Social Class From The Perspectives Of People Of Color,...

Social Class From The Perspectives Of People Of Color,...
Social Class in America
America is divided into groups based on many different characteristics. Some of those characteristics may include race and ethnicity, cultures, religions,
age, sexual orientations and genders. No matter which group someone defines with based on those characteristics, an individual will be labeled one
step further to fit into a social class. In America, the most basic structure of social classes is broken down into upper, middle, and lower class.
However, the perspectives of what each of those social structures looks like differs based on an individual's characteristics. This analysis will
examine the structures of the American social class from the perspectives of people of color, women, and gender orientation. Individuals who
represent the upper social class are privileged to more opportunities than those individuals who are categorized in the middle or lower social classes.
The upper social class consists of a surplus of money which in turn leads to many positive repercussions. Being categorized as wealthy contributes to
having better health care, having greater education opportunities, and never having to worry about where one will sleep at night or eat throughout the
day. Historically, the upper social class in American society has always consisted of mainly White individuals. According to Brannon and Markus
(2013) "race has been a device, a system of ideas and practices, used to establish rank among groups of people; to associate different
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The Dispossessed: What Is a Working Class?
What do you think of when you hear "working–class?" One perhaps might think of a specific race, gender, sexuality or a specific type of lifestyle. In
William Deresiewicz's "The
Dispossessed" aims to raise awareness to his audience that people of the working class still exist and should be recognized. His targeted audience
being the educated, younger generations of middle and upper class. Through the use of logic and building his credibility, Deresiewicz makes a
convincing argument about the way the working class has been neglected and forgotten. The intent of "The Dispossessed" is to convince the audience
that the working class still exists and it should still be recognized. Deresiewicz is targeting categories of class; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Working class is everywhere in the media and is often portrayed in the same way: with humor. Deresiewicz provides examples of popular shows such
as the Simpsons, Gilmore Girls, and Friends. This causes more appeal to the audience than if the author were to use shows that were not that
well–known. The audience is most likely familiar with these shows and it would help the reader understand more about what the writer was trying to
say about them. Deresiewicz is making the assumption that his readers are at least familiar with the presented shows if not a regular viewer.
Deresiewicz also mentions Million Dollar Baby, a recent very successful movie. When Deresiewicz uses up–to–date, popular media he is establishing
his credibility to the younger generations. What is the importance of the younger generation though? Perhaps it is to make them aware of their
surrounds so they are not ignorant. Another reason might be because they themselves may be effected by the recession. Even authors leave out the
working class. Deresiewicz presents the audience with several well–known authors that still talk about the working class. Toni Morrison for example
even discusses the fact that the recognition of the working class has depleted. "It was Morrison, in fact, who provided one of the most telling
indications of our loss of the working class as imaginative category." What Deresiewicz leaves out is that Toni Morrison was the

Saturday Night and Sunday Morning by Allan Sillitoe
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning is a novel following the rebellious life of twenty–two year old Arthur Seaton. Arthur spends his weekdays
working at a bicycle factory and relaxes on weekends with plenty of drinks while in the company of various lady friends. The novel was written by
Alan Sillitoe who came to be known as one of the "angry young men." This group of writers was a dominant literary force during the 1950s and was
immensely popular due to their accurate portrayal of postwar Britain and the working class. The angry young men produced a number of books
(amongst other things) expressing their contempt with the class system, postwar welfare state and the lack of class change post war, the disdain of
these issues are very prominent... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The frustration of not being able to climb any higher then the class born into is evident within Sillitoe's novel. The very title of the book gives readers
an insight into the life of a factory worker. Saturday night is a metaphor for the youthful times in life, when one went to work to earn money to have
more then a few drinks on the weekend and were spirited in their rebellious fight against the government; whereas Sunday morning is the acceptance of
their destiny, and a symbol of conformity. Stilltoe provides reader's a look into this metaphor right from the very beginning, when Arthur states "it was
Saturday night, the best and bingiest glad–time of the week, one of the fifty–two holidays in the slow–turning Big wheel of the year, a violent preamble
to a prostrate Sabbath." The reader is not aware of the double meaning of this sentence until the end when Arthur appears to be reformed of his
cheating rebellious ways and begins planning a wedding and future with Doreen. Saturday Night and Sunday Morning reveals almost nothing about
the upper classes. Arthur only refers to this class with words such as: them, those chaps and blokes with suits and bowler hats. The novel implies the
working class labours away during the week and relaxes on the weekend. This shows a clear divide amongst the classes and how there is no inter class
mingling. Saturday Night and Sunday

How The Social And Economic Class Structures In Anton...
Social and economic class divides are a common theme in Chekhov's works. If fact, social and economic class divides are a common theme in
everyday life; while modern–day America does not have the same codified and rigid class system as Chekhov's nineteenth century Russia, the reality
of class rears its head both in modern fiction, and in modern life. However, this paper will focus not on modern American class structures, but on
contem– porary Russian class structures as viewed through Chekhov's Enemies and The Death of a Government Clerk. These stories (written in 1887
and 1883 respectively) both heavily fea– ture the minutia of vertical class interaction in nineteenth century Russia. With The Death of a Government
Clerk displaying the rigid interactions within the government service, and Enemies showing the reader the less codified interactions between a
physician (a member of the working class) and a man of wealth. Through these stories Chekhov highlights the limited ways interaction can take place
between classes. In The Death of a Government Clerk we see the relationship between a clerk and a high ranking government official (a General in the
Department of Transportation). The story is short, in Norton & Co's Anton Chekhov's Selected Stories it is just under three pages long. And compared
to Enemies it is carries a sense of humor; it ends on the punchline "... Finding 0All translations/quotes are taken from Norton & Co's Anton Chekhov's
Selected Stories. 1 his way home

A Bar At Folies Bergere
In late 19th century Paris, cafГ©s–concerts (best described as "glorified beer halls" (Clark 206)) were a very popular destination for the people of
Paris. CafГ©s–concerts became an integral part of Parisian social life, as they were visited by hundreds of people each night, regardless of class. A
bar at the Folies BergГЁre became the topic of Edouard Manet's last painting, as Manet tried to portray the new, "modern" Paris, and the introduction of
mass production during this time. A Marxist art historian, T.J. Clark finds this particular painting important because it revealed a lot about the new,
modern Paris, and Manet's intentions with the painting. Clark focuses more on the emergence of the new social class during this time, and how this
affected the role of women in Paris. The painting, A bar at Folies BergГЁre, has historical significance because of how it depicts modernity in the
context of the emergence of a new social class (the petite bourgeoisie), the introduction of mass production, and the changing role of women.
Manet was well known for his paintings of "modernity", which tried to capture Paris during the late 1800's, revolutionizing painting during this time.
He wanted to capture "modern" life, and this is why he chose to do a painting about the Folies BergГЁre. CafГ©s–Concerts were considered very
modern for various reasons. They were described as being ordinary, yet successful. They allowed for the mixing of classes to occur. There was no
distinction in, who came

