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1. Applying for a Master´s in Microbial Biotechnology Essay
Program: Master's in Microbial Biotechnology Statement of Purpose
Having pursued relevant projects, courses and considering my aptitude, I find myself interested in
life sciences and more specifically in Microbiology. I believe that pursuing Masters in Microbial
Biotechnology at North Carolina State University will help me to widen my knowledge, hone my
technical and managerial skills and provides me an opportunity to contribute to cutting edge
research in the field and contribute to its growth in Industry.
Consistently a top student in school, I developed an interest in science and technology, particularly
during the formative years of my schooling. Being among the ... Show more content on
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Our approach was mainly based upon the studies of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from a
jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Later, in the fall break, I got selected for the short term internship in
Globion India Pvt.Ltd–Hyderabad, India. I worked on 'Growth–curve studies of chick embryo–
propagated Infectious Bronchitis Virus' under the guidance of Dr. Sophia. The training was basically
aimed at learning laboratory techniques in microbiology and molecular biology. Working in a group
of highly motivated individuals was a gratifying scientific experience. The fact that I was able to
perform well in the projects and at the same time enjoy the work, motivated me to pursue my
research interests.
In the spring of my second year, along with few of my friends, I intended to work on a project to
present it in the International Bio–molecular design competition (BIOMOD) 2012 held at Wyss
Institute, Harvard University, USA. It eventually led to the formulation of my third year summer
Internship in the lab of Dr. Yamuna Krishnan at National Centre for Biological Sciences (ncbs),
India. We worked on a project 'chemically triggered release of molecular cargo encapsulated within
the DNA icosahedron'. The project aimed at controlled release of the encapsulated cargo in the DNA
icosahedron with spatial and temporal control aided by molecular cues i.e.
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5. The, The Most Popular Vegetable Of The Whole World
Cauliflower is the most popular vegetable in the whole world.it is a great green vegetable which is
very good for our health.it is a term of cultivated plant.it also belong with the brassica family. Firstly
cauliflower is a Latin word. Which meaning a great flower because, in the beginning it is belong
Italy because Italy produce a large number of cauliflower production on that time.it is very familiar
with the cabbage because it also belong to the brassica family. Therefore, both have a lot of
similarities in their growing conditions. Firstly, same environment habits, same growing habits.
Because both are the winter vegetables so normally mostly both demand cool whether for growing
better growing. Furthermore, cauliflower a good vege for our health. In many countries of the world
specially in the European market it tying for the first–place cauliflower for vegetable consumed
most frequently. Moreover, many countries like china, India, New Zealand, Italy increase their
vegetables production. Because world demand every time green vegetables .consumption of
cauliflower is increasing day by day. Because it great source of the vitamins and proteins also. It is a
deserves a regular rotation in your diet.in today time
Health problems of cauliflower Bacterial soft rot BACTERIUM
Erwinia caratovora
Bacterial delicate decay of cauliflower
Side effects
Water–drenched sores on leaves and blossom heads which extend to shape an expansive decayed
mass; surface of injuries normally
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9. Use Of Baculoviruses As Expression Vectors
Abstract:
Abstract for general audience:
Introduction:
The first research article explaining the use of baculoviruses as expression vectors in insect cells
was published in the early eighties (Smith et al., 1983). Baculovirus–based expression systems have
been used for more than twenty years. During the last two decades, the baculovirus expression
system has improved tremendously, from its humble origin in the early 1960s. However, the robust
system for the expression of proteins is yet to be exhausted (Granados et al., 1994).
Baculoviruses are present in invertebrates (moths and mosquitos) and they have a genome which
consists of covalently closed circular supercoiled double stranded DNA which contains
approximately between 80 to 180kbp (van Oers and Vlak, 2007). Autographa californica multiple
nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is isolated from the Alfalfa looper and is the most used species of
baculoviruses for protein expression and it relies on the lepidopteran species spodopterra frugiperda
(Sf) as a host cell (Fraser, 1986).
