertile (footnote) woman who has been contracted
to become impregnated via reproductive technologies such as donor or artificial insemination. It is
that condition wherein that fertile woman also has agreed to transfer her rights on the child to the
biological parents after giving birth. This is bounded by a contract that was signed by the contracting
parents and the surrogate. The reasons for this generally fall into two categories. Either the
contracting couple is unable to produce a child or they would prefer to eliminate or enhance certain
genetic traits. My argument would apply to either case. For the purpose of this paper, the
motivations are irrelevant and the logic following ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also said that with this type of surrogacy, the intended mother enters into a step parent type of
adoption (Canadian Surrogacy Options, Inc). Lastly, egg donation, would refer to the condition or
process of maintaining a database for potential egg donors (Canadian Surrogacy Options, Inc.) For
the purposes of this discussion, each of these engages in the commidification of the reproductive
agency and human reproduction by legally and socially justifying a condition in which this capacity
may become fungible.
(FOOT NOTE)
Mother's egg, father's sperm – this type of surrogacy is usually employed in cases wherein the
mother is not capable of carrying a fertilized egg for medical reasons.
Donor egg, father's sperm – a type of surrogacy that is employed when there is doubt on the quality
of the egg or there are no available ovaries for fertilization.
Mother's egg, donor sperm – this is the opposite of donor egg, father's sperm. This is actually taken
into consideration when there is doubt in the quality of the father's sperm.
Donor egg, donor sperm – is the type of surrogacy chosen by intended parents who would want to
establish a genetic link with the child.
Surrogate motherhood became popular in the 1980's. This was popularized by the case of Baby M,
which primarily dealt on the ethical issues raised regarding reproductive

Arneson's Argument Of Degradation Of The Surrogate
Anderson's second argument is that of degradation of the surrogate. This thinking may be true in
some cases, but not all. Anderson makes the comparison of surrogates to a hatchery. Again,
Anderson herself degrades surrogates by removing their autonomy and projecting them as docile
and incompetent creatures who cannot enter into a contract without being exploited. Arneson rebuts
this assertion by asking the question why is it permissible for a woman to act as a surrogate for a
friend or family member (Altruistic Surrogacy) but as soon as money is entered into the equation
(Commercial Surrogacy), it becomes morally unacceptable. Arneson's point that the exchange of
money for the service of surrogacy does not make the practice intrinsically harmful, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pande tries to shed more light on the economic and psychological empowerment and opportunity
surrogacy has given women. Surrogates are introduced to medical services that are normally not
accessible to them. Over the course of her research, Pande shifted her position and stated that the
practice of surrogacy needs to be prohibited, and came to view surrogacy as ethical work that needs
regulation in order not to exploit the women and babies. She believes surrogate mothers must be
given the right to organize in labor unions and negotiate with the intended parents.
Pande thinks the long–range solution is to relax surrogacy regulation in other countries so that
people don't need to leave their home countries to find surrogate mothers. She proposed an
international model of surrogacy founded on openness and transparency on three fronts: in the
structure of payments, in the medical process, and in the relationships forged within surrogacy.
CONCLUSION:
Opinion will continue to be divided on whether commercial–surrogacy arrangements devalue
children and women in intangible ways. But what has become clear is that well–designed regulation
can greatly mitigate most of the potential tangible harms of surrogacy, and this would seem to be the
appropriate function of law in a liberal society in response to an issue on which no societal
consensus

Essay On Health Care Surrogate
In addition to the PSDA, in 1993, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State
Laws approved the Uniform Health–Care Decisions Act (UHCD Act), which created a basic rule for
recognizing and honoring all kind of written or oral statement as an advance directive. The goal of
UDCD act was to ensure uniformity and consistency in the implementation of advance directive
across different states. Despite the adoption of the UHCD Act by several states, there are still vast
differences in the advance health care directive laws of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Apart from this, The Illinois General Assembly in 1991 passed the Illinois Health Care Surrogate
Act which applies to all medical treatment decisions. "The Act provides standards for making
decisions about treatment for individuals who lack decision–making capacity and who and have not
executed a durable power of attorney for health care or a living will"( www.isms.org). In such cases
the act allows family members, friends or guardians to act as a Healthcare surrogate. The health care
surrogate in consultation with the attending physician can make medical treatment decisions on
behalf of a minor or an adult patient who lacks decisional capacity. According to the law, the order
of priority in determining the surrogate decision maker is the patient's guardian, followed by the
patient's spouse, any adult child, parents, adult sibling, adult grandchild, and lastly a close friend.
While the federal laws like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a study published in The American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2014) only 26.3 %
of respondents had an advance directive, whereas 74.7% did not have one. Lack of awareness was
cited at the most common reason for not having an advance directive (Rao., et al). Some of the
patient characteristics associated with a

Surrogacy And The Adoption Of The Surrogate
Q1) As a doctor how would you deconstruct the concept of surrogacy for our readers who may want
to go in for the option? Please elucidate with two different types of surrogacy etc
A1) Surrogacy is a process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby for someone else because
of some problems involving the intended parents. The women who delivers is the gestational
surrogate or carrier. The parents are called as "intended parents". They are fully involved in the
pregnancy, present at birth and become the child 's parents after its birth. There are two types of
surrogacy
1. Gestational surrogacy– The baby here is not genetically related to the surrogate. Eggs come from
intended mother and sperm from intended father. Sometimes donor eggs, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When would you suggest a couple to opt for surrogacy?
A2.) Surrogacy is an arrangement when a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another couple
who will become the newborn's parents after birth of the baby.
The couple is asked to opt for surrogacy if the patient does not have a uterus, she has problems in
uterus, she is unable to carry pregnancy safely, pregnancy is medically impossible, serious medical
condition that could be exacerbated by pregnancy or cause significant risk to fetus, biological
inability to conceive( homosexual couple). It is also an option if the couple has had multiple failures
in IVF.
If the surrogate receives monetary compensation, it is called commercial surrogacy. If no payment is
done except for medical reimbursement and basic pregnancy expenses, it is called as altruistic
surrogacy.
Q3) What kind of medical, emotional and legal/paperwork preparations that a couple requires to
undergo before opting for surrogacy?
A3) Decision to use surrogacy is very complicated and psychosocial education and counselling by a
qualified mental health professional should be given to all intended parents. Genetic parents should
undergo genetic evaluation, complete medical and physical evaluation. Before acceptance and
within six months of creating the embryos to be transferred, genetic parents undergo the following
tests and if found positive, the genetic

