The sovereignty movement all started with Kaho`olawe. Charles Maxwell and the Mitchells from Ke`anae were strong with the sovereignty movement. A lot of people were involved with it. ~ George Cagasan Kaho`olawe sparked the return of Hawaiian pride. ~ Jordan Nauka The Hokule`a, “The Star of Gladness.” opened our eyes and understanding about the incredible skills and knowledge that our forefathers possessed. And of course, the `aina and the protection of it became a major theme and still is today. All of these important elements of the Hawaiian Culture have been preserved and shared with people all over the world because of the Hawaiian Rennaisance. ~ Francine Rindlisbacher The Hawaiian renaissance changed my generation of Hawaiians in many very important ways. Those changes continue to benefit this new generation of Hawaiians who hopefully will never, ever feel ashamed of their heritage, history, language and culture. It is my sincere hope that our young Hawaiians today will become the leaders who redefine Hawai`i as an innovative global leader and model for a more tolerant world. ~ Teri Freitas Gorman

1. Clifton M. Hasegawa
President and CEO
Clifton M. Hasegawa & Associates, LLC
1322 Lower Main Street A5
Wailuku, Maui 96793
Telephone: (808) 244-5425
Email: clifhasegawa@gmail.com
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/cliftonhasegawa
Via Linkedin Slideshare, Face Book, Twitter
March 6, 2018
The Honorable David Y. Ige
Governor, State Of Hawai`i
The Honorable Doug Chin
Lieutenant Governor, State Of Hawai`i
The Honorable Ronald D. Kouchi
Senate President
The Honorable Scott Saiki
House Speaker
The Honorable Members of The Hawaii Senate
The Honorable Members of The Hawaii House of Representatives
Re: Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission
Dear Governor Ige, Lieutenant Governor Chin, Senate President Kouchi, House Speaker Saiki,
Members of the Senate and House of Representatives,
The fate of the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission and the continuation of projects of
remediation, restoration and sustainable development requires immediate action. Specifically.
HB620 HD1 SD2
KAHO`OLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
Report Title : Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission; Appropriation ($)
Description : Appropriates funds to support the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve
Commission. Takes effect 7/1/2050 (SD2)
11/30/2017 Carried over to 2018 Regular Session

2. 1/17/2018 Senate. Senate Conferees discharged.
Senator Maile Shimabukuro, Chair;
Senator J. Kalani English, Co-Chair;
Senator Brickwood Galuteria, Member
1/17/2018 House. Received notice of all Senate conferees being discharged
House Conference Committee Co-Chairs:
Representative Kaniela Ing, Representative Ryan I. Yamane and
Representative Ty J.K. Cullen;
Representative Cynthia Thielen, Member
ACTION REQUIRED
BY APRIL 27, 2018
FINAL DECKING FOR FISCAL BILLS
I.
APPOINTMENT OF SENATE AND HOUSE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
SENATE PRESIDENT RONALD D. KOUCHI
Phone: 808-586-6030
Fax: 808-586-6031
Email: senkouchi/@capitol.hawaii.gov
HOUSE SPEAKER SCOTT SAIKI
Phone: 8-8-586-6100
Fax: 808-586-6101
II.
SUBMISSION OF A CONFERENCE COMMITTEE DRAFT
RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Change effective date from 7/1/2050 to 5/1/2018
B. The Measure appropriate funds to the Department of Land and Natural
Resources for
1. 25 Full-Time position for the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission,
2. General Fund Appropriations of $2,865,147 in Fiscal Year 2017 – 2018 for the
Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission for soil remediation, reforestation,
sedimentation control, research and development, educational outreach,