Social Class Structures During 19th Century France :...
Social Class Structures in 19th Century France: Impacted by Science and Technology
After the introduction of new science and technology in France, a transformation of the social class structure of the 19th century occurred. The idea
that this novel science and technology made a significant impact, the cause for the transformation, on social class structures after the Industrial
Revolution in France is debatable. The mere thought that science and technology having any negative impact would be harsh criticism of today's 21st
century thinking. In an era that revolves around a want for an endless cycle of information and socializing, the thought of science and technology not
being progressive and demoralizing is unheard of or denied. During the 19th century there was a push for progress or modernity– a transition from
agricultural work to industrial work– this gave birth to many reforms and revolutions amongst social classes. The Industrial Revolution had brought a
substantial improvement to the quality of life. To determine if science and technology had an influence on social classes, it is necessary to take into
account how the new and "improved" quality of life, capitalism, and determinants of social classes due to new innovations affected the European
people from the working class to the upper class. Using accounts found in diaries, letters, novels, and historical scholars ' work, this paper will
demonstrate the initial presumption of how science and technology, thought

Response To Rosemary's Flattery '
Rosemary's response to the shopkeeper's flattery shows that Rosemary needs attention and flattery to boost up her self confidence. Although
Rosemary knows the flattery might be insincere, she needs it and enjoys it. Rosemary likes this store because the shopkeeper gives her his
undivided attention. The shopkeeper makes Rosemary feel special and not insecure about her looks. The shopkeeper's flattery is because he knows
that she is wealthy and only wants to sell his items to who appreciate them, "I love my things. I would rather not part with them than sell them to
someone who does not appreciate them..." The flattery and compliments that she receives helps with her insecurity over her beauty. Rosemary invites
Miss Smith to dinner to show her own friends that she can be selfless and help others. This impression was not to help the poor lower class girl, Miss
Smith, but only performing this 'act of kindness' to better her image to others. She used Miss Smith to improve her image. Rosemary uses Miss Smith
to help herself by saying, "...afterwards to the amazement of her friends: 'I simply took her home... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Philip described Miss Smith by "...astonishingly pretty" and "...absolutely lovely." Since Miss Smith was in a lower class than
Rosemary, she assumed that she would be uglier than herself. The reader can tell that Rosemary was not happy when Philip told her that Miss Smith
was pretty by calling him an "...absurd creature!" Rosemary then envied Miss Smith because she was beautiful unlike herself. Even though Rosemary
had everything that all women would love to have, money, she didn't have the pretty looks. The dramatic irony in the story was that Rosemary never
realized that Miss Smith was pretty and was shocked when her husband told her, "Pretty? Rosemary was so surprised that she blushed. Do you think
so? I–I hadn't thought about

The 1944 Education Act and Its Ramifications to Date
The 1944 Education Act and its ramifications to date
The purpose of this essay is to identify the features of the 1944 Education Act and its ramifications. The state of education prior to the 1944 Act will
be mentioned and how it mirrored society as a whole. A critical appraisal of justifications for selection and comprehensivisation, as a successor to the
tripartite system, will be addressed. This paper will also provide an explanation of the selection process and the arguments and problems that relate to
it. I will be analysing the sociological ideas and will be discussing post war trends and events in Britain and education in particular and evaluating how
issues of ability, IQ, class, gender and or/ethnicity have affected change.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Few technical schools were established and the secondary modern became the cinderellas of the education service despite providing for the majority of
the school population."(Roger 1986: 3)
This extract shows that new system didn't manage to reduce the social division it merely replaced it with a newer form of social division.
The nature/nurture debate is neither unique nor particular to the 1944 Act, but it is something to be addressed. Nature, suggesting your intelligence is
inherited from your parents and nurture, the belief that learning is affected by the home and the school environment. Relating the debate to the 1944
Act, brings to our attention the difference in education between social classes. The upper and middle class children would have definitely had
advantage over the working class children, in terms of cognitive development, as their parents would have been well educated and able to pass on far
greater knowledge. They also would have had better living conditions and quieter homes to concentrate on homework. The working class tended to
have many children, shared bedrooms would have been common, which was not the ideal learning environment.
The philanthropic aspects of the act were very much linked to the Second World War. The generally poor fitness standards of the working class recruits
highlighted to the government that changes needed to be made. Free milk in schools, regular

The Effects of the Social Hierarchy on Beer: England...
The Effects of the Social Hierarchy on Beer: England 17–19th Century
Petition presented to the Parliament (England 1673): "Before Brandy, which is now become common and sold in every little alehouse had come
into England in such quantities as it now doth, we drank good strong beer and ale, and all laborious people (which are for the greater part of the
Kingdom) their bodies requiring after hard labor, some strong drink to refresh them, did therefore every morning and evening used to drink a pot of
ale or flagon of strong beer, which greatly helped the promotion of our grain, and did them no great prejudice; it hindereth not their work, neither did it
take away their senses nor cost them much money."[1]
Throughout England's history, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though this may seem irrelevant, in actuality it is very important, since it returned the lower classes back to consuming beer. Since the
higher classes could not control their drinking habits, they turned back towards beer as a solution to their problem. For they were seen creating
acts, which prohibited spirits and lowered the price of beer, as well as even reestablished the public houses to accommodate them with a place to
drink. In doing so, the upper class was not only able to control the drinking habits of the working class, but also reestablish beer itself. With this, it is
clearly apparent that the social hierarchy system in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is responsible for transforming beer into
the 'social drink' it is today. Up until and even at some points during the seventeenth century, beer was originally relied on in England as a staple part
of one's diet. Englishmen of every class were seen consuming beer, but the working class was particularly dependent upon it.[4] Since it is generally
assumed that most beer that was drank was small or weak, it has never been properly acknowledged for its importance as a

Class and Politics in Renaissance London
When Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker wrote their Roaring Girl in 1611, they based it loosely on Mary Frith, who was frequenting taverns
and playhouses in men's clothing in London and had to appear in front of the court. Moll is the name of half the prostitutes in London and in their
play; we meet Moll Cutpurse, the Roaring Girl. Dekker and Middleton use the unusual girl to criticize the London society. Moll goes between classes
to evaluate the people in London as is shown when she talks to Sir Thomas and Lord Noland, stating
When next, my lord, you spy any of one of those,
So he be in his art a scholar, question him,
Tempt him with gold to open the large book
Of his close villainies; and you yourself shall cant
Better than poor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, the writers might show their audience that in order to grow into an expert a thief was not that different from a university–schooled
person; both had to spend a long time to learn their "art", the art of thievery and the art of literary work. Moll conveys that to be good at stealing, the
person had to spend a long time of practicing, as well, just as the scholar who spend a lot of time reading and studying his books. Therefore, a thief is
not that different from a person of the upper class, even though the latter probably looks down upon the rogues.
Moll continues with that comparison when she says that thieves have to study in a book as well, when the literary rate was probably not that high
in the lower class. Yet she says to "open the large book / of his close villainies" (5.1.306), as if there was a large book similar to a textbook which
would contain all the secrets of stealing. The secrets are held close to oneself, so a personal relationship is implied as well. "Close" might also mean
that when people are pertaining in villainies acts, the way back into respectable society is closed to them. This does not mean only the people whose
occupation it is to steal, because together with the scholarly comparison Moll includes upper class and "learned" people as well. In addition, people
might be closed–minded and see the thieves only as scum of the city, when in reality there