Surrogates the Movie
Surrogates: "Look at yourselves, unplug from your chairs, get up, and look in the mirror what you
see is how God made you we're not meant to experience life through a machine." This seems to be
the moral of this movie in the year 2017 and takes place in Boston, MA. Bruce Willis plays an FBI
detective named Tom Greer working on a very mysterious murder of a young man who is the son of
a prominent inventor. A news style montage opens the movie and provides you with the fundamental
basis for the movie. The viewer learns that the technology of Surrogates took 14 years to develop
into the everyday application as it would be depicted in the film. The surrogate project started as a
way to help the disabled experience life in a way that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was originally founded by Dr. Canter but due to differences in philosophy he was removed as
President of the company but remained a beneficiary of the profits from the sale of surrogates. The
excitement builds as Tom pursues the investigation and gets closer to figuring out the conspiracy. So
far he has learned that a Human Coalition member murdered the son of a Dr Canter and that the
target was actually Dr Canter himself but because his son used a surrogate belonging to Dr Canter
the murderer thought that he was killing him but accidentally killed his son. The military in
cooperation with VCI developed a weapon that would overload surrogates and shut them down in an
effort to quickly win battles without casualties. A major problem was discovered with the weapon
during its initial tests and it had unintentionally killed the operators of the surrogates. The weapon
was ordered to be destroyed and of the 5 that were created only 4 were actually destroyed and one
remained. The military did not know who had the remaining weapon but an assumption must be
made that VCI had the weapon and somehow it had fallen in to the hands of the Human Coalition
who were bent on the murder of Dr Canter for creating this new society that is an abomination. Tom
reveals to the military that when he was in the Human Coalitions Boston reservation he knew the
weapon was there and in the

Surrogate Mothers : The Topic Of Many Controversies
Noelia Gonzalez
Mr.Kegley
Health Science– 6th period
September 23rd, 2015 Surrogate Mothers Surrogate mothers have been the topic of many
controversies, regarding how ethical it is. As many know surrogate mothers are women who bear a
child for another woman (Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers, 2196–2204). There has
been many sides to this argument, deciding whether it was ethical or unethical. Some people have
chosen to support this type of medical practice, while others have shun it away completely arguing
against it's inhumane ways. Firstly, some people have chosen to agree with this type of practice
because of it's benefits to couples of whom can not conceive a child. Whether it be a homosexual
couple, or just a couple who is infertile and can't have children. (Surrogate Mothers: Not So Novel
After All, 28–34) In addition, the women who do end up as surrogate mothers, end up feeling better
about giving a childless couple, the gift of having a child. Also other advantages that can be taken
into account brings us back to same gender couples who can not conceive a child on their own, these
couples would be now allowed to have a child of their own. (Gay Men Who Become Fathers via
Surrogacy: The Transition to Parenthood, 111–141) They would, of course provide their sperm or
egg, to the mother. This is a more efficient way to get a child, rather than go with adoption of
another

Ethical Surrogates
Surrogacy occurs when another women carries a child for a couple, who for a particular reason are
not able to carry a biological child themselves (Kerridge, Lowe, Stewart, 2013, p. 493–494). The
child may be genetically linked to the surrogate or gustatory where there is no genetic link to the
child (Kerridge et al, 2013, p. 493–494). Infertile couples should be allowed to use surrogates in
order to have a child, although the laws and regulations need to be closely monitored and potential
surrogates need to be aware of the moral and ethical problems they may encounter throughout the
process. Surrogacy can be a magical and beautiful gift, yet there are many problems, which arise
that, often surrogates and potential parents do not consider. Bonnie ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
427). Surrogacy is often compared to child selling, although human life is not measurable in a
monetary figure (Steinbock, 1988, p. 427). The baby m case provides a greater insight into these 2
objections, which Steinbock further discusses. In the baby m case the surrogate was paid to be
impregnated and carry the child, this is where laws and regulations need to be strongly monitored, as
the contract never stated turnover of the child meaning the surrogate fulfilled her contractual
agreement if she did not provide the child to the parents (Steinbock, 1988, p. 427). The courts found
that the payment made to the surrogate to turn the child over was prohibited (Steinbock, 1988, p.
427). The baby m case was a complicated and a good example of a surrogacy agreement, which
went wrong. This case shows that governments need to enforce stricter laws and regulations
regarding surrogacy to ensure there is no confusion and no child selling. Steinbock (1988) suggests
that rather than be paid for giving up the child that surrogates instead are paid for anything involving
the pregnancy such as medical expenses which will then allow the process to been seen a another
form of adoption as the child is not being purchased (p. 428). There are not many women who
would endure pregnancy with the ultimate outcome to be providing a family with

Surrogate Parenting, Research Paper
The traditional road to motherhood eluded Vicki Juditz. Having waited until age 36 to start trying
for a baby, the actress and writer soon learned that reproductive problems had reduced her chances
of conceiving to about 1% (Zimmerman 1). In the article written by Janet Zimmerman after her
interview of actress Vicki Juditz, Juditz explains, "My husband and I had very full lives and I guess
we didn't feel the pressure, we thought everything would fall into place when we were ready. I just
assumed I would have children some day" (Zimmerman 1). In vitro fertilization put Juditz and her
husband on the path to parenthood and their surrogate helped them to get there. Their story is the
subject of a play written and performed b Juditz and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In such cases, a judgment of paternity is obtained, pre–birth, to declare the intended father as the
biological father and legal father to the child. If the judgment is post–birth, the intended mother
completes a step–parent adoption in the county where the intended parents reside." (Masserman, 1).
Advantages appear to be numerous when it comes to these judgments. First, parental rights of the
surrogate and her husband are terminated prior to birth. Second, the intended mother avoids the
time–consuming stepparent adoption process. Finally, insurance issues and financial documents are
more easily processed. (Masserman, 2). The most important legal document is the birth certificate.
"The original birth certificate is issued with the names of the intended parents, with some pregnancy
and other statistical information of the surrogate." (Masserman, 2). The entire birth certificate file as
well as the stepparent adoption file (if applicable) is deemed a closed, confidential file. (Masserman,
1). A recent legal puzzle is bringing about changes to the Florida courts. (Quinn, 1). In her
September 14, 2002 editorial entitled, "Old Law Fails In New Situation", Heidi Quinn discusses a
recent dispute "In that case, the biological parents disputed the interpretation of the Illinois
Parentage Act

