Central Dogma Assignment Print Name ___________________________________________ Directions: Complete this worksheet after listening to the Central Dogma recorded lecture posted on Blackboard. Each student will turn in his/her individual worksheet at the beginning of class. COMPLETE THE TABLE. LABEL YOUR 5’ AND 3’ ENDS. YOU MUST GET THE ENTIRE TABLE CORRECT FOR CREDIT. NO PARTIAL CREDIT. DNA template (-) 5’ GTACTATTAATT TACTGGGTGCAT CCGCATGGTACG 3’ DNA coding (+) strand mRNA (+) codons Only write the tRNA anticodons for actual codons coding for amino acids amino acid sequence 1. You isolate and sequence a novel cytoplasmic membrane protein from Staphylococcus aureus that appears to function in the transport of cations into the cell. A colleague working in a competing lab in France isolates a cytoplasmic membrane protein from Streptococcus pyogenes that appears to have the identical function as your protein. In fact, the primary structure of the S. pyogenes protein is identical to the S. aureus protein. Does this mean that the genes for these two proteins are identical in Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes? Explain your answer. 2. What is the effect of DNA mutation on protein sequence? 3. In sickle-cell disease, the replacement of A by T at the 17th nucleotide of the gene for the beta chain of hemoglobin changes the mRNA codon as shown below (in red). Wild-type mRNA 5’… A C U C C U G A G G A G… Sickle-cell mRNA 5’… A C U C C U G U G G A G…. a. What amino acids are encoded by the two mRNAs? Wild-type amino acids: Sickle-cell amino acids: b. What kind of mutation does this cause in the protein? Bio 241 Quiz #3 March 22, 2018 Print First and Last Name _______________________________________ I. Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and select the one best answer for each question. Write your answer using CAPITAL LETTERS on the line in front of each question. Questions will be counted wrong if the answer is not written on the line. (1 point each) _____1. Which of the following is incorrect? A. RNA polymerase – makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA template B. DNA polymerase – makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template C. DNA ligase – joins segments of DNA D. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) – releases overwinding strain and untwists DNA E. All of the above are correct. _____2. A nucleotide is A. a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base B. a sugar with an attached base containing nitrogen C. a six-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base D. a nitrogen-containing base with an attached five-carbon sugar E. A is correct for DNA and C is correct for RNA _____3. In DNA synthesis, the primer is synthesized by A. RNA polymerase B. DNA polymerase I C. DNA polymerase III D. Helicase E. DNA gyrase ...

1. Central Dogma Assignment
Print Name ___________________________________________
Directions: Complete this worksheet after listening to the
Central Dogma recorded lecture posted
on Blackboard. Each student will turn in his/her individual
worksheet at the beginning of class.
COMPLETE THE TABLE. LABEL YOUR 5’ AND 3’ ENDS.
YOU MUST GET THE ENTIRE TABLE CORRECT FOR
CREDIT. NO PARTIAL CREDIT.
DNA template (-) 5’ GTACTATTAATT TACTGGGTGCAT
CCGCATGGTACG 3’
DNA coding (+) strand
mRNA (+) codons
Only write the tRNA

2. anticodons for actual
codons coding for
amino acids
amino acid sequence
1. You isolate and sequence a novel cytoplasmic membrane
protein from Staphylococcus aureus
that appears to function in the transport of cations into the cell.
A colleague working in a competing lab
in France isolates a cytoplasmic membrane protein from
Streptococcus pyogenes that appears to have
the identical function as your protein. In fact, the primary
structure of the S. pyogenes protein is
identical to the S. aureus protein. Does this mean that the genes
for these two proteins are identical in
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes? Explain
your answer.

3. 2. What is the effect of DNA mutation on protein sequence?
3. In sickle-cell disease, the replacement of A by T at the 17th
nucleotide of the gene for the beta
chain of hemoglobin changes the mRNA codon as shown below
(in red).
Wild-type mRNA 5’… A C U C C U G A G G A G…
Sickle-cell mRNA 5’… A C U C C U G U G G A G….
a. What amino acids are encoded by the two mRNAs?
Wild-type amino acids:

4. Sickle-cell amino acids:
b. What kind of mutation does this cause in the protein?
Bio 241 Quiz #3 March 22, 2018
Print First and Last Name
_______________________________________
I. Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and select the
one best answer for each
question. Write your answer using CAPITAL LETTERS on the
line in front of each question.
Questions will be counted wrong if the answer is not written on
the line. (1 point each)
_____1. Which of the following is incorrect?
A. RNA polymerase – makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA
template
B. DNA polymerase – makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA
template

5. C. DNA ligase – joins segments of DNA
D. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) – releases overwinding strain
and untwists DNA
E. All of the above are correct.
_____2. A nucleotide is
A. a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-
containing base
B. a sugar with an attached base containing nitrogen
C. a six-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-
containing base
D. a nitrogen-containing base with an attached five-carbon
sugar
E. A is correct for DNA and C is correct for RNA
_____3. In DNA synthesis, the primer is synthesized by
A. RNA polymerase
B. DNA polymerase I
C. DNA polymerase III
D. Helicase
E. DNA gyrase
_____4. Which molecule remains in the nucleus during
translation for eukaryotes?
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. DNA
E. None of the above answers are correct
_____5. What is the effect of a missense mutation in a gene?
A. It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded

6. protein.
B. It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.
C. It alters the reading frame of the mRNA.
D. It prevents introns from being excised.
E. It changes an amino acid in the encoded protein.
_____6. Because the synthesis of DNA consists of ½ original
DNA and ½ new DNA,
DNA replication is said to be
A. discontinuous
B. antiparallel
C. semiconservative
D. complimentary
_____7. In DNA synthesis, the enzyme that erases the primer
and fills the gaps with DNA
is called
A. DNA ligase
B. DNA polymerase I
C. DNA polymerase III
D. Helicase
E. DNA gyrase
_____8. The enzyme responsible for synthesis of leading and
lagging strands is
A. DNA polymerase I
B. DNA polymerase III
C. RNA polymerase
D. Helicase

7. _____9. In transcription, as the ribosome translocates along an
mRNA molecule by one
codon, which of the following occurs?
A. The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site.
B. The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site.
C. The tRNA that was in the A site moves to the E site and is
released.
D. The tRNA that was in the A site departs from the ribosome
via a tunnel.
_____10. The genetic code used during translation is based on a
3-nucleotide sequence
found on the
A. anti-codon region of tRNA molecules
B. codons of mRNA molecules
C. codons of rRNA
D. RNA promoter
E. coding strand of DNA
_____11. What signal causes translation to end?
A. a promoter
B. RNA polymerase
C. An AUG codon
D. a termination sequence
E. a stop codon
_____12. The pentose in RNA differs from DNA because RNA
has
A. a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the number 3’ carbon.

8. B. a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the number 2’ carbon.
C. a hydrogen (H) group attached to the number 3’ carbon.
D. a hydrogen (H) group attached to the number 2’ carbon.
E. Both B and C are true
_____13. The 3' end of RNA
A. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the
number 3 carbon on ribose.
B. forms a phosphodiester bond with the 5' phosphate group of
the incoming nucleotide.
C. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the
number 2 carbon on ribose.
D. Both A and B are true
E. Both B and C are true
_____14. At the beginning of transcription, the enzyme
responsible for transcription binds
to a site on the DNA (in front of the gene) called the
A. Intron
B. Exon
C. Promoter
D. AUG start site
E. Codon
_____15. Which strand of the DNA molecule below is the
template strand for Promoter 1?
A. Red (top) strand
B. Blue (bottom) strand
C. Both strands can serve as the template strand

9. D. Not enough information to determine
II. Fill in the blank. Label the DNA replication fork. (1 point
each)
1. In the above diagram of a DNA replication fork, which letter
represents the leading
strand?
2. In the above diagram, which letter represents the lagging
strand?
3. In the above diagram, which letter represents a 5’ end?
4. In the above diagram, which letter represents a 3’ end?
5. In the above diagram, which letter represents where ligase
would work?
If you felt overwhelmed by this quiz, make sure that you attend
the BIOL241
SI sessions and utilize your instructor’s office hours!

10. Bio 241 Quiz #3 March 22, 2018
Print First and Last Name
_______________________________________
I. Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and select the
one best answer for each
question. Write your answer using CAPITAL LETTERS on the
line in front of each question.
Questions will be counted wrong if the answer is not written on
the line. (1 point each)
_____1. Which of the following is incorrect?
A. RNA polymerase – makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA
template
B. DNA polymerase – makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA
template
C. DNA ligase – joins segments of DNA
D. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) – releases overwinding strain
and untwists DNA
E. All of the above are correct.
_____2. A nucleotide is
A. a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-
containing base
B. a sugar with an attached base containing nitrogen
C. a six-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-
containing base

11. D. a nitrogen-containing base with an attached five-carbon
sugar
E. A is correct for DNA and C is correct for RNA
_____3. In DNA synthesis, the primer is synthesized by
A. RNA polymerase
B. DNA polymerase I
C. DNA polymerase III
D. Helicase
E. DNA gyrase
_____4. Which molecule remains in the nucleus during
translation for eukaryotes?
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. DNA
E. None of the above answers are correct
_____5. What is the effect of a missense mutation in a gene?
A. It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded
protein.
B. It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.
C. It alters the reading frame of the mRNA.
D. It prevents introns from being excised.
E. It changes an amino acid in the encoded protein.
_____6. Because the synthesis of DNA consists of ½ original
DNA and ½ new DNA,
DNA replication is said to be
A. discontinuous

12. B. antiparallel
C. semiconservative
D. complimentary
_____7. In DNA synthesis, the enzyme that erases the primer
and fills the gaps with DNA
is called
A. DNA ligase
B. DNA polymerase I
C. DNA polymerase III
D. Helicase
E. DNA gyrase
_____8. The enzyme responsible for synthesis of leading and
lagging strands is
A. DNA polymerase I
B. DNA polymerase III
C. RNA polymerase
D. Helicase
_____9. In transcription, as the ribosome translocates along an
mRNA molecule by one
codon, which of the following occurs?
A. The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site.
B. The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site.
C. The tRNA that was in the A site moves to the E site and is
released.
D. The tRNA that was in the A site departs from the ribosome
via a tunnel.