George OrwellвЂ™s Down and Out in Paris and London Essay
George Orwell's Down and Out in Paris and London Days without food, nights without shelter and clothes without buttons are reality for homeless
people around the world. Many are incapable of escaping their poverty and can not seem to find a way out of their bleak oppression. The few that
do escape often help each other find a way to make their lives better and do not forget how to maintain friendships. George Orwell's novel, Down and
Out in Paris and London, displays the ability of those in poverty to escape their horrific lot in life through friendships and connections. The common
goal of shelter and freedom from oppression bonds many of the lower class. Many in poverty work together to find the best means to achieve their
common... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Boris, Orwell's Russian acquaintance, is no better off than Orwell, but when Orwell and Boris bond together, they are able to cope with poverty
together. In fact, when Orwell locates Boris, he is in such a weak and emotionally distressed state that Orwell, "hurried downstairs and bought a
loaf of bread" (28). Orwell, who already has very little money, shares what he has with Boris in an attempt to support a fellow member of the lower
class. After this incident Boris and Orwell are allied in the search for jobs. In the quest for jobs, Boris and Orwell trek across Paris together to
apply for employment. Boris often hinders Orwell because of his limp that often prevents them from finding occupations. However, Orwell does
not leave his friend. Boris also uses his connections to find jobs for both himself and Orwell. Neither Boris nor Orwell gives up, "Oh, we shall find
something" (29), because they support each other both physically and mentally. Even when Orwell is in a tight bind for money, he asks Boris, "to
let me share his two francs" (38). However, because Boris has no money, they both decide to pawn their overcoats. They work out plans together and
help each other figure out the best way to make money. Orwell and Boris feel comfortable asking each other for support and are able

The Communist Manifesto Marx And Engels
For Karl Marx, the analysis of social class, class structures and changes in those structures are key to understanding capitalism and other social
systems or modes of production. In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels comment that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history
of class struggles. Analysis of class divisions and struggles is especially important in developing an understanding of the nature of capitalism. For
Marx, classes are defined and structured by the relations concerning (i) work and labour and (ii) ownership or possession of property and the means of
production. These economic factors more fully govern social relationships in capitalism than they did in earlier societies. While earlier societies
contained various strata or groupings which might be considered classes, these may have been strata or elites that were not based solely on economic
factors like that of priesthood, knights, or military elite.
Marx 's theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, argue that all society progresses through the dialectic
of class struggle. He was heavily critical of the current socio–economic form of society, capitalism, which he called the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
," believing it to be run by the wealthy middle and upper classes purely for their own benefit, and predicted that it would inevitably produce internal
tensions which would lead to its self–destruction and replacement by a new system,

Survival of the Fittest
Survival of the fittest. This idea, also known as Darwinism, was theorized by scientist Charles Darwin to explain the evolution of animal species. In
the late 1800s, however, the idea of Social Darwinism emerged and applied the same concepts of Darwinism but on humans not animals. As defined
by the dictionary, Social Darwinism is a belief, popular in the late Victorian era throughout the world, which states that the strongest or toughest
should survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die ("Social" 1). Science fiction writer H.G. Wells lived when
the ideas of Social Darwinism were at their peak. He was able to see firsthand what effects Social Darwinism had on the world, and he was by no means
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The narrator states, "The Time Traveller hated to have servants waiting at dinner" (13). The Time Traveller has servants, as if he were an Eloi.
Wells' too is an Eloi. Even though he was in the upper class, Wells was an outspoken socialist during his life. He saw problems in the capitalistic,
Darwinistic society in which he lived, and through "depicting the end of the world as being empty of human life, Wells is demonstrating the
ultimate failings of a Capitalistic society" (Parrington 9). In Wells' mind, Capitalism eventually causes the demise of humankind because of the
inevitable division of society it creates. In the end, there will be a major rift between the two classes: the pleasure seeking, leisure loving upper
class and the overworked, underprivileged working class. Wells grew up surrounded by those he most despised and has an "ambivalent attitude
towards the leisure and proletariat classes" (Hennelly 1). Before he became famous for his science fiction novels, Wells had trouble gaining
acceptance from the upper class society because he lacked the credentials and success to enter (Costa 12). Knowing this explains why Wells
welcomed a socialistic society void of rigid class structure. After examination of Wells' life, it is now easy to see why he has such apathy towards
Social Darwinism. Furthermore, examination of The Time

The Industrial Revolution's Influence on European Society
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the Industrial Revolution in Europe had a significant influence on society. There were many
changes in social classes and equality. The rise of the middle class had a momentous effect on the population of Europe and was a catalyst for many
changes in the social makeup of the region. The influence of technology and electricity changed many aspects of social interaction and created a new
class system. The migration of workers and the separation of the classes had political and social repercussions throughout Europe. Labor unions and
political parties provided protection and a voice to many of the working class, and urbanization provided the stage for reformers to push for modernized
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another by–product of the migration and urbanization was the changing role of women. As the women left the rural areas where they had been the
maternal leader of their families, they sought employment in the new factories. Despite the new working women they remained "second–class citizens"
throughout Europe. Regardless of their social class or setting, women remained marginalized in society. In the nineteenth century, women "faced social
and legal disabilities in three areas: property rights, family law, and education" (727). As workers and unions sought a voice for the masses, women,
too, were seeking equality.
As women sought equality, the nations of Europe gradually turned to democracy and an electoral system. With the democratic philosophy, political
parties were being introduced for the first time. Political parties were organized to help educate the new voters because many of the working class
were not educated on the process. As the political parties grew, the working class became the largest sect of voters. The political parties also provided
a spring–board for the socialist party. The ideas of socialism were rooted in the vision of equality for the working class. The utopian view of all classes
sharing across the European continent by the socialists was not shared by many of the nationalist. European socialists "badly underestimated the
emotional drawing power of nationalism" (738). The