Should Surrogate Mothers Be Legalized in Taiwan?
Running head: SHOULD SURROGATE MOTHERS BE LEGAL IN TAIWAN
Should Surrogate mothers be legalized in Taiwan?
Evelyn Liu
National Central University
Abstract
Surrogate mothers has been a critical issue in many countries for a long time. Recently, Taiwan has
an issue on its legalization. There is already a draft passed in the Legislative Yuan. However, many
people still debate about should surrogate mothers be legalized in Taiwan? From different aspects,
including moral, law, homosexuals, and so on, I will discuss about whether it should legalize in
Taiwan. Surrogacy does cause several problems, whether its legalization is beneficial to our society?
If there seems to have many difficulties in executing the surrogacy, should we give up and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we can regulate and execute it on proper price, usage, concepts, and so on, they are truly
beneficial to our society.
Surrogacy is morally wrong? Surrogacy is seen as a morally wrong way to use. "Surrogacy will be
destructive of intimate relationships by giving birth to the couple's child." (Ozolins, 1998) That is,
the surrogate mother is seen as a third person through a marriage that was originally formed by a
husband and a wife. On the other hands, the surrogate mothers also have the intimate link with the
children. "Since we cannot deny their position and importance to the children, this may cause the
problem of self–identity to the kids because the children may be confused that who their real mother
is." (Ozolins, 1998) If we treat the surrogate mother as a person ,and then we take the children away,
it may exploit her right to own. Accordingly, it might cause the surrogate mothers' psychological
problems. How do they feel when the kids that they give birth to are taken away and how do they
overcome the mood? Payment is another issue. Nothing can pay for the psychological and biological
hurt of surrogate mothers. Although some people may think they are willing to do that, they are
struggling for life. For those uneducated women, they may have no other choices but to take this as
a career in order to afford the enormous fee for their lives and their families. However, it's still not a
good option for them to

Analysis Of Paul Green Theatre At Detroit ' 67 And Took My...
When I walked into Paul Green Theatre to watch Detroit '67 and took my seat on stage right, my
first thought was this story is going to be entirely depressing. The scene was a dingy living space of
a family in the 1960's with a cold concrete floor that served as a modest barrier between the stage
and audience along with a dimly lit single room containing a couch and a record player in the front
of the stage. I could almost feel the chilly aura being emitted from the concrete floor and poorly–
painted, solid grey steps leading up to the stage exit. In the back of the setting was a combined
kitchen, wash, and bar area. All these signs of destitution were nothing special except for one piece
of the scenery that did not fit the rest. The Christmas lights that served as decor for the backstage bar
area stood out to me and I figured the time took place around Christmastime. Even still, the lights
could not eradicate the dreary feeling looming overhead in the dark theatre. Then, I heard the music
and everything changed.
Suddenly, Marvin Gaye's voice broke through my deep, somber thoughts and gave me a glimmer of
hope. There was no doubt that I was hearing "Ain't No Mountain High Enough," and I knew at that
point that the play would have have a resilient message. The setlists of this play would include many
more 60's top artist, such as The Temptations, Four Tops, and Earth,Wind, & Fire. This was a great
way to tell the story before the main presentation of the story took place. I

Surrogates And Custody: A Case Study
Who are the Parents? Surrogates and Custody In 1986, there was a surrogacy case that called into
question the rights of surrogate mothers and the rights of the family that employed the surrogate.
The famed Baby M case revolved around the contract between Mary Beth Whitehead and William
Stern and his wife Elizabeth. Elizabeth had a severe medical condition that could be aggravated by
pregnancy. Therefore, the Sterns reached out for a surrogate. The Sterns would compensate Ms.
Whitehead a sum of $10,000 for carrying the child to term and relinquishing all parental rights. Ms.
Whitehead would have parental rights because she was a traditional surrogate, which involves using
the surrogate's egg and donor sperm. The other form of surrogacy is gestational, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whitehead gave the child to the Sterns, however, she decided to take the child back. As the Sterns
had a contract, they decided to sue. The lower New Jersey court decided that the contract was legal
and the child had to go to the Sterns, however, the New Jersey Supreme Court overruled decision,
but gave William Stern custody and Mary Beth Whitehead visitation rights. Baby M, on her
eighteenth birthday, decided to terminate her contact with Ms. Whitehead and be formally adopted
by Elizabeth Stern. This case has called into question the rights of all the people involved with
having a child through a surrogate. As medical science has advanced, traditional surrogacy has
become less popular. With surrogates more often not being the biological mother, does this mean
that they have no rights to the child or is it seen as selling a child?
The case of Baby M and the New Jersey Supreme Court's ruling has caused discussions about
surrogacy and surrogacy laws to halt. Any laws regarding surrogacy is implemented at the state
level; there is no federal law about surrogacy. With no regulation of surrogates and surrogacy
clinics, people are likely to use people they find themselves. This could leave people in debt,
without the child they hoped for, or with a record that states they tried to buy a

The Negatives of Surrogate Mothering Essay
"In the U.S. surrogacy is less regulated than used car sales" (Humphreys). Surrogate mothering has
been around for many years, and is becoming even more publically common in today's society. The
most technical way to describe a "full" surrogate transaction would be as follows, "the implanting of
an embryo created using either the eggs and sperm or both of the intended parents..." (Arnold). This
in turn would mean that the carrying mother would have no genetic connection with the child. This
also allows the parents of the child being carried have full genetic connection to the child, making
the whole family unit that much stronger. Surrogate mothering is a gateway for couples that wish to
have a child with their own genetic and personality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just as adoption is on the rise of popularity, surrogate mothering is staking its claim on society. Just
as most every adoption transaction is monitored by agencies, which are set up by the government,
surrogacy is also going to require governmental involvement. Surrogate mothering should be
regulated because of the physical and emotional toll it on the birth mother, the lack of science
behind the procedure, and the future of the child. With restrictions and monitoring, this program
would be safer for the surrogate mother, and also the receiving couple, but most importantly the
child or children that are involved. The child should always come first, and to assure its safety, more
programs or agencies, should be set up to guild the couple and the surrogate mother throughout the
whole process. Setting restrictions on these transactions would make it more equal and fair, but also
easier to do. By the establishment of these restrictions and guild–line agencies, than the liability
issues could be subsided, and the incase of a fall out with the persons involved, the agency and
governmental involvement would insure the best possible solution for any issue that might be
presented throughout the course of the pregnancy. One of the most unpredictable aspects of
surrogate mothering would be the dependency of the surrogate mother herself. Though the child