13. _____10. The genetic code used during translation is based on a
3-nucleotide sequence
found on the
A. anti-codon region of tRNA molecules
B. codons of mRNA molecules
C. codons of rRNA
D. RNA promoter
E. coding strand of DNA
_____11. What signal causes translation to end?
A. a promoter
B. RNA polymerase
C. An AUG codon
D. a termination sequence
E. a stop codon
_____12. The pentose in RNA differs from DNA because RNA
has
A. a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the number 3’ carbon.
B. a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the number 2’ carbon.
C. a hydrogen (H) group attached to the number 3’ carbon.
D. a hydrogen (H) group attached to the number 2’ carbon.
E. Both B and C are true
_____13. The 3' end of RNA
A. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the
number 3 carbon on ribose.
B. forms a phosphodiester bond with the 5' phosphate group of
the incoming nucleotide.
C. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the

14. number 2 carbon on ribose.
D. Both A and B are true
E. Both B and C are true
_____14. At the beginning of transcription, the enzyme
responsible for transcription binds
to a site on the DNA (in front of the gene) called the
A. Intron
B. Exon
C. Promoter
D. AUG start site
E. Codon
_____15. Which strand of the DNA molecule below is the
template strand for Promoter 1?
A. Red (top) strand
B. Blue (bottom) strand
C. Both strands can serve as the template strand
D. Not enough information to determine
II. Fill in the blank. Label the DNA replication fork. (1 point
each)
1. In the above diagram of a DNA replication fork, which letter
represents the leading

15. strand?
2. In the above diagram, which letter represents the lagging
strand?
3. In the above diagram, which letter represents a 5’ end?
4. In the above diagram, which letter represents a 3’ end?
5. In the above diagram, which letter represents where ligase
would work?
If you felt overwhelmed by this quiz, make sure that you attend
the BIOL241
SI sessions and utilize your instructor’s office hours!
Chapters 7 & 8 Study Guide
Provide a detailed response to each essay question. With each
question is a helpful hint in red. Make
sure that you answer the actual question…..not just the hint!
Write out complete essays in your
BIOL241 notebook.

16. 1. Sample #1 DNA sequence is composed of 10% T. Sample #2
DNA sequence is composed of
40% T. Which sample of DNA will denature the fastest when
exposed to high temperature?
Explain why. Hint: The maximum % is 100%. What is the
relationship between the number of
AT bonds and GC bonds when it comes to DNA denaturation?
2. What is the function of a sigma factor? Explain why knowing
the orientation of a promoter is
critical when determining the amino acid sequence of an
encoded protein. Hint: What
determines which DNA strands functions as the template strand
or the coding strand?
3. Why are semiconservative replication and degeneracy of the
genetic code advantageous to the
survival of species? Hint: Look at the genetic code of leucine.
What would happen if there
was a mutation that resulted in a mRNA codon changing from
CUC to CUA?
4. A student sequences DNA and discovers a point mutation in
the intron of a segment coding for
protein X. Explain what will be the effect of this mutation on
protein X. Hint: What is the
difference between an intron and exon?
5. A student wants to study the effects of UV light-induced
thymine dimers. Bacteria are exposed

17. to UV light. If the student wants to maximize the amount of
thymine dimers, she should
incubate the bacteria in the dark, light or it does not make a
difference? Explain. Hint: Review
how mutations caused by UV light are repaired in bacteria.
6. Why is deleting one nucleotide generally more harmful in
terms of mutational change than
deleting three nucleotide? Hint: Review the types of
mutations.
7. You are trying to isolate the mRNA for a gene encoding an
enzyme that degrades the sugar
mannitol in a species of Staphylococcus aureus. You are having
problems with your
experiments because the organism does not produce the enzyme
when grow under optimum lab
conditions and on complex media, such as nutrient broth or
tryptic soy agar plates. Based on
your knowledge of operons in the regulation of prokaryotic gene
expression, what would be the
best way to increase the amount of the desired enzyme?
Explain why. Hint: Review the
regulation of inducible operons. What signal(s) are required to
induce their function?
8. Why is replica plating used to isolate an auxotrophic mutant
from a prototrophic parent? Hint:
How are the two mutants different from one another? What

18. mechanisms are used to isolate
them in the lab?
9. Explain why genetic changes have a more profound effect
and are more easily observed in
prokaryotes then in eukaryotes. Which has a longer-lived effect
on a cell, a change in the
genotype or a change in the phenotype? Explain. Hint: What
does it mean to be diploid?
What does it mean to be haploid? What is likely to be a more
permanent effect - a change in
the DNA or a change in how the gene is expressed?
10. Why are mutation and recombination important in the
process of natural selection and the
evolution of organisms? Hint: What is the role of genetic
diversity in natural selection and
evolution?