English 101
Education. Why is it such an easy word to understand but such a tedious task to accomplish? We come from a society that hands out education easily,
however that education comes with a price. Jean Anyon explains this process through her research in From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of
Work. Anyon dissects the socio–economic class that determines the types of instruction students receive. Through her research one can compare her
findings to Mike Rose's narrative, I Just Wanna Be Average, to be true and insightful. Rose speaks of his high school life as an underachiever as well
as his ability to break free from the mold that he was once placed in. Comprehending both Anyon and Rose, I, myself, have come face to face with the...
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MacFarland demanded respect and it was given as Rose writes, "Though a lot of guys groused in the schoolyard, it just seemed that giving trouble
to this particular teacher was a silly thing to do... it came to this: the troublemaker would look foolish rather than daring" (165). Rose also
explained that he wasn't disciplined properly in the vocational program, whereas MacFarland prepped his students to focus on college to the point
of helping them with their entrance paperwork. This is another example how the executive elite class teachers inspire their students to go beyond
their limitations. As limits go, I realized they existed in 1984 when I had to suffer through Sister Barbara's 8th grade English Class at St.
Stephens. Our class of 64 was divided into two groups, the working class and the executive elite. There was nothing in between. One either had it
or didn't. I obviously didn't have it. The executive elite class had options to work in teams and come up with brilliant stories to read to the class. In
the end, the group with the best writings received candy treats as prizes. Candy treats still rings in my ear and that is where it stayed. Our sad
working class group was uninspiring and restricted to working alone at our desk with no treats in sight. Sister Barbara thought it would be a good idea
for us working class students to journal our

Social Generation And Social Class
The problems of today's youth can be viewed through the lens of social generations and social class. Social divisions and inequalities have plagued the
youth. With increased challenges being faced, the social division and inequalities between generation and within generations have continued to grow
and change the social structure of the society. The notions of generation and class help us view the problems from varied perspectives, however both
theories present their own limitations.
This social changes in the society and the affect on youth can be well understood by the concept of social generation. While there is no universally
accepted definition of 'Social Generation' it can broadly be understood as cohorts of people who share the same fundamental cultural, economic and
social experiences which ultimately sculpt the mentality and opportunities presented to them, separating them from the previous generations.
(Woodman & Wyn, 2014) However, generations cannot be limited to a homogenous grouping of people who are born in the same year or generation
of kin, rather more on the subjective dimension of 'experience'.
Social Class can take up several contextual meanings, however most of the literature on social class stems from either the Marxist or Weberian
approaches. While class predominately refers to 'graduation based on material conditions', (Jones, 2001) the Marxist theory views class as the
interaction and structures of political and economic power in a society,

Critical Analysis on a Tina Modotti Photograph Essay example
Critical Analysis on a Tina Modotti Photograph Tina Modotti was from a very poor working class society. She was brought up in the northeast part of
Italy, in Udine, Friuli. She was born at the tail end of the industrial revolution, in 1896. However, you could say, by all means, that her village hadn't
changed the slightest since the seventh century. She lived vigorously throughout her childhood, working endless hours in a silk–textile factory to earn
a cash flow and to support the family through starvation. After their father had abandoned them when Tina was twelve and fled to America, the land of
dreams, to repeat, Tina was the family's sole breadwinner, and played an essential role in the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the texture and even the tone had a great deal of contrast in the photograph. Again, there is evidence of a extremely rough background and
very rugged working class hands. The rough puppeteer hands represent the government, you could say she uses the rough hands to symbolise
masculinity, power and even toughness. Moreover, the other hand is similar, however, there are differences. It represents the citizens; it is feeble,
strangled in wire and being controlled by the other hand, the 'government'. To conclude, the textures play a key role in the development of the idea of
power, as well as the contrast in lighting. Tina Modotti grew up in an extremely marginalised and poor environment. The way the government didn't
help her family during their rough periods and suffocating them in to labour would have been one of the several reasons that influenced her. Equally
important, her personal experiences of constant labour and hunger would have made her come to the conclusion of disliking the government. In my
opinion, the way the government had no control over her dropping out of school and letting her go into child labour would have influenced her to
produce works that comments on marginalisation in society, the depression and the repression of working class

Cultural Differences In Political And Cultural...
Cultural comparison between France and Germany
European French and German don't look different regarding culture, personalities. First of all: French is (partly) a Mediterranean country, this has a
huge difference on the personalities culture, etc. Mediterranean countries and people tend to share a lot in culture temperament etc. Also, French is
a strong Latin influence, as a former part of the Roman empire sprawling from Egypt and Minor Asia to England. This does make a difference while
Germans do also have been part of the Roman Catholic world for ages, they do have a different level of integration with this distinct Roman culture
that shaped the western civilization. French is seemed to be a little bit more approachable (although with the barrier of language) on average from
most Germans (HuwaГ« & Schaafsma, 2017). Not so direct or easy going but again they do have a Mediterranean "flavor" on them. Similarly,France
maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates
assessments of France's religious composition while Germans have Roman Catholic 29%, Protestant 27%, Muslim 4.4%, Orthodox Christian 1.9%,
other 1.7%, none or members of unrecorded religious groups 36%
2. Highlight the differences in political/religious opinions, conflicts, and contributions on a national/international level.
The relationship between these two neighbouring countries is

What are Dystopian Novels?
Dystopia is common theme which dates hundreds of years in literature worldwide. Dystopian novels and short stories often depict a society
repressed by a totalitarian government which comes to power after a cataclysmic occurrence, wielding unforgiving power and control over
inhabitants for their own good. These dystopias are often perceived by the average citizen as a normal or unavoidable way of life, sometimes even a
better way of life, yet there is often a single person or group of protagonists who question the justification of such living arrangements and threaten
upheaval of the utopia sold by the ruling class. Dystopian work is often an overt commentary on "social and political structures" ("Utopian") present at
the time of their... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite Roth's commentary on social stratification, Divergent feels less like a dystopian allegory and more like teenage angst with a bit of romance
and lots of violence thrown in. There is little reference to social or political strife (Erudite seems to want control simply for the sake of being in
power, not because of misgovernment by Abnegation), and no real exposition to show how greatly the dystopian society of the future is different
than the society of today. The novel neglects to explore the causes of the Great War (an important factor to the birth of a factionalized society) and
fails to plausibly convey how such a political and social system could exist 100 years without confrontation and uprising. Why would each faction
cede power to one other faction (effectively silencing their own voices) rather than opt for a government run by a council of equal number of

Marx 's The Marxist Theory Essay
In his introduction to the re–publication of Marx's book The Class Struggles in France, German social scientist and cofounder of the Marxist theory
Frederick Engels analyzes the revolution of 1848 and its consequences, discussing several ideas such as "the appropriation by society of the means of
production," the shift from violent revolutions to more pacific ones, and the importance of universal suffrage in achieving social reconstruction (12).
And by social reconstruction, Engels means the transfer of the means of production from the epoch's emergent and powerful bourgeoisie to the
disadvantaged proletariat. He explains that all social revolutions in European history have been violent and, almost as a rule, they have all resulted in
the replacement of one ruling minority by another. Engels believes that as soon as one minority was overthrown, another was born, remodeling "the
state apparatus in accordance with its own interests" (14). These revolutions appeared to be "representative of the whole people," but in reality, the
author argues, the illusion of the majority was the mere effect of the "passive, unresisting attitude of the majority" (14). Although Engels was
unequivocally a revolutionary, he also endorses many democratic ideas. The most prominent one is his perception of old–school revolutions, meaning
"the street fight with barricades," as obsolete and no longer the most viable path to social reconstruction; instead, he believes that the "passive defense,"
meaning