The Advantages Of Surrogate Endpoints
In clinical research, a clinical endpoint is a sign or symptom that constitutes a target outcome of a
study. Unfortunately, there may be no convenient clinical endpoint for some studies. For example,
the clinical endpoint of hypertension is death over the next 50 years, so blood pressure is used as a
"surrogate endpoint." Similarly, the concentration of viral particles is used in HIV/AIDS studies.
Bone density is used in osteoporosis studies. A true endpoint must be a medical condition that a
patient would want treated and a physician or dentist would agree deserves treatment.
Surrogate endpoints are physiological or biochemical markers that are easier to measure than true
endpoints. Surrogate endpoints often occur soon after the intervention in the disease process. Such
surrogate endpoints can, therefore, be viewed as intermediate endpoints. Also, surrogate endpoints
may not be of direct practical importance to the patient. A given disease process may have multiple
markers that could be used as the surrogate endpoint. Or, more than one could be used. ... Show
Since surrogates are usually measures of symptoms or laboratory biomarkers, they make it easier to
quantify

Speech On Surrogate Mother Surrogacy
SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD – CHANGING PARADIGM IN INDIAN SOCIAL
SCENARIO
In all cultures of the world, motherhood is something which is considered to lie at the heart of the
meaning of love. The concept of a woman's love for her children is viewed as the most powerful,
ferocious, tender and unconditional love that exists. Motherhood for Indian women is a
psychospiritual phenomena and not just a psychosexual one. This psychospiritual meaning of all the
institutions of socialization, particularly marriage of which a child is the outcome, makes the Indian
context different from other societies. The preparation for mother baby interactions begin much
before a woman actually attains motherhood. Now the term motherhood is expanded to the
surrogate motherhood, which means that a women helps women i.e. if any women, couple cannot
conceive on their own and want a baby, they now ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(ii) Total Surrogacy: In this, IVF (In vitro fertilization) method is used. The gametes of both
(husband and wife) intended parents are implanted into the uterus of surrogate mother; as a result
the child is the genetic child of intended parents.
TYPES OF SURROGACY
(i) Commercial surrogacy: The surrogate mother is paid over and above the necessary medical
expenses according to a contract between surrogate and intended parents.
(ii) Traditional surrogacy: Surrogate mother is artificially inseminated with the sperm of intended
father as sperm from a donor when the sperm count is low, in either case the surrogate's own eggs
are used.
(iii) Gestational surrogacy: In Gestational surrogacy the surrogate mother has no genetic ties to the
off spring. Eggs and sperms are extracted from the donors (intended parents) and in vitro fertilized
and implanted into uterus of the surrogate

Surrogate Consultants
RESULTS The main articles used in this study are summarized in the evidence table (Table 4) in the
appendix section of this paper. The evidence table was set up to visualize the data from different
sources obtained during the research process. The data synthesis divides the various numbers of
researches distinctly based on the main author, publication date, study design, study population, data
collection method and finally the outcome/results of the study. In a year, roughly 500 Americans die
after decisions by their surrogates to limit life support (White, 2009). One of the most important and
difficult decisions the family of a patient on life support has to make is at what point they should
withhold or withdraw life sustaining treatment. A study showed that there appears to be no solid
preference as to whether family members prefer to receive recommendations from the physician
when deciding to limit patient life support (White, 2009). More specifically, the results of this study
revealed that 56% (96/169) of surrogate decision makers preferred to get recommendations from the
physician; while 42% (70/169) did not (White, 2009). Only a small percentage (2%; 4/169) ... Show
A mixed quantitative and quantitative study sought to determine the thoughts of surrogates of
critically ill patients on whether they believed in their doctors' ability to predict medical futility and
whether such beliefs can determine surrogates' willingness to withdraw life support when faced with
prognostications of futility (Zier et al, 2009). Sixty–four percent of surrogates (34/50) expressed
doubt about the accuracy of physicians' futility predictions; while 32% decided to continue
treatment even with just a <1% survival estimate, and 18% of surrogates elected to continue
treatment despite physicians beliefs of no chance of survival (Zier, et al,

The Adoption Of Traditional Surrogate Mothers
When a couple decides to have a baby but is unable to due to infertility issues, surrogacy becomes
an option. Surrogates who agree to bear a child for another couple have made parenthood a possible
option for individuals that are not able to adopt a child. Reasons may be because of their age, marital
status, or sexual orientation. There are two kinds of surrogate mothers. A traditional surrogate is a
woman who is artificially inseminated with the father's viable sperm. The traditional surrogate is
then the baby's biological mother because it was her egg that was fertilized by the father's sperm. A
gestational surrogate is known as the "birth mother," who is implanted with an embryo into her
uterus from the biological mother and father. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constitution's prohibition on slavery (Textbook p. 296). Throughout the world, surrogacy is a
controversial issue although it is legal in most states. There are many ethical, legal, medical, moral,
and societal implications when it comes to surrogacy. There are many ethical considerations and
implications when it comes to surrogacy. Questions arise of what is right and what is not, especially
when it comes to the child. There has been a positive "compassionate" case when it comes to
surrogacy in the situation that a 48–year–old grandmother carried triplets for her daughter who was
unable to bear children due to infertility issues. While other dilemmas arise such as potential court
battles over custody of a child conceived outside of marriage, reducing birth to a legal arrangement
for the exchange of money, and future emotional distress of the child when learned they were taken
away from their biological mother. As well as embarrassment for the surrogate mother whose
actions some people have likened to prostitution and harm to the surrogate mother's own children
when they learn she has given one child away and have received money in return (Textbook). There
are also many ethical implications in the surrogacy process. Ethical issues arise with the question of
the involvement of the surrogate mother and with the identity of the child. The surrogate mother will
most likely not be the child's primary caretaker and legal questions could

The Benefits Of Surrogate Motherhood
Surrogate motherhood is a very controversial topic nowadays. In this essay I will discuss why
surrogacy contracts are highly important and highly beneficial for the prospect parents and for the
surrogate mother. Perhaps if surrogate motherhood is permitted and the contracts are "held to be
legally binding, then childless couples who would like to have children that are genetically related to
them would be much happier than if the contracts were not permitted, and of course there is the
happiness of the children who would otherwise not be born"(Philosopy.wisc.edu). In some cases
surrogate mothers may end up being a little bit bugged out, mentally disturbed or maybe attached to
a baby that's not theirs, but these cases are rare; and in most cases women who serve as surrogates
may be happier for the opportunity to earn money and to help others by giving them what they can't
physically have, the gift of life. Surrogate motherhood helps to by giving happiness to childless
parents. "The highest principle of morality is to maximize happiness, the overall balance of pleasure
over pain" (Michael J Sandel pg. 34) Sandel quoted Jeremy Bentham in his book and from this we
can say that utilitarianism is the "Act to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people."
Surrogate contract should be allowed because they maximize the happiness both the happiness of
the surrogate mother and the parents who cannot naturally have children. "Surrogate mothers are
woman who become pregnant