3. 3. General Fund Appropriations of $3,897,047 in Fiscal Year 2018 – 2019 for the
Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission for soil remediation, reforestation,
sedimentation control, continue and expand research and development and
educational outreach,
4. General Fund Appropriations of $1,756,678 in Fiscal Year 2017 – 2018 for the
Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission to establish, develop and sustain water
and watershed rehabilitation, expansion of photovoltaic power and
desalinization,
5. General Fund Appropriation to the Kaho`olawe Trust Fund of $260,600,000 in
Fiscal Year 2017 – 2018 and as much necessary in Fiscal Year 2018 – 2019 to
complete clean up of Kaho`olawe.
_________________
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF KAHO`OLAWE
“The sovereignty movement all started with Kaho`olawe. Charles Maxwell and the Mitchells from
Ke`anae were strong with the sovereignty movement. A lot of people were involved with it.”
~ George Cagasan
“Kaho`olawe sparked the return of Hawaiian pride.” ~ Jordan Nauka
“The struggle began decades ago continues and will continue as long as there are Hawaiians who
value their rich cultural identity and history; which offers to the world a way of life that is sorely
needed on these “modern” times.” ~ Randy Tadashi Bartlett
“The Hokule`a, “The Star of Gladness.” opened our eyes and understanding about the incredible
skills and knowledge that our forefathers possessed. And of course, the `aina and the protection of
it became a major theme and still is today. All of these important elements of the Hawaiian
Culture have been preserved and shared with people all over the world because of the Hawaiian
Rennaisance.” ~ Francine Rindlisbacher
“The Hawaiian renaissance changed my generation of Hawaiians in many very important ways.
Those changes continue to benefit this new generation of Hawaiians who hopefully will never,
ever feel ashamed of their heritage, history, language and culture. It is my sincere hope that our
young Hawaiians today will become the leaders who redefine Hawai`i as an innovative global
leader and model for a more tolerant world.” ~ Teri Freitas Gorman
“I believe we learn from the past so we can make educated decisions for our future. I hope that this
next generation of Hawaiians will be able to do that for their people. To honor their kupuna and
provide strength to their keiki. Is important to be proud of who you are – He Hawai`i au mau a
mau – Hawaiian Now and Forever.” ~ Thomas Fernandez, Jr.

4. Kaho`olawe is a special place for Native Hawaiian culture and heritage. The prominence,
nobility, distinction and renown of Hawai`i, the restoration, remediation and sustainability of
Kaho`olawe has been overshadowed and has languished for decades.
Under capitalization, most often, results in failure.
The long-standing restoration, remediation and sustainability of Kaho`olawe has continued by
the grace of appropriations from the State, through grants and from Volunteerism of people loyal and
dedicated to this just and worthy cause.
Senator Dan Inouye once remarked of the HART Rail Project, “I hope that I see this Trolley
built in my lifetime.”
At the current rate of progress many of us will not see the celebration and glory of having
Kaho`olawe fully and completely restored.
The Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission has evolved and innovated to keep the dream
alive and moving forward.
The recommendations bring to the forefront major project that have beeb shelved and put on
the back burner by the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission pending appropriations from the
State Capitol.
The recommendations give new emphasis and heightened commitment from the State to
accelerate the timetable and schedules for the completion of ordnance clean-up, restoration,
remediation and sustainability of Kaho`olawe.
The journey has been long. There is many miles to go.
Your favorable consideration and positive actions will monumentalize and perpetuate Native
Hawaiian heritage, heritance and legacy in the Public Trust. Hawai`i State Constitution Article XI
The following material is submitted in support of our request and recommendations
submitted for your review, evaluation and action.
Thank you very much.
Aloha
Respectfully,
Clifton M. Hasegawa