Class Dismissed How TV Frames The Working Class
Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818. He was a Economist, Philosopher and a Sociologist. Marx attained his PhD in Philosophy from the
University of Berlin in 1841. Among the various theories and concepts developed by Marx, his theory on the capitalist economic system along with the
concept of the base and superstructure is what he widely recognized by. Although Marx was born in a fairly wealthymiddle class family, Marx has
always questioned the capitalist system that is being utilized. More recently with the emergence of media, the capitalist system has been able
increase the gap between the poor and the wealthy. The documentary, Class Dismissed: How TV Frames the Working Class addresses the inequality
of the capitalist system with the aid of Marx's theory of capitalist, in addition to educating the audience of the dishonest techniques utilized by the
media to conceal this inequality (2005,Alper). The film, Class Dismissed: How TV Frames the Working Class, by Loretta Alper illustrates how the
media uses stereotypes in a humorous manner to gain viewers. The film is based on the 90's sitcoms. As described by the film, many of the most
memorable characters of these sitcoms are of the working class (2005). Furthermore it states that since we view television as a source of entertainment
not education, we are easily being subconsciously manipulated. Most if not all the sitcoms presented, showed the working class as buffoons. From
characters like Doug, from King of

Fascism and Communism were Centered on the Control of a...
Although both fascism and communism initiated in Europe and both extended their popularity in the mid–20th century, they had opposing thoughts
and principles. Fascism and communism were centered around repressive political systems founded on the control of a single leader. Communism is
built upon the theory of economic equality, however, fascism is focused on the glory of the state and strength is shown by violence and conquest. The
definitions, political and economic systems, ideas, and the social structures are unique differences of the two. Communism is defined as a theory or
system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, with actual ownership ascribed to the community or state. Fascism is
interpreted as a government system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly oppressing opposition and criticism, regulating all industry and
emphasizing an aggressive nationalism. Although the two were both originated in Europe, fascism and communism are two completely separate
ideologies. Communism's political system is known to have not one leader and focused directly on the people. This political system has never
essentially been practiced; it has just used a one–party system. Fascism's political system has one charismatic leader has complete authority which is
often the symbol of the state. In communism, the means of production are held in common, negating the idea of ownership in capital goods, while in
fascism, they focused on

A Bar At The Folies Bergere Essay
A Bar at the Folies–BergГЁre was one Manet's last pieces and was part of the avant–garde and Impressionists movement into modernism. He was
inspired by Gustave Courbet's realism and how he approached modernism with the working class like his piece The Stone Breakers. He also wanted
to rise to a challenge from an argument made in Charles Baudelaire's essay "The Painter of Modern Life" to be "painters of contemporary manners . .
. using both modern subjects and new approaches to seeing and representing the visual world." He often painted controversial pieces like Le
DГ©jeuner Sur L'Herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass) and Olympia to shock the bourgeoisie with subject matters that were considered immoral to the
art world showing the reality of society during that time. While painting this, he was incredibly ill with syphilis thus A Bar at the Folies–BergГЁre was
his last major piece to be completed and hung in the Salon.
Just like his major pieces, he is also demonstrating modernism by having a working barmaid at the Folies–BergГЁre as the focal point of the piece
(Fig. 1). Unlike his piece Olympia, Manet painted the barmaid with softer strokes instead of intense lining of the body, yet she still has that pale tone
with some pinkness in her cheeks. While the Folies–BergГЁre was a place of entertainment, her gaze is rather a look of boredom or aloofness perhaps
to show that she is not fully part of the bourgeoisie. Because her dress, it makes her class ambiguous and possibly a

Social Stratification According to Marx and Weber
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into divisions of power and wealth within a society. Social stratification relates to the
socio–economic concept of class, consisting of the upper class, middle class, and lower class. Each class may be further subdivided into smaller
classes through the main indicator is occupation. This is the most practical and most effective means of encompassing the wide variety of economic
and social elements that go to make up a person's class through their education, status, income and power. Evidence shows that wealth is distributed
unequally and that incomes vary from small to huge. The old idea of Britain's class structure was comprised as a triangular shape; with increasing...
However, this suggests that Britain's class structure is becoming fragmented.
On the other hand, Weberians suggests that the middle class is fragmented into competing status groups for example, professionals and managers.
Zweig (1961) argued that a section of the working class has adopted the economic and cultural lifestyle of the middle class, the embourgeoisement
thesis. Since the 1960s, skilled manual workers have seen an improvement in wages and better living standards, often exceeding those of some of the
middle class. However, despite big improvements in living standards and lifestyles, there are still differences that separate affluent manual workers
from the middle class which suggests that embourgeoisement has not occurred. For example, their high wages were only obtained through overtime
and shift working. Also, lack fringe benefits and have limited promotion opportunities. This was shown in Goldthorpe and Lockwood's famous study
of a car factory in Luton (1969). However, they argue that there was signs of convergence between working class and middle class lifestyles, but
concluded that, rather than an increase in the middle class, what had emerged was a new working class. Therefore, shows that the working class have
fragmented into at least two different ways, firstly the traditional working class, in decline and typically situated in the North of England. Secondly, a
new working class found in the newer

The Comparison of Marxists and Elitists Accounts of...
The comparison of Marxists and Elitists accounts of political power.
In this essay we will try to compare the Marxists and the Elitists views of political power and what makes these views different. Before we start
analyzing it should be remarked that the Elitists approach is closely connected to the works and ideas of Gaetano Mosca, Roberts Michels and C.
Wright Mills and the founder of such an approach to studying political power (W. Pareto), who opposed his ideas to those of Marx and Gramsci.
Therefore, there is a conflict of ideas, which is to be unveiled in this essay.
Firstly, Marxists approach to political power is to be briefly overviewed. The cornerstone of all Marx's work is the base–superstructure model–every
aspect of his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This idea reminds of the Nietzsche's Ubermensch, who is the one to power the others. The similarity of these ideas lies in the fact that in Elitist's
theory they assume that all people are not created equal: some are stronger, more intelligent, more artistic, etc. Of course, not all abilities lead to
economic wealth or political power–however, those people who have the most of the particular abilities which a society rewards become the political
elite. Here we can draw a line to cross out Marx's idea that people are born equal and the only thing that makes them different is being attributed to
certain social class and therefore, there personal characteristics defer the social structure–the economic structure. Another Elitist Gaetano Mosca
proposed the idea that there is a ruling elite, so–called "Classe Politica" (political elite) and "Social forces"–those social and economic categories on
whom the society depends on because of their particular abilities. In other words, not the whole layer of elite actually rules–political power is the
representative one–social forces have a major influence in them. Moreover, political elite are also the representatives of the masses– all elites stabilize
their rule by making it acceptable to the masses. This is achieved by "political formula", e.g.:

Advantages And Disadvantage Of Supermarkets
Nowadays we could easily find minimarkets in Surabaya. As we can see, in one area we can find 4–5 minimarkets. We are walking 100m and then we
will find Indomaret, walk again slightly we will find Alfamart and others minimarkets. According to Businesstempo.com Government of Surabaya
has saved 667 name of minimarkets in Surabaya. The details are 234 Alfamart, 293 Indomart, 3 AlfaXpress, 9 Rajawalimart, 7 Superindo, 42
Alfamidi, 15 Circle K, and 64 others. So many minimarkets near from our house appear due to increasing community needs. Not only primary needs
like rice, shampoo, soaps and foods, but also we can find in Minimarket nowadays to fulfill our secondary needs like refil the phone credits, top up
E–toll card, pay the electricity bills and even in Minimarkets we can buy ticket for plane, trains, bus or travel. In addition, products in minimarkets are
more complete, we can find so many various items in there so that many people support the existence of many minimarket. The number of minimarkets
also bring good economic effects... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to cekgajipegawai.com,one minimarket need more or less 10–15 employees. They can be a manager, IT supervisor, Tax staff, cashier ,
trainee and many more .We can imagine how many people can work in minimarkets. There are arround 6670 people total in general who are
working in the area of minimarkets. For example, the men who have more power can be a warehouse demolisher, they also can be carrier services
for supply all things that minimarkets needs and the women can be a cashier or administrator in minimarket. In outside area, minimarkets give a
little bit of land ( in front of minimarkets) to lower class people to open a mini stall like kebab corner, juice and snacks. It really helps the lower class
society to get an job easily, because as we know, working in Minimarket as employee does not need to have a high

вЂљГ„ГІMarxism Is No Longer Relevant to Our Understanding of...
In order to answer the question, the terms Crime & Deviance must firstly be defined. Crime is an act against the Law (robbery, murder etc), thus the
act is known as illegal, whereas Deviance is an act that is not against the Law but an act seen as 'abnormal' and going against the norms & values o f
Society, such as cross–dressing etc. Marx developed the idea of Marxism (a conflict theory between Upper and Lower social classes) in the 18th
Century, when social classes were very clearly defined– the 'Bourgeois' and the 'Proletariat'. For this very reason, what is known as 'Traditional
Marxism' is now quite evidently outdated, mainly due to the emergence of the 'Middle Class' throughout the 20th Century and the 'Digital Revolution'
also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
will shape public opinion of a crime and as a result, how a victim sees that crime. Relative deprivation is a crucial concept to Left Realism, and is
perhaps the most easily identifiable Marxist idea in Left Realism. Relative deprivation is not the deprivation of money etc. but being deprived of
something to which one believes oneself to be entitled to have, and Left Realist's believe it is relative, not material deprivation that causes crime,
and following the Idea of Merton's strain theory, people commit crime to gain what they think they are deprived of. Young began the idea of a
'Bulimic Society', where expensive products, obtainable easily only by the upper classes and presented daily and rigorously presented to the working
class via the Media. Therefore, the Media is seen as the fuel to relative deprivation, and consequently the root of crime and deviance within Society.
Like all theories, Left Realism has its share of criticisms, such as ignoring white–collar crime, overzealous in their predictions of the level of crime and
over–reliance on Victim Survey's, which are too subjective to be taken as concrete data. Left Realist's also has its criticizer's, such as the Right
Realist's, who believe economic and social factors i.e. class conflict, don't cause crime, but cultural factors are to blame (instant

Social Classes : Comparative Sociology
Social Classes: Comparative Sociology In this paper I will contrast how Marx and Weber understood the undergirding social dynamics of capitalist
society. Whereas Marx look at social classes and class struggle, Weber focuses on different spheres of status, class situation, and power group
(being associations of people that tried to influence social actions). Durkheim, a structural functionalist, argued everything in society exist for a
purpose, and that society is bounded together by ideas and social unity, what he calls: social solidarity. Weber focused on rationality and
bureaucracy, he believed they were key elements of modern society and saw as central to their functioning the way in which people felt in their
living situation. Marx, with a very different approach, looked at how capitalist came into being with a dominant class owning the means of
productions, and a working class being compelled to selling its labor. Each of these school of thoughts have been picked up by sociologists in later
era and form their own branches. With each focusing on different aspects of society, we can look at the tension between these schools of thought. As
diverse as the theories are, there are still shared aspects but with different understandings/ arguments. For this paper, I 've chosen the concepts of social
classes and class struggles from Marxian, and ideas on status and class situation in Weber, and also explain my own particular view on how these help
us understand modern society.

How Social Class Affects Health
All over the world status hierarchy and social class are a common concept of how well we live our lives, however they affect our lives more than we
think. Social class can affect many things such as education, opportunities presented to us, economic factors, and even our health. Recently
socioeconomic status effects on health has become a more popular topic of discussion but is nothing new to researchers. "Research on socioeconomic
inequalities in health in the UK has a long history. In the early part of the 20th century the British government introduced questions on occupation in
the decennial census. This allowed researchers to examine health outcomes by social class." (Knott, Dr Laurence). Researchers have discovered social
class can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social class is determined by many things such as status, culture, employment, background, and wealth, along with other factors. Being in a certain
class affects your health and even the type of health care you receive. Males in a higher social class live on average 9 years longer than males in more
deprived areas or lower social classes and are in "good health" for 85 percent of their lives compared to 70 percent (Knott, Dr Laurence..). I believe
social class affects health because of things such as living conditions, lack of resources for health care and education, and that lower class people
prefer and are fine with less healthy lifestyles. People in higher classes are usually very successful and motivated in most aspect of life while
people in lower classes may not be. I don't think there is much we can do to resolve this problem as most of these problems are dependent on each
person's life choices and not much will change if we cannot fix this problem. Why social class has such a big on health will always be a question and
I dont think theres an exact answer for it.
There are believed to be many reason why social class affects health. One of these reasons are the bad habits or addictions that are associated with the
lower class. One of the biggest habits or addictions most commonly associated with the lower class is smoking. An article from the Journal of Health
Care for the Poor and Underserved (Levinson, Arnold H. )Is