Essay on Surrogate Motherhood
Surrogate Motherhood is something that not many people actually support, even though it "is one of
the many reproductive techniques that have enabled infertile couples to have children" (qtd. in
Freedman). There are two types of surrogacy, traditional and gestational. The traditional type of
surrogacy involves the surrogate mother being (AI) artificially inseminated with the sperm of the
intended father or sperm from a donor when the sperm count is low. In either case the surrogate's
own egg will be used. Genetically the surrogate becomes the mother of the resulting child (Storey).
Although there are two different types of surrogacy, a traditional surrogacy is rarely seen or done
anymore. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate mother has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Before the fertilization process, the surrogate mother should know her legal rights; And prior to
signing a contract, a legal advisor and/or lawyer is necessary to make sure that the rights of the
surrogate mother will not be neglected by the couple involved (Pitts 1). In order to avoid disputes,
most infertility clinics require a contract. Legal counsel is recommended in order that all involved,
to ensure that local laws are kept in compliance (Storey). There are already a significant amount of
states that already demand contracts amongst both parties. Signing that contract gives the biological
parents legal rights and custody to that child from the moment that it is born:
Some states require a contract among all parties to the surrogacy birthing arrangement, and there are
often requirements that the contract address certain issues. However, good practice requires that a
host of additional issues be addressed in a contract in order to forge a true "meeting of the minds" on
what is undoubtedly one of the most personal and complicated of concerted human actions...
(Johnson 5.)
The carrier, and the biological parents have to come to an understanding that the carrier must be
aware that once the child is born they no longer have any type of custody of that child. The carrier
must understand and agree that after giving birth to the child, the have absolutely no
relationship/contact with the child. The

Finally The Characteristics Of The Tissue At And Surrounding
Finally the characteristics of the tissue at and surrounding the impact site has been shown to
influence the resulting response [19]. These characteristics are referred to as collectively as contact
phenomena. Contact phenomenon includes local variables such as skull shape, size, geometry,
density and mass of neural tissue, thickness of scalp and skull, hair style, ratio of brain–head weight
and strength of the head–neck junction[19]. These local variables seem to greatly different between
the two sexes, with females typically showing greater responses to a specific impact then males
[27]. These variables contribute greatly to determine the response that occurs due to impact [19].
Additionally, any accessories or protective equipment of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Typically, football is the primary sport studied. This is largely due to the convenience in the ability
to place sensors and other technologies inside a helmet which do not increase the risk of injuries for
the athletes, and the large number of athletes in the sport. For instance, six degree of freedom
measurement devices have been placed inside of football helmets so that the head acceleration
measures me be obtained. Instrumented helmets can then be used to directly measure the linear and
rotation accelerations, as well as the location of impacts without interfering with normal sporting
play [28].
Human surrogates Human surrogates include dummies and computational models. Surrogates allow
for investigation of impacts that could not be performed on human or animal models, while
additionally standardizing the contact phenomena. This allows for the differences in response to
impact to be said to be due to the treatment conditions or impact characteristics, rather than the
variations between the subject being impacted. Dummies can be made of a variety of materials.
What the dummy is made from helps determine its reliability and accuracy of the measurements
obtain from its use. Metal head forms produce more reliable data, while biofidelic heads produce
more realistic data [15]. The most accurate biofidelic dummies are based on the tissue

What Kind Of Women Become Surrogates?
What kind of women become surrogates? The ones who have no heart or the ones who have such
big heart that they are willing to carry a child for someone else? Surrogacy comes with costs, pain
and risks but it also comes with happiness, love and appreciation. This is a job for a woman who is
super strong and won't become sentimental and attached when the baby arrives. It's had to carry a
child for nine months and then just give it to someone else. Artificial Insemination was first created
to help couples to have a baby in case of male sub–fertility or because either the woman or man had
a physical or psychological trait they didn 't want their child to have. But in this decade, Artificial
Insemination has been used more commonly in women that are lesbians or women that have no
partner at all, this is where you have to go to a sperm donor to get sperm since there is no male
partner. Artificial fertilization has advanced in the past two centuries; in 1784, there was an Artificial
Insemination done in a dog by scientist Lazarro Spallanzani, and 62 days later, 3 puppies were born.
The first application of Artificial Insemination in humans was done by John Hunter in the 1770s.
There was a cloth merchant with Hypospadia; this is a condition in which the opening of the urethra
is on the underside of the penis, instead of at the tip. And because of this, the man could not have
sex. He was told to collect the sperm while a couple was having sex in a warm syringe and to inject
it into

Technology : Are Our Attachments Too Strong?
Technology: Are Our Attachments Too Strong? "I'm yours and I'm not yours." These six words
changed the movie, her, directed by Spike Jonez, into a much different perspective. When Samantha
says these things to Theodore, his heart breaks. Even though Theodore knew, subconsciously,
Samantha would never be completely real; she was always real to him. He fell in love with an
operating system, a piece of technology. Some people may say that it is okay for a person to have a
relationship with an object that isn't truly alive and that it is good for a person to be connecting to
something, but I don't agree with that. The movie, her, deals with unrealistic situations and advanced
technology that is more than what people were expecting. The movie ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The surrogate arrives, and Samantha begins to talk as the surrogate does the actions. The surrogate
and Theodore begin to get intimate with each other, but Theodore stops it because he believes it
doesn't seem real. Samantha gets upset that Theodore has stopped the actions but, eventually, gets
over it. The second half of the movie shows their happy and loving relationship. They both are
overwhelmingly content with the relationship they are having. Samantha keeps evolving and
learning about real human emotions so she can feel more connected to Theodore. She begins to
develop deeper and more complex thoughts with everything as she continues to develop. Close to
the end of the movie, Theodore learns that he is not the only one Samantha talks to as an OS. The
number of people that she is talking to astonishes him, which is 8,316 other people. He then asks her
if she is in love with anyone else. She replies, "I've been trying to figure out how to talk to you about
this." He asks her about how many others there are, and she replies, "641." They argue about their
feelings for each other. The quote "I'm yours and I'm not yours" adds effect into this certain situation
during the movie. It shows that Samantha was never truly Theodore's. The next day he tries to start a
conversation with her, but her and the other OSes are leaving into another reality. After the
heartbreak, Theodore goes to see Amy, his best

