“You don't learn from successes; you don't learn from awards; you don't learn from celebrity; you only learn from wounds and scares and mistakes and failures. And that's the truth.” ~ Jane Fonda

1. MAUI COUNTY
MOVING FORWARD
MAKING MAUI NO KA OI
MAUI COUNTY COUNCIL – DUE DILIGENCE
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MAUI STORM WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PLAN
Prepared in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-55
Appendix K for Kahului, Maui – File No. HI 15KE674
State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation
Highways Division – Maui District
December 2016, accessed December 9, 2017
https://hidot.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Maui-Storm-Water-Managment-Plan-Dec-2016.pdf
MAUI COUNTY MS4 NPDES PERMIT
The 2010 US Census identifed Kahului-Pā`ia as an urbanized area (UA)
based on residential population. The boundary of the UA generally
includes all of Kahului and Wailuku extending south to Waikapū and from
Wai`ehu to Pā`ia along the windward coast. The UA designation triggers a
requirement for a municipality to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit for discharge of storm water from their
Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4).
Source: Maui County Department of Public Works. Storm Water Management Program
Accessed December 9, 2017 https://www.mauicounty.gov/2129/Storm-Water-Management-Program
Kihei and Lahaina, Maui were designated as urbanized areas (UAs) in 2010 by the
United States Census Bureau as was Kahului-Pā`ia. See below. Kihei and Lahaina,
Maui are not included in the Maui County NPDES Permit and MS4. The UA
designation of Kihei and Lahaina, Maui in 2010 by the United States Census
Bureau triggered the requirement that Kihei and Lahaina, Maui be included in the
Maui County NPDES Permit and MS4. The omission of Kihei and Lahaina, Maui
violates Federal and State law, and is a breach of the Public Trust.
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2. UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU
URBANIZED AREAS AND URBAN CLUSTERS: 2010
KAHULUI- PAIA, MAUI
https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/UAUC_RefMap/ua/ua43615_kahului_hi/DC10UA43615.pdf
KIHEI, MAUI
https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/UAUC_RefMap/uc/uc44911_kihei_hi/DC10UC44911.pdf
LAHAINA, MAUI
https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/UAUC_RefMap/uc/uc46396_lahaina_hi/DC10UC46396.pdf
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IRREPARABLE AND IRRETRIVABLE LOSS AND DAMAGE
OMISSION OF KIHEI AND LAHAINA, MAUI
IMPACT OF SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE ON
MARINE WATER QUALITY AND REEF BIOTA OF MAUI
By Daniel W. Amato, James M. Bishop, Craig R. Glenn, Henrietta Dulai, and Celia M. Smith.
James P. Meador, Editor.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
U.S. National Library of Medicine. PLoS One.
November 3, 2016, accessed December 9, 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094668/
ABSTRACT
Generally unseen and infrequently measured, submarine groundwater
discharge (SGD) can transport potentially large loads of nutrients and other
land-based contaminants to coastal ecosystems. … Reefs adjacent to
sugarcane farms had the greatest abundance of macroalgae, low species
diversity, and the highest concentrations of N in algal tissues, coastal
groundwater, and marine surface waters compared to locations with low
anthropogenic impact. … Kahului Bay is impacted by efuent injected
underground at the Kahului Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF); this
region is barren of corals and almost entirely dominated by colonial
zoanthids. … These results indicate that SGD can be a signifcant transport
pathway for land-based nutrients with important biogeochemical and ecological
implications in tropical, oceanic islands.

3. INTRODUCTION
Connections between land use, coastal water quality, and marine ecosystem
health are often difcult to identify because multiple pathways may infuence
nutrient loading to coastal water bodies
On Maui, coral reef health has sufered from the synergistic efects of
nutrient pollution, overfshing, and invasive species. … Persistent blooms of
opportunistic macroalgae, specifcally Hypnea musciformis, Ulva lactuca, and
Cladophora sericea, have occurred in coastal areas proximal to wastewater
treatment facilities that use injection wells for efuent disposal and/or proximal
to regions with large-scale agriculture. The most obvious and direct deleterious
impacts of macroalgae on corals are observed when algae overgrow and
physically disturb corals while competing for light, nutrients, and space. … In
addition, both nutrient loading and algae may indirectly afect corals via other
biochemical pathways. The presence of algae, even in absence of direct
physical contact, can increase coral disease and mortality through the release
of dissolved compounds that enhance microbial activity on coral tissues.
[R]ecent studies on Maui have shown a clear link between municipal
wastewater injection wells, SGD, and nearshore reefs in Kihei and Lahaina.
[Extract; Footnotes Omitted]
Land use can directly impact groundwater quality. However, downstream
connections among groundwater quality, submarine groundwater discharge,
and coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this study, we
demonstrated clear relationships among nutrients in CGW, marine surface
waters, and marine plants. These empirical links between marine plants and
SGD-derived nutrients allow us to explore a commonly debated yet, rarely
investigated hypothesis that SGD is a signifcant source of nutrients to
nearshore marine biota. The results of this study suggest that signifcant
impacts to nearshore biota were observed at locations where CGW was
enriched with moderate to high levels of anthropogenic nutrients compared to
locations with relatively little CGW enrichment.