Case Study: Precis Petite
Precis Petite
Initially owned by William Baird in near the beginning of 1990's, Precis was created on the principles of petite tailoring against the scaled down
versions of costly high street fashions. The Precis collection targets the flawlessly proportioned 5ft 3" figure and in its 20 year history has
improved its designs to make what is today, a compilation of unique garments in bold prints and on a outstanding colour palette. It was the foremost
in its field to create a collection only catered for the petite market, Precis is a believed favorite for women who want to look stylish and feel positive
in their petite frame. Precis Petite was the primary brand to have the exclusive idea of creating an assortment purposely for women 5ft 3in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
We at couponcodes.co.uk always keep an eye on our customers' needs and them we are giving very good discounts via our coupon codes. To
redeem these discounts you just need to go to the website www.couponcodes.co.uk and select your coupon code & follow the given instructions.
Utilize that coupon code when you will make your final payment by just pasting that code in the given column that will show on your screen. We
understand that paying as per the listed prices is not easy for everyone, not everyone's cup of tea. By keeping this in mind we have make your buy
easy with our coupon codes. All the coupon codes are accessible on our portal are valid and genuine and you can direct search for a particular
coupon code which will redirect you to the website. Till now many buyers have been benefitted by using the services for our Precis Petite
Promotional Codes and in case you have not used it yet, then we advise it to use as soon as possible and get

Sociology
>
>Introduction
> The sociological perspective is described as seeing the general in the particular. In this essay I will attempt to apply the sociological perspective to
analyze song lyrics from the first verse of the song My Block by Tupac Shakur (see appendix for lyrics). Tupac (1971–1996) is the most famous
gangster rap artist of all times. He was well known for his lyrics and their ability to express the grief of the Black community. He was an advocate
for Black rights and very much against the societal system and class societies. Many say he exaggerated the conditions under which the Black
community and the lower class were in because he was a wealthy man rapping about suppression. To other's he was part of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If this form of authority is not applied, society may be forced into a state of anarchy, which is a result of anomie in individuals. Anomie as
described by Emile Durkheim as a feeling of normlessness which is a result of detachment from the rest of society. Therefore, the application of
authority in the form of laws and legislations is perceived as a norm, and it is the societal norm to abide by the authority. However, if we consider
that authority is a construct of the bourgeois class then we can see how authority, though a tool meant to keep society from a state of anarchy, is just a
way of keeping individuals in a state of silence.
>Different ideas–One people
> Tupac's main target audience is a sub–culture of the larger Black community. "Subcultures are distinct from the larger culture but borrow (and often
distort, exaggerate, or invert) its symbols, values, and beliefs" (Concise Oxford 650 ). In Tupac's subculture, they distort the belief that all the members
of the larger Black community are negatively affected by the use of authority and other forms of social control; therefore creating a misrepresentation.
However, one may argue that this sub–culture arose from the Black community to serve as an ambassador on the radical level of the social tug of war.
The Oxford Dictionary of Sociology states that:
> subcultures can arise as forms of symbolic resistance within

Class Struggle Explored in House of the Spirits and Uncle...
The House of the Spirits and Uncle Vanya are two famous international literary works written within a century of each other. Despite the differences
in time periods of which the two works were written, they both seem to convey the literary theme of class struggle between the poor lower class and
the rich upper class elites. Both elaborate on the feelings of resentment and regret as a result of the hardships of life around them as demonstrated
through hidden historical connections, literary devices such as parables and themes, and love reminiscences. Since the beginning of civilization, class
struggle has existed not only as a result of economic conditions but societal conditions as well (Thirteen Notes on Class Struggle for Discussion)....
There was the upper elite class of government officials, the middle class, and the serfs. If one was not in the upper or middle class than life was
miserable. A lot of citizens had to make sacrifices just so that they could continue to live in the meager existence that life afforded. There was no
place to go other than down and no opportunities to better themselves as an individual. Chekhov lived in a place where people often became
depressed, bitter, and filled with enmity (Chekhov 60). Just as individuals in House of the Spirits had to struggle against their government to survive
and increase their standard of living so did the people in Uncle Vanya. Likewise, both Esteban Trueba and Vanya made sacrifices in their lives for love
as a result of the stigma of social class. Esteban fell in love with Rosa the Beautiful, daughter of a senator. Since he was below her station and could
not possibly have been able to provide for her in the way that she was accustomed to, he went to work as a mineworker for several years so that he
would have enough money to provide a stable home for her and give her everything she desired (Allende 44). For years, Trueba worked in a mine he
hated and just when he had discovered something in the mine that would make him rich for life Rosa died. Her death would later cause him

Analysis Of A Bar At The Folies-Bergп
їЅre
A Bar at the Folies–BergГЁre (1882, oil on canvas, 96cm*130cm) is the painting that considered as the last major work of Edouard Manet. Edouard
Manet (1832–1883), a famous France artist whose paintings was taken for a mark of the beginning of modern art. Manet was good at depicting scene
and people from normal life by using his realistic and honest way. As the last large art work of Manet, A Bar at the Folies
–BergГЁre has its special
meaning of Manet– the conclusion in art of what he felt and saw before he passed away. The propose of this paper is to talk about two transitions that
shown in A Bar at the Folies–BergГЁre which are the moment before Manet's death, and the time when a new kind of social class appears–petite
bourgeoise. A Bar at the Folies–BergГЁre depicts a scene in the Folies–BergГЁre nightclub in Paris. The protagonist of the painting is a young woman
in the middle. She looks nearly 20 years old. The young woman looks like a salesgirl in this bar who has an oval face and long blond hair. two of her
hands support the marble bar, the expression on her face is somewhat sluggish, not like looking at the front, she seems straightly staring at the slope
below. She was in a daze, with a tried face. She is in a simple black dress with a square collar and two seven–point sleeve cuffs which decorated with
simple lace. There is a bunch of flowers in front of her neckline. The golden necklace and bracelet she wears look discord with her overall dressings. A
Bar at the

Similarites Between the Theories of Max Weber and Karl Marx
Max Weber and Karl Marx have often been regarded as influential theorists who both analyzed in how the society is constructed in relationship to its
economic conditions, more specifically on the division of labour. Both the labour and economics create a force on how societies are shaped and
because of that Weber and Marx each developed a unique theory on how individuals react and how societies are formed. Many individuals say that,
Marx and Weber both analyzed similar ideas however, they both had two very different perspective on it. The disparity between the two theorists was
not about the idea that division does not exist, but rather how society acknowledged and reacted to the division. Max Weber's theory is that capitalist
system is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"It does not matter whether these two categories become effective in the competitive struggles of the consumers or of the producers"(p.274). The
property owners are usually considered to be part of the upper class, has privileged access to sources and have control over the market, whereas,
individuals who fall under lack of property are of the lower–middle classes who provide work in the labour market and it is mandatory that they follow
societal rules by the ruling class. Weber did not strongly believe that class led to the uniformity in social action. (Social Action)
Weber did not perceive class and status to be defined as one, he argued that status groups meant communities. Status meant that any of the chances that
were provided to an individual was determined by status honor, this was the linkage to the type of life style an individual lived in. (Provide a quotation
on status honor). ** include the caste system**
Max Weber's main purpose of the theory goes on to explaining that, Class, Status, Party are what make up the structure of our society. Political power
is often based on class and status whereas parties are perceived to be constructed by power. Weber argues that modern society was not only dominated
by the owners of capital but also by those with political power.
Furthermore, Karl Marx's theory of Manifesto of the Communist Party argues about social