5. KAHO`OLAWE
A SACRED ISLAND
A piece of Hawaiian history about the island of Kaho`olawe
Video produced by Parsons-UXB – Project Cleanup
You Tube : https:youtu.be/6gXxb9RpOQO
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoolawe
[Citations Omitted]
Kaho`olawe is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands. Kaho`olawe
is located about seven miles (11 km) southwest of Maui and also southeast of Lanai, and it is 11 mi
(18 km) long by 6.0 mi (9.7 km) wide, with a total land area of 44.97 sq mi (116.47 km2). The
highest point on Kahoʻolawe is the crater of Lua Makika at the summit of Pu`u Moaulanui, which is
about 1,477 feet (450 m) above sea level. Kaho`olawe is relatively dry (average annual rainfall is
less than 65 cm or 26 in) because the island's low elevation fails to generate much orographic
precipitation from the northeastern trade winds, and Kaho`olawe is located in the rain shadow of
eastern Maui's 10,023-foot-high (3,055 m) volcano, Haleakalā. More than one quarter of
Kaho`olawe has been eroded down to saprolitic hardpan soil.
Kaho`olawe has always been sparsely populated, due to its lack of fresh water.
Sometime around the year 1000, Kaho`olawe was settled by Polynesians, and small, temporary
fishing communities were established along the coast. Some inland areas were cultivated. Pu`u
Moiwi, a remnant cinder cone, is the location of the second-largest basalt quarry in Hawaii, and this
was mined for use in stone tools such as ko`i (adzes). Originally a dry forest environment with
intermittent streams, the land changed to an open savanna of grassland and trees when inhabitants
cleared vegetation for firewood and agriculture.
A survey of Kaho`olawe in 1857 reported about 50 residents here, about 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of
land covered with shrubs, and a patch of sugarcane growth. Along the shore, tobacco, pineapple,
gourds, pili grass, and scrub trees grew. Beginning in 1858, the Hawaiian government leased
Kaho`olawe to a series of ranching ventures. Some of these proved to be more successful than
others, but the lack of freshwater was an unrelenting enemy. Through the next 80 years, the
landscape changed dramatically, with drought and uncontrolled overgrazing denuding much of the
island. Strong trade winds blew away most of the topsoil, leaving behind red hardpan dirt.
From 1910 to 1918, the Territory of Hawaii designated Kaho`olawe as a forest reserve in the hope
of restoring the island through a revegetation and livestock removal program. This program failed,
and leases again became available. In 1918, the rancher Angus MacPhee of Wyoming, with the help
of the landowner Harry Baldwin of Maui, leased the island for 21 years, intending to build a cattle
ranch there. By 1932, the ranching operation was enjoying moderate success. After heavy rains,
native grasses and flowering plants would sprout, but droughts always returned. In 1941, MacPhee
subletted part of the island to the U.S. Army. Later that year, because of continuing drought,
MacPhee removed his cattle from the island.

6. In 1976, a group of individuals calling themselves the Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO) filed suit in
U.S. Federal Court to stop the Navy's use of Kahoʻolawe for bombardment training, to require
compliance with a number of new environmental laws and to ensure protection of cultural resources
on the island. In 1977, the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii allowed the Navy's use of
this island to continue, but the Court directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impact
statement and to complete an inventory of historic sites on the island.
Clarification Supplied:
1965 – Operation Sailor Hat – 0.5 Kilotons (500 tons, 1 million pounds) of TNT detonated on
Kaho`olawe to simulate the blast of a nuclear bomb and how Navy ships would survive a nuclear
blast. Published on February 13, 2013. By biertjuh1958. You Tube :
https://youtu.be/ZM9_attO1Q
In 1970 University of Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology researchers suggested that Kahoolawe
be commercialized with a thermonuclear power plant and aquaculture.
On July 29, 1971 Life of the Land and Maui Mayor Carvalho sued to stop the bombing. They
sought an environmental impact statement (EIS) for the navy's use of the island. The suit named
Secretary of the Defense Laird, Secretary of the Navy Chafee and Rear Admiral Hayward.
In May 1972, the Navy submitted a report with Federal Judge C. Nils Tavares. "The
environmental effect of weapon exercises upon the ecology or ecological system of other nearby
islands of the Hawaiian archipelago will remain negligible."
Judge Tavares dismissed the suit on May 16, 1972.
Source: The Bombing of Kaho`olawe By Henry Curtis. Ililani Media.
http://www.ililani.media/p/the-bombing-of-kahoolawe.html?m=1
_____________
Aluli v. Brown
United States District Court
437 F. Supp. 602 D. Hawaii. 15 Sep 1977
In part,
Defendants are ordered to file an environmental impact statement at least in draft form within 45
days and in final form within a reasonable period of time after the filing of the draft form. They
are also ordered to file an environmental impact statement annually so long as they shall continue
to bomb Kahoolawe. All such statements may be updated versions.
Defendants are hereby ordered to comply forthwith with the applicable provisions of Executive
Order No. 11593 and 36 C.F.R. Part 800, including but not limited to the continued full
cooperation with the Hawaii Office of Historic Preservation in identifying, inventorying, and
protecting historic sites on Kahoolawe; submission for nomination to the Secretary of the Interior
of those sites which appear to qualify for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.