The wild–type of AcMNPV baculovirus exhibits an occluded and a lytic life cycle that works
independently in the three phases (early, late and very late) of virus replication in the host cell. The
early phase is subdivided to immediate–early gene and delayed–early gene. In the early phase, viral
synthesis occurs within the first 6 hours. The host cell gene expression is ceased to allow viral DNA
replication to initiate and this phase includes
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13. Egyptian Academic Journal Of Biological Sciences
Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 9(3): 49–67 (2016)
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences
A. Entomology
ISSN 1687– 8809 www.eajbs.eg.net Survey, Seasonal Abundance of Thrips species and First Record
of Two Species
Associated With Soybean and Weed Plants in Egypt
A. S. Abd El–Wahab
Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo
University, Giza, Egypt
Correspondence:abeer5698987@yahoo.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article History
Received:30/6/2016
Accepted:5/8/2016
________________
Keywords:
Thysanoptera
Thrips
Soybean
Identification
Survey
Seasonal abundance
Weeds
Several thrips species are known to feed on soybean (Glycine max
Merr.) and can cause yield reduction. Beside, the other important reason for thrips survey is to
determine its role as vectors of
Tospovirus in soybean. There is little information available about thrips species present on soybean
crop, and their abundance in Egypt.
Field survey took place at the farm of Agricultural Experiment
Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza Governorate,
Egypt (season 2014) to survey the different thrips species. Soybean cv.
Giza 111 was sown in late May. The experimental area received all the usual agricultural practices
except for any pest control measures.
Thrips species associated with soybean were collected and differentiated to species. A total of 16

14. different thrips species was surveyed. These included 14 phytophagous and 2 predator thrips
species. The most abundant
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18. Pest Control Of The Cotton Leaf Warm Spodoptera Littoralis
First recordnanotechnology in agricultural:Silicanano–particlesa potential new insecticide for pest
control
H. M. El–bendary and A. A. El–Helaly
1.Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum UniversityEgypt
2.Department ofEconomic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo
UniversityEgypt.
Corresponding author Email:H. M. El–bendary
Key words A B S T R A C T
Nano–silicaparticles
Spodoptera littoralis tomato plants pest control
The cotton leaf warm Spodoptera littoralis is considered the major important pest of plenty of
vegetables, for causing severe injuries to the plants in all phonological crop stages, beside its rising
resistance to several groups of pesticides. The overallobjective of this investigation was to look for
new control strategy through evaluate the effects of the application of hydrophobic nano–silica on
the resistance of tomato plants to this pest. The experiments were carried out under semi field
conditions; the experiment was conducted with two treatments, consisting of nano–silica
application, and a negative control (distilled water) with five replications. Nano–silica
LD50
found to be 212.045 ppm with slope 4.553, it was applied in six doses
100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350ppm of 50 ml/plant, neonates of
Spodoptera littoraliswere exposed daily to tomato leaves mortality was detected after 15 days post
application. The following evaluations were
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22. How Four Promising Natural Plant S Previously Prove The...
Four promising natural plant s previously proved to prolong the activity of Spodoptera littoralis
(Boisd.) nuclepolyhedrovirus ( Spli NPV) suspension under Egyptian field conditions , examined
alone or in combination with virus in six mixtures. Screening results were based on bioassay.
Different parameters were investigated to prove the value of protection, % of mortality, reduction %,
LIT 50
, Potency and Original Activity Remaining (OAR) .DPPH assay was inv estigated for all treatments.
The obtained results showed that, virus mixed with cacao + green coffee treatment gave the highest
LIT 50 (203.474 hours) while scored only (20.172 hours) with virus alone treatment. Original
activity remaining indicated that Spli NPV mixed with both cacao
+ green coffee treatm ent preserved 100% of its activity for five days while it gave only 1.04 % for
Spli NPV alone treatment and gave 41.06, 31.17, 17.65 and 42.56 with cacao, green coffee, moringa
and both cacao + moringa additives; respectively five days post investigation. This investigation
suggests that mixing natural derived antioxidants provides good protection to baculovirus at
Egyptian sunny conditions .
Keywords: antioxidants, DPPH , OAR, nuclepolyhedrovirus , ultraviolet, Spodoptera littoralis NPV
. INTRODUCTION The B iological control method is an important component of integrated pest
management IPM.
Baculoviruses biopesticides have many
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26. The Destruction of the Corn Earworm
INTRODUCTION
Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (formerly Heliothis zea) (Lepidoptera: Moctuidae), is one
of the most damaging insect crop pest in North America and causes millions of dollars of economic
damage each year (Capinera 2000). It is a polyphagous noctuid pest of agricultural crops across the
United States that is gaining attention as a pest of field corn (Bohenblust et al. 2013). The moth's
high fecundity, ability to lay between 500 to 3,000 eggs, polyphagous larval feeding habits, high
mobility during migration, and a facultative pupal diapause have led to the success of this pest (Fitt
1989). Its preferred oviposition site is maize (Zea mays L.), specifically fresh silks, but when they
are not available H. zea readily oviposits on a wide range of host plants (Johnson et al. 1975).