A Form Of Surrogate Motherhood
When I think of indentured servitude, I view it in a negative context. To be indentured means "to be
forced to work by some contract." (Indentured – Dictionary Definition) While surrogacy involves
signing a contract, I think it is situationally dependent when deciding if it is considered a form of
indentured servitude. It is a complex topic, but I personally believe deeming the act a form of
indentured servitude largely depends on the intentions behind using surrogacy in the first place, and
how the surrogate mother is treated. I associate someone being "indentured" with someone being
burdened. Therefore, if the surrogate is treated improperly but still being paid, I would consider that
a form of indentured servitude.
There are two types of egoism to consider, namely psychological egoism and ethical egoism.
Psychological egoism is defined as "the position that we always do that act that we perceive to be in
our own best self–interest." (Pojman & Fieser 82) Ethical egoism "holds that everyone ought always
to do those acts that will best serve his or her own best self–interest." (Pojman & Fieser 82) I think
there are some cases in which surrogate motherhood would and would not be considered a form of
indentured servitude under egoism. If there was a woman who was looking for a surrogate mother
because she did not want to carry a baby for nine months and experience any of the negative side
effects that come with being pregnant, and she had the surrogate stay with

Taking a Look at Surrogate Mothers
Surrogacy is a controversial issue nowadays. Surrogacy allows a woman to give the gift of
parenthood to a couple who would otherwise not have been able to experience it, either due to
infertility or inability to adopt a child. In some cases, the surrogate can obtain monetary
compensation for her services. According to Anderson (1990), A commercial surrogate mother is
someone who is paid money to bear a child for other people and to terminate her parental rights, to
lead to a situation that the others may raise the child as exclusively their own.
In the aspect of the intended parents, there are reasons for people who need the surrogacy service.
Firstly, Intended mothers can have a huge variety of health issues that make pregnancy impossible
or undesirable. For instance, some women's womb cannot support a fetus that they may miscarry for
many times that cannot get pregnant successfully. Secondly, there are also women that have
biological problems which affect their ability to reproduce. The reproductive system is complex and
can cause various ailments which make pregnancy impossible. Thirdly, some women may turn to
surrogate mothers because of severe health problems. While the woman may be healthy enough to
be an effective mother, her body may be unable to survive pregnancy. For example, some women
would choose to use a surrogate mother because they have heart problems which may cause the
mother to be unable to survive in a traditional child birth. There are also women that

Essay on Surrogate Motherhood and Technology
Surrogate Motherhood and Technology
Surrogacy: The Technology
Reproductive technologies have a lot to do with the theology of the family. One aspect of
reproductive technology deals with the issue of pregnancy for profit. This concept is known as
surrogacy, and it is used for procreation. Ten to fifteen percent of married couples are unable to have
children of their own.1 A surrogate mother is a woman who carries the child, usually for an infertile
couple. Surrogacy has been around for a long time; it dates back to biblical times. The concept of
surrogacy is old, yet it remains one of the most socially controversial solutions to infertility.
Regardless of this advancement in technology, surrogacy is less ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A second type of surrogacy is referred to as gestational surrogacy. In in vitro fertilization (IVF), the
surrogate mother is not genetically tied with the baby. Both commissioning parents are the genetic
parents. When performing IVF, the eggs and sperms are taken from the mother and father and
fertilized in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is surgically implanted into the uterus of the surrogate
mother. This method is extremely expensive and requires the mother to have an intact ovary. A third
way surrogacy can be practiced is, if the commissioning mother's eggs are not viable, having an egg
donor "harvested" with the father's sperm. This embryo is then implanted into the surrogate mother.
The Procedure and the Law
The procedure for becoming a surrogate mother is complex. The individual undergoes several tests
including Hysteroscopy/HCG, a test that determines if the fallopian tubes are clear along with the
size and shape of the uterus, pap smear to check if the uterus is healthy, and much more. Before
moving on to fertilization, the surrogate must know her rights and all the rules of becoming a
surrogate mother. Also, before signing a contract, seeking legal counsel is highly advisable. Once
the contract is agreed upon, privacy of the surrogate mother is taken away. The interfile mother
would have the right to accompany the surrogate to her medical exanimations. In terms of
reimbursement, the surrogate is

Surrogate Motherhood
In the past adoption was the only alternative for infertile women who wished to have children.
Advances in technology however have created new options for women who have a defective uterus
or defective ovaries. Two alternatives that are gaining popularity are straight surrogacy and host
surrogacy. In straight surrogacy, or traditional surrogacy, the surrogate mother is impregnated with
the sperm of the intended father by way of artificial insemination. In these cases, the surrogate
mother not only carries the child but is genetically linked to the child as well. She however
relinquishes her role of social mother to the intended mother. In host surrogacy the intended parents
produce an embryo through in vitro fertilization, which is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Such extreme cases however are rare and for the most part surrogacy is successful, with problems
being minimal. In fact research shows most cases are successful. In the largest and most
representative study of surrogate mothers so far, 34 women were interviewed approximately one
year after they had given birth. After handing over the child, eleven of the woman experienced only
mild difficulties, one reported moderate difficulty, and the rest reported not having any difficulties.
After a year only two reported experiencing occasional mild difficulties, while the rest reported
none. In none of the cases did any of the woman report feeling that the child was like their own. As
it was put by one of the woman, she never viewed it as handing over the child, instead she
considered she was handing back the child. Surrogate mothers often report feeling a positive sense
of self worth, that "seeing their commissioning couple's faces once the child is born makes the
whole process worthwhile." Surrogacy has not only benefited many couples hoping to have
children, but surrogate mothers wishing to give the gift of life to a child as well. Surrogacy however
has also raised ethical questions in determining who claims the right as the legal parent of a child,
sometimes creating problems that can be difficult to resolve. Surrogacy should therefore be