7. Plaintiffs: Noa Emmett Aluli, Emma De Fries, Paul Fujishiro, Warren Mills Haynes Jr., George
Helrn, Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell, Sr., Karl Anthony Mowat, Adrian Nacua, Kathryn B.
Ochwat, Walter S. Ritte, Loretta Ritte, Herbert F. Santos, Richard W. Sawyer, Protect
Kaho`olawe Association
Defendants: Harold Brown, Secretary of Defense, W. Graham Claytor, Secretary of Navy James
L. Holloway, Chief of Naval Operations Ralph S. Wentworth, Jr., Commandant of 14th Naval
District, Thomas B. Hayward, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, U.S. Navy
Attorneys: Joel E. August, Michael A. Town, Legal Aid Society of Hawaii, Wailuku, Maui,
Hawaii, Ronald A. Albu, Legal Aid Society of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Melvin M.M. Masuda,
Honolulu, Hawaii, Thomas R. Cole, Kahului, Maui, Hawaii, for plaintiffs. Lt. James W. Rude,
Naval Legal Services Office, L. Mark Wine, Land and Natural Resources Division, Dept. of
Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendants.
Source: JUSTIA US Law. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-
courts/FSupp/437/602/1571882/
____________________
The effort to regain Kaho`olawe from the U.S. Navy inspired a new political awareness and activism
within the Hawaiian community.
On March 18, 1981, the entire island of Kaho`olawe was added to the National Register of Historic
Places. At that time, the Kaho`olawe Archaeological District was noted to contain 544 recorded
archaeological or historic sites and over 2,000 individual features.
As part of the soil conservation efforts, Mike Ruppe, an Army Specialist on loan from Schofield
Barracks, plus other military personnel, laid lines of explosives, detonating them to break the
hardpan so that seedling trees could be planted.
From 1998 to 2003, the U.S. Navy executed a large-scale, but limited, removal of unexploded
ordnance and other environmental hazards from Kaho`olawe. Since the clearance did not
completely remove all the hazardous and dangerous materials from the island, a residual level
of danger remains. The Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission developed a plan to manage the
residual risk to reserve users and to carry out a safety program, and to establish stewardship
organizations to work in conjunction with the commission.
In 1993, the Hawaiian State Legislature established the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve, consisting of
"the entire island and its surrounding ocean waters in a two mile (three km) radius from the shore".
By state law, Kaho`olawe and its waters can be used only for Native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual,
and subsistence purposes; fishing; environmental restoration; historic preservation; and education.
All commercial uses are prohibited.
THE LEGISLATURE ALSO CREATED THE KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE
COMMISSION TO MANAGE THE RESERVE WHILE IT IS HELD IN TRUST FOR A
FUTURE NATIVE HAWAIIAN SOVEREIGN ENTITY.
Source: Wikipedia, Cited Above. [Emphasis Supplied]

8. KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
FY 2017 YEAR-IN-REVIEW
SUPPORT & REVENUE FY15 FY16 FY17
General Fund Appropriations N/A $799,575 $1,006,109
Program Grants $366,698 $739,244 $354,698
Charitable Contributions $10,689 $42,825 $18,952
Other Income $84,840 $31,595 $23,480
Interest on Trust Fund $60,365 $1,149 $2
Total Support & Revenue $522,592 $1,614,388 $1,403,242
OPERATING EXPENSES FY15 FY16 FY17
Commission $63,993 $53,209 $78,011
Admin & Support Services $801,720 $498,950 $528,876
Reserve Operations $1,429,470 $657,115 $454,313
Ocean Program $212,709 $61,521 $112,576
Restoration Program $399,807 $198,244 $247,032
Cultural Program $215,681 $145,125 $89,974
Total Operating Expenses $3,123,380 $1,614,164 $1,510,781
TRUST FUND BALANCE FY15 FY16 FY17
Beginning Balance $3,123,151 $522,362 $522,587
Support & Revenue $522,592 $1,614,388 $1,403,242
Operating Expenses $3,123,380 $1,614,164 $1,510,781
Ending Balance $522,362 $522,586 $415,04
______________________
FY17 GRANTS
 $150,000 The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Keystone Initiative
 $49,066 Hawai`i Invasive Species Council
 $49,935 Native Hawaiian Museum Services, Institute of Museum and Library Services
 $45,200 Hawai`i Tourism Authority
 $269,113 Alu Like, Inc. Native Hawaiian Career and Technical Education Program
 $45,000 Office of Economic Development, County of Maui
 $50,000 Hawai`i Community Foundation’s Community Restoration Partnership