4. By comparing the spatial distribution of N in both water and algal samples
among locations with various potential N sources, the role agriculture and
wastewater have in coastal regions has become more clear; these land use
practices are the most likely sources of excess nitrogen in Maui’s coastal
waters. Reefs adjacent to sugarcane farms and wastewater injection wells
generally had the most macroalgae, low diversity, and the highest N
concentrations in algal tissues, coastal groundwater, and marine surface
waters. In contrast, macroalgae were generally absent, corals were
present, and nutrient concentrations in water were signifcantly lower at
less impacted locations. These results also suggest that the nutrient
concentration of CGW and marine surface water may play a greater role in
determining reef health than estimates of SGD fux or total daily nutrient
loads at some locations. Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of coastal
groundwater and its subsequent delivery via SGD presents a chronic stress
to many nearshore ecosystems in tropical settings. These fndings led us to
consider the large scale and fux of SGD as a signifcant nexus connecting
land use practices, coastal water quality, reef communities, and the
substantial implications for resource management.
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MAUI COUNTY
NPDES GENERAL PERMIT
AUTHORIZING DISCHARGES OD STORM WATER
AND CERTAIN NON-STORM WATER DISCHARGES
FROM SMALL MUNICIPAL SEPARATE STORM SEWER SYSYEMS
https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/105686
Coverage under this General Permit:
(a) This general permit covers storm water and certain non-storm water
discharges, provided they do not cause or contribute to any violation of
water quality standards, to state waters from small municipal separate
storm sewer systems.

5. (b) This general permit covers all areas of the State except for discharges
in or to state water classifed by the department as “class 1, inland waters,”
“class AA, marine waters,” and areas restricted in accordance with the
State's “No Discharge” policy in chapter 11-54 titled “Water Quality
Standards.”
[Emphasis Supplied]
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
CHAPTER 54
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
https://health.hawaii.gov/cwb/fles/2013/04/Clean_Water_Branch_HAR_11-54_20141115.pdf
CLASS 1, INLAND WATERS
LANAI
Moku Naio Sea Bird Sanctuary
Nanahoa Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Poopoo Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Puupehe Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
MAUI
Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area Reserve
Alau Island Sea Bird Sanctuary
Haleakala National Park
Halekii-Pihana Heiaus State Monument
Hanawi Natural Area Reserve
Iao Vally State Monument
Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary
Kanaio Natural Area Reserve
Kaumahina State Wayside
Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge
Keopuka Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Makena State Park
Mokeehia Hala Sea Bird Sanctuary
Moku Mana Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Molokini Sea Bird Sanctuary
Papanui O Kane Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Pauwalu Point Wildlife Sanctuary
Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area
Puaa Kaa State Wayside
Puuku Island Sea Bird Sanctuary
Waianapanapa State Park
Wailua Valley State Wayside
West Maui Natural Area Reserve (Honokawai
Section)
West Maui Natural Area Reserve (Lihau
Section)
West Maui Natural Area Reserve (Panaewa
Section)

6. MOLOKAI
Huelo Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Kakahaia National Wildlife Refuge
Kalaupapa National Historical Park
Kamiloloa Plant Sanctuary
Kanaha Rock Sea Bird Sanctuary
Mokapu Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Mokumanu Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
Molokai Forest Reserve
Okala Islet Sea Bird Sanctuary
CLASS AA, MARINE WATERS and EMBAYMENTS
LANAI ---------- MAUI ------------ MOLOKAI ------
CLASS A, MARINE WATERS and EMBAYMENTS
LANAI
Manele Boat Harbor Kaumalapua Harbor
MAUI
Kahului Bay Lahaina Boat Harbor
Maalaea Boat Harbor
MOLOKAI
Hale o Lono Harbor
Kaunakakai Harbor
Kaunakakai Boat Harbor
CLASS AA, OPEN COASTAL WATERS
KAHOOLAWE All open coastal water surrounding the island.
LANAI All open coastal water surrounding the island.
MAUI The open coastal waters between Nakalele Point and Waihee Point and
between Huelo Point and Puu Olai.
MOLOKAI The open coastal waters between the westerly boundary of Hale o Lono
Harbor to Lamaloa Head. Also, the open coastal waters from Cape Halawa to the
easterly boundary of Kaunakakai Harbor.