Surrogate Court Cases
Overall, the surrogate proves to have rights that need to be identified and upheld. Those rights may
conflict with the rights of the intended parents both legally and ethically. As we consider the
contracts used in surrogacy and previous court cases, we have a more concise ruling on the borders
of the end of the surrogate's rights and the beginning of the intended parent's rights. Since the
intended parents initiate the process, they should receive their intentions, but it should be regulated.
Depending on the case, the social parents may not be not related to the child (Nardo 16). In previous
court cases, rulings are difficult because of the conflicting moral and legal rights of parenthood. The
results typically point to the intended parents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We cannot battle those who are infertile for what extent they would go to in order to have a child
(Cotton 34). Because of this, regulation of surrogacy is important, especially in terms of those who
are not the ones who initiate the process. For surrogates, we must understand the emotional toll they
will go through and accept things will not be perfect. Their efforts should be recognized in some
form along with appreciation for their cooperation. As a surrogate, they should remember what the
purpose of the process is and stick to what they were assigned and agreed to do. Intended parents
should understand that when a third party is involved disagreements will occur and compromise
should be exerted. They must also recognize as much as they have wanted a child, the surrogate may
form the same attachment as they do, so they must address it morally not selfishly. For children, we
must consider the complexity of surrogacy, as they are the direct results. They should be given the
same respect and care as another other child. Their interests should be kept in mind whether it is
from the social parents' side or the biological parents'

Potential Surrogate Indicators
The criterion for premium beers is social status. The potential surrogate indicators could include:
alcohol content, brand name, and season. Consumers could associate higher alcohol content with
higher costing beer, referring back to social status. For example, and IPA may have more alcohol
content than a light beer. Brand name can also play a factor in social status. For example, Natural
Light beer is cheap and is associated with college students, whereas a beer like Guinness is
objectively more expensive and is associated with more sophisticated drinkers.
The criterion for stereo equipment is quality. Some potential surrogate indicators could be bass,
warranty, and features. Higher quality speakers generally are associated with better bass. ... Show
Two potential surrogate indicators could be location and price. A restaurant in the heart of New York
City will be perceived as higher class compared to a restaurant off of a high way. Expensive
locations indicate high–class experiences and products. Furthermore, the price of the food at the
restaurant is an indicator of social status in the sense that only upper class people may be able to
afford high class restaurants. Research found that price reliance had a marked effect in determining
perceptions of quality of ingredients (Dick 19).
The criterion for jewelry is also social status. Two potential surrogate indicators could include price
and brand. Wheatley and Chiu (1977) found that high quality was associated with a high prestige
store, and a high price. The price of jewelry indicates the quality of the product and also indicates
social status because not many people have the ability to spend thousands of dollars on an accessory.
Furthermore, if two diamonds had the same cut and clarity and one was purchased from Kay while
the other was purchased from Walmart, the diamond from Kay is perceived to be better, based on
where it was

The Legal Aspects Of The Surrogate Pregnancy
For most individuals, surrogacy is the only way to have children. Thus, modern reproductive
technologies are on top. However, there is a question that remains difficult physiologically, legally
and ethically. Let alone the Old Testament Genesis 16, which states that Abraham 's wife could not
get pregnant, and her husband had to use a maid Hagar, impregnating her naturally. Slaves,
concubines and peasant, were surrogate mothers by "traditional" way. Now it is intelligently called
"partial surrogacy" or "surrogacy genetic linkage", and the method of fertilization is not as romantic
or godly like. History of Medicine claims that, ancient Indian reproductive technologies were the
best. However, they turn to stay neutral about the legal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is, first of all, the problem of " extra embryos" and the possibility of their destruction, sale, abuse,
and a number of others that remains unsolved. Theoretically, the number of potential children from
one donor may exceed the entire population of the earth. From a utilitarian's point of view, the act of
surrogacy is ethical as the families as well as the surrogate mother are all happy in the end.
Furthermore, another major ethical question been asked is whether: to hide or not to hide? No state
requires parents who have used surrogate motherhood, to talk about the process with their children.
This will be seen as invasion of privacy and a violation of the autonomy of the family.
A Surrogate mother is a woman who becomes pregnant, carries and delivers a child for another
couple in other words "Commissioners parents." Surrogacy can be complete or partial. In the case of
complete, egg and sperm available to authorized parents or donors. For the full surrogacy IVF is
used. It is preferably in the partial. Thus, it is the problem that is one so much medical as ethical and
legal. And here can be a lot the views, I will present my own. 47% of couples are childless; more
than a third of them cannot have children because of infertility. In different cases, the situation may
be different if a woman cannot get pregnant, but are able to bear a child that is used In Vitro
Fertilization (IVF). Male infertility is also treated. Cases, in which the only solution is the

Surrogate Motherhood Essay
Surrogate Motherhood: Good or Bad?
There are many controversies surrounding the idea of surrogate motherhood, by its definition, it is a
course of action that goes outside natural reproduction. Although surrogacy was first brought up in
the bible it is only until recently that it has actually become an issue for criticism and debate. Factors
such as the growth of infertility in modern society, coupled with the declining number of children
available for adoption, and the development of surrogacy contract and commercial surrogacy
agencies in
1976, have resulted in increasing publicity and public interest in the formation of agreements
between infertile couples and surrogate mothers (Stuhmcke, 3). Surrogate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this case the child would not be related to the legal mother in any way, and would have the genes
of the surrogate mother, this is also known as partial surrogacy
(http://kizuna.cwru.edu/rlgn120/projects/feminism/opinions.
html).
Laws about surrogacy vary from state to state. However, only a few states have actually passed laws
concerning the matter, the others have simply dodged the issue. Partial surrogacy in comparison to
total surrogacy is much more difficult to work out legally. There are the issues of half–siblings, the
biological mother's role in the child's life, whether or not the woman raising the child will be able to
handle such issues, and what the child will be told when he/she gets older. For such reasons,
surrogate motherhood has been avoided by lawmakers in most states
(http://www.phoenix.net/~townhall/surrogat/surlaws.html).
The initial demand for surrogacy is likely to come from women, or the partners of women incapable
of pregnancy, and there are many ways a couple can go about finding a surrogate mother. There are
agencies in states that have legalized surrogacy, and there are also online databases, such as
www.surrogacy.com, which display message boards of people looking to be surrogate mothers or
couples looking to use a surrogate. Before an arrangement is made there are
many

The Womb : A Marxist Analysis Of Surrogate Motherhood
Commodification of the Womb: A Marxist Analysis of Surrogate Motherhood
In the context of classical Marxism, the moral permissibility of surrogate motherhood is forcefully
negated. Marxism condemns the practice of surrogacy as an exemplification of commodity fetishism
in capitalist society, viewing surrogacy arrangements as a commercialization of the female womb.
The term, "commodification of the womb," thus arises to describe the process by which services
carried out by the female womb are sold and purchased on the market. Through such transactions,
the surrogate's body and the infant it produces are transformed from subjects to objects that have
both exchange value and use value in their commodified state.
The Marxist criminalization of commercial surrogacy originates from the class divisions produced
when the reproductive labors of poor women are exploited by wealthy couples. Because the parties
within a surrogacy contract often are not autonomous equals and hold distinct relationships to the
means of production, female surrogates unintentionally reinforce class divisions through their
participation in womb commodification. However, there are also cases in which surrogates are not
drawn from lower economic strata, so the possibility of their labor being "forced" by economic
circumstances is attenuated. These include instances of altruistic surrogacy, in which the surrogate is
motivated by a desire apart from monetary need, such as a wish to bestow a gift upon the