9. THE OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR, STATE OF HAWAI`I
Audit of the Kaho`olawe Rehabilitation Trust Fund
http://files.hawaii.gov/auditor/Reports/2016/16-03.pdf
Our follow-up of recommendations made in Report No. 13-06 found that the
Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission has not established a comprehensive and
measureable restoration plan with meaningful performance measures. The commission
has also not aligned its fundraising and spending plans, and has failed to ensure the
financial sustainability of the Kaho`olawe Rehabilitation Trust Fund, which will be
depleted by FY2018.
___________________
MAUI COUNTY MAYOR ALAN ARAKAWA
Kaho`olawe is part of Maui County, and like you, I agree that the county has a role to
play in supporting Kaho`olawe. Since I have been mayor, the county has given grants to
the Kaa]Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission each year to incorporate solar and PV
at their Kaho`olawe base camp; the camp's electricity is provided by a diesel generator,
so converting the camp to solar and PV will reduce KIRC's need to purchase and
transport fuel, thus saving money and manpower.
KIRC is a state agency created by the Legislature when the island reserve was returned
to the state by the Federal government. The KIRC was initially funded by a small
percentage of the $400 million federal appropriation for the clean up of unexploded
ordnance. Made in payments over a number of years, THIS “KAHO`OLAWE
REHABILITATION TRUST FUND” WAS NEVER INTENDED – NOR WAS
EVER LARGE ENOUGH – TO SERVE AS AN ENDOWMENT TO
PERPETUALLY SUPPORT THE KIRC'S MISSION OF RESTORATION AND
MANAGEMENT OF THE FORMER BOMBING RANGE.
IN THE FINAL REPORTS TO CONGRESS BEFORE KAHO`OLAWE WAS
RETURNED TO THE STATE, IT WAS ACKNOWLEDGED THAT FEDERAL
SUPPORT WOULD BE LIMITED AND THAT STATE FUNDING WOULD
ULTIMATELY BE NEEDED.
Source: Ask the Mayor: Shouldn't the County Clean Up Kaho`olawe? MauiNow. July
5, 2015, accessed March 6, 2018 http://mauinow.com/2015/07/05/ask-the-mayor-
shouldnt-the-county-clean-up-kaho%CA%BBolawe

10. KAHO`OLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
RESTORATION PLAN – PERFORMANCE MEASURES
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
Topographical map of Kaho`olawe with traditional `ili subdivisions
Source: Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoolawe
Area Acres Area Km
Lua Makika 156 0.63
Pāpākā 1,443 5.84
Honoko`a 1,701 6.88
Hakioawa 2,283 9.24
Kanapou 2,511 10.16
Kealaikahiki 3,276 13.26
Kuheia-Kaulana 3,429 13.88
Ahupū 4,351 17.61
Kūnaka-Na`alapa 9,626 38.96
Kaho`olawe 28,776 116.46

11. KAHO`OLAWE CLEARANCE AREAS
Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission
Approximately 25% of the island remains uncleared
Uncleared areas include areas critically required for watershed development
The major cleanup effort begun by the U.S. Navy and its contractor Parsons-UXB at
the Tier II Level remains uncompleted
1,845 acres was designated by the U.S. Navy as “Risk Reduction Area” [Surface-
Exposed Ordnance cleared but scrap metal and other junk normally hauled away to be
left behind]
Recommendation
Senator Maize Hirono, Senator Brian Schatz, Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard and
Congresswoman Colleen Hanabusa network with immediacy at the Federal Level to
engage the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Department of Defense and the United States
Navy to complete clean up of Kaho`olawe and the entirety Kaho`olawe Island at the
Tier II Level to include the Risk Reduction Area and/or to match funds appropriated by
the State of Hawai`i.