During the reproductive stages, the female corn earworm adults are attracted to kairomones
produced by corn during the silk production stage (Johnson et al. 1975). Corn is most attractive to
corn earworm adults during the silking stage (Johnson et al. 1975). Ovipostion generally occurs on
the leaf hairs and the silks (Lingren et al. 1982). This process occurs during the reproductive stage in
corn and may range from several day to several weeks. Due to the high value of sweet corn, multiple
insecticide applications (12 to 40 insecticide applications) for corn earworm are economically
viable. However, the value of field corn is considerably lower (Rector et al. 2002).
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30. Impacts On Insect Bio Ecology
Impacts on insect bio–ecology
Phonological asynchrony
The major impact of elevated temperature is the associated advancement in the phenology of life
history events for many plant and animal species which ultimately results in disruption of synchrony
between the interacting pairs. Especially the specialists are more affected than generalist species.
For example the spatial mismatch between the monophagous insect Boloria titania (Esper)
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and its larval host Polygonum bistortad was reported due to differential
range expansion of each species (Schweiger et al. 2008). Another example for phenological
asynchrony is recorded by Visser and Holleman (2001), they reported that 90% eggs of winter moth,
Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) hatched before the new leaf flush appearance
of its host, Quercus robur. Insects are more capable of advancing their lifecycle to the changes in
their host this was reported by Both et al., (2009) in his long term experiment in European mixed
wood land comprising four trophic levels viz., oak, oak moth, song bird and hawk. The generalist
pollinators are keeping pace with climate indued changes in the flowering phenology of plants
(Bartomeus et al., 2011). In a bitrophic interaction, host parasitoid interaction under elevated
temperature and shading was studied by Klapwijk et al., (2010) and they reported that Euphydrias
aurinia (Rottermburg) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and its specialized Braconidae
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34. Global Warming And Climate Change Essay
Global warming and climate change will trigger major change in diversity and abundance of
arthropods, geographical distribution of insect– pests, insect population dynamics, insect biotypes,
and herbivore– plant interaction, activity and abundance of natural enemies and efficacy of crop
protection technologies changes in geographical range and insect abundance will increase the extent
of crop losses and thus, will have a major bearing on crop production and food security. Distribution
of insect– pest will also be influenced by the change in cropping pattern triggered by climate
change. Major insect pests such as cereal stem borers (chillo, sesamia and scirpophaga), pod borer
(Helicoverpa, Marucaand Spodoptera), aphid and white fly, may more to temperate regions, leading
to greater damage in cereals, legumes, vegetables and fruits crops. Host plant resistance,
biopesticides, natural enemies and synthetic chemicals are some of the potential options for
integrated pest management. However, the relative efficacy of many of these pest control measures
is likely to change as a result of global warming. Climate change will also result in increased
problems with insect– transmitted diseases. These changes will have major implications for crop
protection and food security particularly in developing countries where the need to increase and
sustain food production is most urgent. Long term monitoring of population level and insect
behavior, particularly in identifiably sensitive
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38. The Effect Of Jojoba Seed Extract And The Development Of...
International Journal of Virology
ISSN 1816–4900
DOI: 10.3923/ijv.2016.
Research Article
Effect of Jojoba Seed Extract and Riboflavin in Preventing the
Transmission of Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV): Tospovirus by
Thrips tabaci L. to Onion Plants in Egypt
1Manal A. El–Shazly and 2A.S. Abd El–Wahab
1Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Department of Virus and Phytoplasma Research, Plant
Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
2Unit of Insect Virology, Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of
Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Journal Name
ISSN
DOI:
Research Article
Effect of Jojoba Seed Extract and Riboflavin in Preventing the
Transmission of Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV): Tospovirus by Thrips tabaci L. to Onion Plants in
Egypt
1Manal A. El–Shazly and 2A.S. Abel Wahab
1Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Department of Virus and Phytoplasma Research, Plant
Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
2Unit of Insect Virology, Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of
Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptABSTRACT:
Background :Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV), genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, is one of the
most important viruses affecting onion crops worldwide. In Egypt, IYSV was recorded for the first
time from onion since 2004. Thrips tabaci L. is the mainly vector of this virus. Materials and
Methods: the virus has been isolated from naturally infected onion plants grown in the Experimental
Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo
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42. The Impact Of Spinosad And Nucleopolyhedrovirus Alone And...