My Fair Lady Analysis
My Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical based off of a play called, Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw. Eliza Doolittle, who lives in London, is
not very educated and does not speak very good English. Professor Henry Higgins meets Eliza in a subway and proclaims that he could teach her
how to speak properly. Eliza agrees to let him teach her and she is taken to his home and is taught how to be proper and if she convinced Queen
Victoria that she belonged in the higher class then in return Professor Higgins would reward her with chocolates. Professor Higgins teaches Eliza
how to speak proper English by helping her with her pronunciation of several different phrases that would teach her how to speak properly so that
no one would know that she was not actually from a high class family. She goes on to perfect her speaking so that she could attend me the derby
for her first test. She does well but at the end she gets involved with the race and she ruins her cover and exposes herself. She goes on to continue
working hard to perfect high class tendencies. She, along with Professor Higgins, later attend the ball for her final test. She dances and talks
amongst the other guests and no one seems to see past Eliza's act. She convinces everyone except for Colonel Pickering, who insists that she is an
imposter. Eliza carries on as if she is who she is perceiving to be. She returns home with Professor Higgins and they all have a laugh about what had
happened at the ball except for Eliza

Outline and Assess Marxist Explanations of Crime
Outline and assess Marxist explanations of crime
Marxist and neo–Marxist approaches and explanations of crime are arguably some of the most controversial, for the reason that they state that it is the
ruling class that is responsible for criminalising the working classes, which goes directly against what official statistics and Functionalists believe.
However, Marxism and Functionalism do share a similarity in that both believe structures and institutions of society play a very important role in
determining how people behave, criminally or otherwise.
Marxist sociologists argue that in order to understand crime and deviance, one needs to realise that it is the nature of exploitative economic systems
that capitalist societies have in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Functionalists argue that it represents everyone's interest whilst feminists argue it represents men's interests.
The Neo–Marxist "new criminology" developed in the early 1970's is also key to understanding how Marxists explain crime. Taylor, Walton and
Young's work maintained that crime was best understood in the context ofcapitalism and the inequalities it creates. One way that the neo–Marxists
slightly differ with the traditional Marxist theories is that it says there is more freedom of choice that people have when choosing to commit crime
and people are not just puppets of the economy. Here it could be said that the Neo–Marxists are taking interactionist theories on board and are moving
away from the structuralist theories of traditional Marxism and Functionalism. With their book "The New Criminology" Taylor et al. attempted to
come up with a fully social theory of deviance and looked into the importance of the labelling of certain groups within society as being criminal, in
their case it was black working class men being labelled as criminal and dangerous by the law and order systems as well as the media. The book
analyses the crisis faced by British capitalism during the recession of the 1970's and the resulting threat to the authority of the state. It argues that the
state responded to this crisis by mounting a law and order campaign which lead to a moral panic over mugging. As a result, black youth became
increasingly

Social Stratification : Australia A Study Of Structured...
To account for the main causes of material inequality in Australia a study of structured social inequality must be conducted. This is known as
stratification, an important element of macrosociology. 'Social stratification refers to the systemic ways that groups of people are organised unequally
within a broad social hierarchy.' (Mayeda, 2007, p. 80) An important component of social stratification that is alluded to here by Mayeda is class. In
this paper three of the main causes of material inequality in Australia will be explored with reference to the historical and theoretical structure of social
stratification put forward by Karl Marx, one of sociology's founding members, who formed the view that class is one of the key elements in
understanding social stratification. The three main causes of material inequality in Australia that will be explored are education and employment, cost
of living and access to services.
Education and employment have been grouped together in this paper as they are inextricably linked. Low education levels result in unemployment and
therefore increase the likelihood of living in poverty. Families living in poverty cannot afford to better educate their children to give them a higher
chance of gaining employment and hence the cycle continues with the unemployed and working poor of the working class unable to give their children
higher education, allowing them to move up the class ladder. Australian Bureau of Statistics figures from 2009 show that

The Kushner 's The Flamethrowers We
In Rachel Kushner 's The Flamethrowers we are introduced to Reno, a woman in pursuit of a career as an artist. She grew up working class but
upon meeting the air to an industrialist fortune her societal status is flipped on its head. The theoretical concepts of Marxist criticism will be used
in order to analyze this novel. According to the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, Marxist criticism looks closely at a character 's economic
status or social rank and examines how character 's from different classes interact or conflict. Based on the concepts of Marxist Criticism it is clear
that Reno 's vertical class migration is the core cause of the social and economic plight she faces in the novel. Moreover, it is clear that Reno 's... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, nested in luxury with access to things that Reno could only wish for she finds the loft to be a "strange and magical chamber"(151). Reno's
new environment isn't comfortable for her, she was content in her previous residence. This discomfort can be traced back to Reno's
socioeconomic roots in the working class. Her parents lived modestly and made honest livings. It is interesting to note that it is brought up later in
the novel that Reno may not totally be comfortable with where Sandro's money has come from. She later describes Sandro's apartment as covered
in "the greasy residue of industrialism"(203). She finds that there is an inescapable and permeating air of dirty money in the Valera family. The
ride up the economic ladder that came with Reno's relationship with Sandro brought greater luxuries. Yet, in the end Reno has been raised as a
working class person and the new found lavishness is not true to who Reno is at her core. In addition to Reno's discomfort in her dwelling is her
fear of loss, as the novel progresses it is clear that Reno needs Sandro in order to progress as an artist. During their relationship Sandro has introduced
Reno to incredibly influential figures in the art world(). He has also financed Reno's art projects. On top of that Sandro has taken all financial burdens
off of Reno. She is so invested in this relationship that the financial

The Eighteenth Brumaire Of Louis Bonaparte Essay
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte was written by Karl Marx a few months after the December 1851 coup d'etat of Louis Bonaparte in
France. In this short text, Marx further examined the revolution of 1848 and the series of political reversals which eventually led to the coup. Marx
views the coup as a consequence of sharp intensifications of class antagonisms in modern bourgeois society, which is the central idea of the theory of
revolutionary change presented in the Communist Manifesto. Therefore, his analysis in the Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte allows us to
understand how his theory bears out in practice. However, in the latter text, Marx also made some adjustments to his theory. He went from a simple,
bifurcate model consisting of only a dominating class and a dominated class to a more sophisticated understanding where he identifies the subgroups
within the main groups, as well as the roles each of these factions played during the course of the revolution. In this paper, I will explain the
revolution theory proposed by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto, and how the theory was applied and adjusted in the Eighteenth Brumaire
to make concrete historical sense of the events happened during the years between 1848 to 1851. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx famously
claimed that "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle (Marx, p.219)." For Marx, the engine of history is the
productive power. In every society, there

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