12. SOILS OF KAHO`OLAWE – RESTORATION – DRYLAND FORESTRY
Andisols
An Andisol is a soil developed from volcanic ejecta such as ash, pumice, and cinder. The
clay minerals that weather from the ash (i.e., allophane and imogolite) are poorly
crystallized and thus amorphous in structure and have an extremely large amount of surface
area per unit of volume. These soils contain very large amounts of organic matter in the
surface “horizon” (soil layer); 13– 28 percent total organic matter is a common range. As
andisols become more weathered, they have a tremendous water-holding capacity.
They are considered light soils because they have a low bulk density (0.4–0.8 g/cm3),
and therefore they are generally easy to cultivate. The combination of good physical
properties (low bulk density, stable soil aggregates, high water holding capacity, and
good drainage) coupled with their naturally high organic matter content makes
Andisols generally highly productive soils. However, the aluminum and iron clay minerals
in Andisols have a very strong capacity to adsorb phosphorus (P, one of the essential plant
nutrients) and make it unavailable for plants; this process is especially pronounced in the
Andisols that occur in wet environments (>60 inches of rainfall).

13. Entisols
Entisols are poorly developed mineral soils with no distinct subsurface soil horizons. They
are either recent soils in the early stages of soil formation, or possibly old soils where the
parent materials have not been transformed by soil-forming influences. In Hawai‘i, Entisols
are commonly either sandy soils developed from coral limestone, found in low-lying coastal
areas, with a surface horizon rich in organic matter, or soils developed from alluvium in dry
areas. The Jaucas series is a common Entisol found near the shoreline of most of the islands.
It is a sandy soil with an organic-rich surface horizon, usually alkaline in pH, and
excessively drained.
Oxisols
Oxisols are highly weathered soils, low in fertility, that form under year-round hot tropical
climates. In Hawai‘i, these soils have formed from material weathered from basaltic lava and
are found, for example, in both low elevation, dry areas on Läna‘i and Moloka`i (25–30
inches rainfall) and in mountainous, very wet areas on Kaua‘i (100–200 inches rainfall).
Oxisols found at low elevations (<1000 feet) in areas with rainfall less than 25 inches per
year tend to be more fertile, with slightly acid to neutral pH, higher CEC, moderate levels of
Ca and K, and a relatively low P adsorption capacity.
Despite their low fertility, Oxisols have excellent physical properties. The oxide clay
minerals form exceptionally strong aggregates that behave like sand particles, allowing the
soils to drain water well and also support heavy loads even when they are wet. With the
addition of lime to raise pH and increase the Ca level, and application of sufficient amounts
of fertilizer, Oxisols can be transformed into very productive agricultural soils.
Vertisols
Vertisols are dark soils, rich in clays that shrink when dry and swell when wet. They
generally occur in relatively dry environments in lowland regions. During dry periods the
clay shrinks, creating deep, wide cracks, but when the rains return the clay rehydrates and
swells, closing the cracks. The high shrink-swell potential of Vertisols make them very
unstable soils not suitable for construction of buildings or roadways. These soils are also
difficult to cultivate because when they are dry they form large, hard clods that are
difficult to break apart, and when they are wet they are excessively sticky. The
Lualualei series, found on flat valley floors of leeward Kaua`i and O`ahu, is a good example
of a Vertisol. Despite their poor physical properties, Vertisols are very fertile, neutral
to alkaline soils capable of supporting good crop growth. Cultivation is possible in
conjunction with proper water management to control soil moisture. Their physical
properties can be improved by adding organic matter. [Emphasis Supplied]
Source: Soils of Hawai`i By J. Deenik and A.T. McClellan. Department of Tropical Plant
and Soil Sciences. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and
Human Resources (CTAHR), Cooperative Extension Service. September 2007, accessed
March 5, 2018 https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/SCM-20.pdf