Impact of Spinosad and Nucleopolyhedrovirus Alone and In
Combination against the Cotton Leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis under laboratory
*1
AA. El–Helalyand HM. El–bendary
2
1.Entomology Department, Faculty ofAgriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
2. Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt
Corresponding author:AA El–Helaly
Keywords A B S T R A C T
Spodoptera littoralis
Spinosad, npvs
Combination
Biological aspects
The toxicity of the two biorational insecticides, Spinosad and NPVs, against neonates of Spodoptera
littoralis (Bosiduval) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) was tested under laboratory conditionsin order to determine the competitive efficacy.
The ability of Spinosad to protect the SpliNPV from Ultra Violet effects under synthetic laboratory
conditions was determined, and some biological aspects of both biorational insecticides and their
mixture were studied. In order to determine whether or not there is a synergetic effect when both of
these biorational pesticides are added together, six different Spinosad concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 15
and 30 ppm) alone and mixed with a sub–lethal concentration of SpliNPV (1×10
3
) were investigated. When the Ultra Violet effect was determined, the LC
90
of
NPVs mixed with LC10 of Spinosad, in order to investigate the ability of
Spinosad in prolonging the virus activity. Sample: Department of
Entomology (Virology Unit)
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46. A Study Of Ja Biosynthesis
The study of JA biosynthesis in both dicots and monocots revealed that phospholipids such as
linolenic (18:2) and α–linolenic (18:3) acid are released from chloroplast membranes through the
action of phospholipases. In the subsequent steps formation of hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acids
(e.g., 13S–HPODE and 9S–HPODE) occurs through dioxygenation. These steps are catalyzed by
lipoxygenases (LOXs; 9–LOX and 13–LOX). In futher steps HPODEs are converted to 12–oxo–
phytodienoic acid (12–OPDA) in plastids, catalyzed first by allene oxide synthase (AOS; EC
4.2.1.92) and subsequently by allene oxide cyclase (AOC; EC 5.3.99.6). 12–oxo–phytodienoic acid
is then reduced to JA via the action of 12–OPDA reductase (OPR; EC 1.3.1.42) followed by three
cycles of –oxidation in the peroxisome (Lyons et al., 2013). Jasmonic acid is also metabolized to a
variety of products that include the MeJA, amide conjugates with amino acids (JA–Ile), conjugates
with sugars and hydroxylated and didehydro derivatives (Staswick, 2008). All enzymes and proteins
involved in JA biosynthesis and perception have been cloned from various plant species and some of
them have been crystallized (e.g. 13–LOX, 13–AOS, AOC, ACYL–CoA–OXIDASE1, OPR3, JAR1
and the SCFCOI1–JAZ–co–receptor complex) (Kombrink, 2012; Wasternack and Hause, 2013). As
a ubiquitously occurring plant growth regulator, JA has been reported to contribute significantly in
plant stress defense by playing role as a signal of developmentally or
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50. Research Paper On Beet Armyworm
Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) Mature beet armyworm larva feed on the chili leaves. The
organic method to control the beet armyworm is by providing biological control as their natural
enemy that can parasitize the larvae. The application of Bacillus thuringiensis can also help to
control them. Flea beetles Flea beetles damaged young plants and seedlings that may reduce plant
growth or even killed. The application of a thick layer of mulch may help prevent flea beetles to
reach the plant. The organic method is by applying diamotecoeus earth or oils such as neem oils.
Weekly application of insecticide can provide adequate control. The insecticides should contain
carbaryl, spinosad, permethrin and bifenthrin. Leafminer (Lyriomyza spp.) Early
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54. Genetically Modified Crops For The Health, The...
On Genetically Modified Crops Nowadays, most people assumed that the genetically modified
(GM) technology is the greatest biotechnologies in agriculture. However, people are unawareness
about the effect of genetically modified GM crops for the health, the environment, the society, the
food safety, and the food security. There are many methods have been proposed to separates the
genetically modified GM crops from non– GM crops by using the distance between the crops.
However, the value of cross–pollination can be affected in many different factors such as the insects
and the air which are natural elements. Furthermore, to solve these problems, this study suggests a
hybrid method (FPSOSVR) that contains particle swarm optimization, fuzzy logic, and the support
vector regression, for knowing the cross–pollination value of pollen recipient from the pollen source
to shows the real solation of genetically modified GM and non–GM maize. (Lee et al., 2013) The
European Union EU were still debating on the genetically modified crops (GM), which are based on
the positions by the public, non–governmental organizations ( NGOs ), and industry. The farmers in
this issue have lacking debate about whether the genetically modified GM crops will be crucial on
the future of the technology in European agriculture. As a result of using Q methodology, which
divided three groups, one are support the idea of genetically modified GM crops reliably, second are
equal with knowing the
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