The Nature Of Love By Harry Harlow
Harry Harlow was labeled as a man with a desire for learning about what he presumed love to be
and consequently, dedicated his later career to the subject. Life presented him with ups and downs
yet, he pursued his research with a vigor. He developed notions about the concepts of affection in
contrast to bodily needs and what could possibly derive from one not receiving love. This guided
him to establish observational research methods to study his ideas via the use of infant primates
which, yielded both positive and negative outcomes. Harlow's article titled, The Nature of Love,
relayed his explorations and discoveries, along with his future ideas. Harlow supposedly had a quiet
and uneventful childhood, and his exhibited traits of big ambitions eventually led him to earn a
Ph.D. from Stanford University. With respect to his personal life, Harlow's initial marriage ended
when his wife left him due to his extreme dedication towards work, and his second wife passed
away from cancer. Professionally, Harlow's career took place when behaviorism ruled the
psychological field, and it was his controversial work that made him well–known amongst his
community. He was not intimidated by the status quo and thus, conducted experiments with
primates to study the unchartered territory of affection. However, after the death of his second wife,
Harlow had become distraught and depressed. His career started to falter, and he eventually retired
in 1973 (Harry Harlow, 2014). Harlow

Courtney Bunch: A Surrogate Family
Courtney grew up in a house that was very cold due to the parenting styles and the relationship with
her parents. Even said she does drugs to put up with her family because she can't stand. This
environment she was raised in affected the other relationships in her life. Due to the lack of intimacy
from her parents she seeks more intimacy from her friends and significant others. This means she
did not use school as a place to learn, she used it as a place to find friends and make intimate
connections that she needs. That's why she willingly skips class to join her friends. The lunch Bunch
Is a surrogate family for her where she feels accepted and cared for. She feels that her friends look
out for her and care for her. She even trades her virginity

C. J. Wilentz Surrogate Mother
In the matter of the C. J. Wilentz, ruling on the deamination and the fee for artificial insemination
were in conflicts with their current law and public policy of that State. Furthermore, that "surrogate"
would have the ability to the violation, which could affect the mother, for example besides being
illegal, criminal, and potentially degrading to women. Finally, the case granted custody to the
natural father, and the evidence introduced were such custody be best interests of the infant, and his
final ruling was he avoid both the termination of the surrogate mother's parental rights and the
adoption of the child by the wife and stepparent. Thus restoring the "surrogate" as the mother of the
child, and the court also remanded the issue of the natural mother's visitation rights to the trial court,
since the issue addressed below and the record before the court is not sufficient to permit and
decided to de novo. Various ethical issues which we see that needed addressing would be the
following. The purpose and intent of parties. The agreement is to provide a means for the intended
parents to become the parents of a child, which is carried and birthed by the surrogate after the
surrogate upon artificially inseminated. Representation and warranties where the intended parents
warrant that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Full and absolute custody of the child upon birth, notwithstanding any congenital, physical or
mental abnormality of the child, and all the decisions concerning the child's health, in utero and after
delivery, shall be made by intended parents. Therefore, it is vital for the medical and psychological
evaluations and screening. They must also take into consideration the assumption of medical risks
and releases. Furthermore, that all medical procedures have been thoroughly explained to them by
the physician, and advised of the risks, including death, which may result from the conduct

Sex Therapist Career Assignment
I. Introduction The occupation that I have selected for my Career assignment was a Sex Therapist. I
am a senior here at the University of Wisconsin La Crosse and my career goal is to become a Sex
Therapist in the future. How I got interested in this occupation is that I knew that I wanted to help
people in some way, so I started taking thinking and taking career quizzes. I grew up in a family that
was very comfortable and open with one another that I found talking about taboo subjects does not
make me comfortable and I find those taboo subjects interesting. So, I changed my major to
Psychology major which will help me prepare for my field because I am going into a clinical field
that deals with diagnosing people on their behavior. Studying psychology is all about the mind's
functions and how it affects behavior. In the following paragraphs I will explain in–depth of
background knowledge and the educational requirements for pursuing a career as a Sex Therapist.
Also, proving information about the salary, competitiveness, type of job locations, and expectations.
For this assignment I interviewed Jill O'Brien who is a Physical Therapist that works at Gunderson
and runs her own clinic who specializes in Pelvic Health. This is not the exact career that I want, but
her a career of interest is something similar to what I will be working with future patients' about in
the future. I could not job shadow a Sex Therapist due to confidentiality reasons. These are the
topics I will be

Kim Kardashian Surrogate
She has actually been taking into consideration utilizing a surrogate to have a 3rd kid with hubby
Kanye West.
And also while Kim Kardashian has some uncertainties concerning the concept, her sis Kourtney
gets on hand to mention the feasible advantages as the girls take a drive with each other in the
upcoming episode of Keeping Up With The Kardashians.
In a sneak peek clip given by a well–known source, Kourtney informs Kim: 'If you make use of a
surrogate, no one needs to understand during,
' You might have a child for a year and also no one would certainly also recognize.' she claims
throughout a vehicle trip.
Kim pokes fun at the suggestion as Kourtney includes: 'Not that that's a need to have a surrogate
however if you need to, that's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a previous sneak peek clip Kim confessed to her siblings that she wishes to 'discover surrogacy'
after she as well as Kanye, both shared a wish for a 3rd kid.
Kim is seen informing her family members: 'So I've concerned the final thought that I simply wish
to discover surrogacy,'
Kim is currently mommy to little girl North, 3, as well as child Saint, 11 months, with the Gold
Digger rap artist– however has actually been open regarding her challenging deal with child–
bearing.
In a post in 2014 Kim clarified of the problem, as well as why it has actually placed her off aiming
to obtain expectant once more: 'We caused my work as well as I had North not long after. After
shipment, the placenta generally after that comes out.
My placenta remained connected inside my womb, which is a problem called placenta accreta ...
' My doctor had medical professional stick his entire arm whole me and detach as well as separate
with his hand, scraping it scuffing from my uterus with womb fingernails. Just how revolting and
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