14. DRYLAND FORESTS
Dry forests annually receive less than 50 inches of rainfall snd are most often located on Hawaii's
leeward coasts to mid-level elevation where rainfall is far less.
Restoration of dry habitat is a labor-intensive project. Once fountain grass has been
eliminated, native species are planted and often, irrigated to supplement natural
regeneration. As the natural system recovers, the work becomes less intensive. Firebreaks,
rodent control and fences that prevent grazing are also critical to protect a recovering forest.
Source: Hawaii's Dryland Forests. Ka`ahahui `O Ka Nāhelehele. http://www.drylandforest.org/what-
dryland-forest-1
___________________
WATER RESOURCES - KAHO`OLAWE
1. Geology and Ground-Water Resources on the Islands of Lanai and Kahoolawe, Hawaii.
By Harold T. Stearns, Senior Geologist, U.S. Geologic Service. December 1940.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources on the Island of Kahoolawe, Hawaii By Harold T.
Stearns. Pages 119 to 177 https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/stearns/Lanai_and_Kahoolawe.pdf
2. Water Resources of The Island of Kahoolawe, Hawaii. Preliminary Findings. U.S.
Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. By Kiyoshi J. Takasaki, USGS.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 1991.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4209/report.pdf
3. Monitoring Erosion on Monitoring Erosion on Kaho`olawe. Rainfall. U.S. Department
of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. By Scot Izuka, USGS. Presented at the Hawaii
Water Quality the Hawaii Water Quality Conference March 25, 2008, Updated August
22, 2008 https://hi.water.usgs.gov/studies/kahoolawe/pdf/kahoolawe.pdf
4. Streamflow, suspended-sediment, and soil-erosion data from Kaulana and Hakioawa
watersheds, Kaho`olawe, Hawai'i, 2006 to 2010. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S.
Geological Survey. By Scot K. Izuka, USGS and Lyman L. Abbott, Kahoʻolawe Island
Reserve Commission. 2010. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1182/of2010-1182.pdf
Hakioawa and Kaulana gulches were dry about 90 percent of the time during
the monitoring period; mean annual flow was 0.06 ft3/s at Hakioawa Gulch
gage and 0.01 ft3/s at the Kaulana Gulch gage. For the period when the
sediment gages on both gulches were operating concurrently (October 2007 to
September 2009), sediment discharge was higher from Hakioawa Gulch than
from Kaulana Gulch. The annual suspended-sediment loads for the concurrent
period averaged 1,880 tons at the Hakioawa Gulch gage and 276 tons at the
Kaulana Gulch gage.

15. Of the 77 erosion-monitoring sites in the Hakioawa and Kaulana watersheds,
50 had overall rates of change indicating erosion for the monitoring period,
ranging from –1 to –10 mm/yr and averaging –3 mm/yr. Seven sites had rates
of change indicating overall deposition, ranging from 1 to 15 mm/yr and
averaging 5 mm/yr. Twenty had rates of change below detection (less than ±1
mm/yr).
The average rate of change for the 26 sites in areas that have undergone
restoration by the KIRC was below the detection limit of the erosion-
monitoring method. In comparison, the 51 sites in nonrestoration areas
averaged –2 mm/y. Both of these averages, however, include sites that showed
overall erosion as well as sites that showed overall deposition.
The average rate of change was –1 mm/yr for both the 32 sites on rills and the
42 sites on interfluves; both categories include sites that showed deposition as
well as sites that showed erosion. All three sites on hummocks showed overall
erosion, with an average rate of –8 mm/yr. Both the Hakioawa and Kaulana
watersheds showed an average rate of change of –1 mm/yr, and both included
sites that showed erosion and sites that showed deposition.
For sites with negative rates of change indicating erosion, the average rate of
change during the monitoring period was –2 mm/yr in restoration areas and –3
mm/yr in nonrestoration areas. For sites with positive rates of change
indicating deposition, the average rate of change was 5 mm/yr in restoration
areas and 6 mm/yr in nonrestoration sites. The average rate of change for rills
was 1 mm/yr in restoration areas and –2 mm/yr in nonrestoration sites. The
average rate of change for interfluves was below detection in restoration areas
and –1 mm/yr in nonrestoration areas.
______________________
REDUCING EXCESSIVE SEDIMENTATION IN THE HAKIOAWA WATERSHED
OF KAHO`OLAWE BY RESTORING NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS
KAHO`OLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
KIRC Commissioners
Michele Chouteau McLean, Chairperson
Amber Nāmaka Whitehead, Vice-Chair
William J. Aila, Jr.
Noa Emmett Aluli
C. Kaliko Baker
Hōkūlani Holt
KIRC Executive Director
Michael K. Nāho`opi`i
http://www.kahoolawe.hawaii.gov/downloads/DOH3%20Trifold%20for%20MP.pdf

16. AIM
The Hawai`i Department of Health, Polluted Runoff Control Program (PRCP), has
granted Clean Water Act (CWA) section 319 funding to the KIRC to initiate erosion
control, reestablish native plant communities, and improve water quality affected by
the non-point source pollutant “excessive sedimentation”. KIRC project activities
will reduce the amount of sediment entering coastal waters, diminishing the
ecological impact to near-shore coral reef communities and maintaining and
improving their structure, thereby helping to ensure that our global waters are not
polluted.
CHALLENGE
The 109-acre project site is located in the Hakioawa Watershed; one of 24 watersheds
on Kaho`olawe. Digging is prohibitive, as removal of unexploded ordnance (UXO)
was conducted on the terrestrial surface only and still remains subsurface. Irrigating
newly planted vegetation is challenged by the island’s average annual rainfall of 10 –
25 inches due to its location in the rain shadow of Maui.
Monitoring project site progress includes measuring changes in native vegetation
cover and density, baseline photopoints, soil erosion rates and near shore ocean
sediment deposition. Data from a from a 2005-2010 Department of Health project
stream gage determined that the annual suspended load for the 766-acre Hakioawa
watershed averaged 1,880 tons.
This Project has been jointly funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(“Agency”) or (“EPA”) under Section 319(h) of the Clean Water Act, and the Hawaii
State Department of Health, Clean Water Branch.
[Emphasis Supplied]
LONG-TERM RESULTS IN WATERSHED RESTORATION TO BE STUDIED
GRANT FUNDS TO BENEFIT EFFORTS ON KAHO`OLAWE
By Chris Sugidono. The Maui News.
October 31, 2017, accessed March 6, 2018
http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2017/10/long-term-results-in-watershed-restoration-to-bestudied/
The Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission is working to further restore 100 acres in
the Hakioawa watershed. The project calls for planting 10,000 new native plants and
constructing 500 feet of soil erosion devices.
The commission eventually hopes the entire 766-acre Hakioawa watershed returns to its
dryland native forest origins. the only other dryland forest Abbott [could recall in
Hawaii was on the puna side of the big island.
It will take generations to restore the watershed considering about a third of the island is
bare soil that lacks organic matter or micronutrients.

17. MARCH 6, 2018
Kaho`olawe's path to restoration depends on appropriation decisions made
at the state Capitol. Funding to clean up the remaining 25 percent of the
island that the Navy didn't clear during their years-long, $400,000 million
clean-up is still in limbo.
The stars were all in alignment in 1994 for Kaho`olawe to come back and get
cleaned. We have to wait for those stars to get aligned again before we can
come back and do more cleaning.
The exact plans for Kaho`olawe continue to evolve, but one thing is for sure:
Major developments are out of the question.
Source: The future of Kaho`olawe: To become the state's first self-sustaining island
By Lacy Deniz. HawaiiNewsNow. March 6, 2018, accessed March 6, 2018
http://m.hawaiinewsnow.com/hawaiinewsnow/db_330510/contentdetail.htm?
contentguid=bCy2v1TQ
______________________
Sustainability is not simply a goal; it's a responsibility. Sustainability makes
sense for Hawai`i and the world. We are connected to everything that we do –
connected as a family, connected to our neighbors and connected to our
environment. Knowing this, we must go beyond merely caring for what exists
now. We must protect the environment for our children, for their future.
Governor David Y. Ige
THE PUBLIC TRUST
HAWAII STATE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE XI