1. CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.A City
3.Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient and Old Cities
4.Investigation & Data Collection:
Present Cities
5. Investigation& Data Collection:
Future Cities
6.The New “X” City-GALAXTY
7 .The Conclusion
2. Introduction
In this Element in Natural and Built Environment (ENBE)
Final Project, we are assigned to design our own ‘’better
future city”.which are sustainable. Before designing the new
city, students are required to differentiate and analyze the
different development of the built enviroment by looking at
the natural topography,landscape,space,building and
infrastructure.
The Project is split into two parts which is Part A and Part B
-Part A(individual,20%) :an A4 report and presentation slide
of both our understanding along with the proposed town.
-Part B (Group,20%) :Maximum of 3 A2 presentation board
and a physical model of the chosen town.
We will need to establish certain condition and rules as
follows;
-The size of “X”City Should be 20-40kilometer square
-The population in between 150,000-300,000
-The people of ‘X”City are Malaysian
-You should create a new name for “X”City
Besides that, students are required to investigate, collect
data and understand the type of city that our group have
selected.
Throughout the process of this project, we can understand
elements of natural and built environment better as well as
the symbiotic co-relationship of the elements.
3. 2. A CITY
2.1 What is a City
A city is a large and permanent human settlement.
Although there is no agreement on a city is distinguished
from a town within English Language,cities have been called
the highest form of social organisation which include
systems of sanitation,utilities,housing, and transportation.
2.2 What is the brief history?
In 1950 Golden Childen attempted to define a historic city
with 10 general metrics.[9] These are:
1. Size and density of the population should be above
normal.
2. Differentiation of the population. Not all residents
grow their own food, leading to specialists.
3. Payment of taxes to a deity or king.
4. Monumental public buildings.
5. Those not producing their own food are supported by
the king.
6. Systems of recording and practical science.
7. A system of writing.
8. Development of symbolic art.
9. Trade and import of raw materials.
2.3 What makes a good city
-Excellent public transport
-Public Infrastucture(public drinking fountain )
-Excellent parks
-Great clean public spaces
-well laid out neighbourhood
-Zones markes out for residential,commercial purpose
-less carbon emission
-sustainable environment
4. Zoning
Zoning describes the control by authority of the land use of
land,and the buiding thereon.Zoning is a technique of land-
use planning as a tool of urban planning used by local
goverments in most develop countries.Zoning may include
regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable
On particular lots such as:
-open space,residential,recreational,agricultural,commercial
or industrial
-densities at which those activities can be performed
-the height of building
-the amount of space structures may occupy
-the location of a building on the lot(set backs)
-the proportions of the types of a space on at lot
-greenspace
Components
i)Commercial
Commercial areas in a city can take up about 5% of a city’s
land.Eventhough these commercial activities use only small
amount of land, they play an important role to a
community’s economy.
-Office Complex
-Shopping malls
-Service station
-Restaurants
-Bank
-Sports arena
-Healthcare(Medical Centre,Pharmacy,Dentists.Vets)
ii)Open Space
In land use planning, open space is areas for “parks”, “green
space” and other open areas.The benefits that urban open
space provides to citizen can be broken into three basics
form:recreation,ecology and aesthetic value.
5. iii)Residential
There are different type of residential buidings such as:
-Apartment Block
-Asylum
-Condominium
-Duplex
-House
-Nursing home
-townhouse
-Villa
-Bungalow
Infrastructure
Transportation
i)Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations
including
-roads
-railways
-airways
-waterways
-canals
i)Public Transport consist of:
-buses
-trolleybuses
-trams
-rapid transit(metro/subways)
-taxi
-high speed train
ii)Human-Powered
Human powered transport is a form of sustainable
transportation such as walking,running and cycling
6. 3.Investigation & Data Collection
Ancient/Past Cities
1)Tenochtitlan/Mexico
What was significant about the city?
Tenochtitlan was an Aztec altepeti(city state) located on an
island in Lake Texcoco,in the Valley of Mexico.It was the
largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas.Tenochtitlan
covered an estimated 8 to 13.5kilometer square,situated on
the western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco.It was
connected to the mainland by causeways leading
north,south and west of the city.These causeways were
interrupted by bridges that allowed canoes and other traffic
to pass freely.The bridges could be pulled away, if necessary,
to defend the city.Besides, the city was interlaced with a
series of canals, so that all sections of the city could be
visited either on foot or via canoe.The city was divided into
four zones,each zones was divided on 20 districts and each
‘big house’ was crossed by streets.There were three main
streets that crossed the city,each leading to one of the three
causeways to the mainland .Surrounding the raised
causeways were artificial floating garden with canal
waterways and gardens of plants,shrubs, and trees. The ‘big
house’ were divided by channels used for
transportation,with wood bridges that were removed at
night.In the centre of the buildling were the public
builiding,temples and prostis.
What information will you consider for your ‘better’
city?
They did not have proper places to builf farms and gardens so
they made garden on platforms in the water called
chinmapas.Their road connected to the main land.
7. 2)Mohenjo-daro/Pakistan
Mohenjo-daro is an archeological site in the province of
Sindh,Pakistan, it built around 2600 BC.It was one of the
world’s earliest major urban settlements,contemporaneous
with the civilizations of the ancient Egypt,Mesopotamia and
Crete.Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout bases on a street
grid of rectilinear buildings. Most of that were built of fired
and mortared brick; some incorporated sun dried mud brick
and wooden superstructures.The area covered by the city is
estimated at 300 hectares.The estimation of peak population
is at around 40,000.The provision of public buildings and
facilitiesa and the sheer size of the city ,suggest a higher
level of social organization.The city is divided into two parts,
so-called Citadel and the Lower City.The Citadel- a mud-
brick mound around 12 meters(39ft) high is known to have
supported public baths,a large residential structure
designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large
assembly halls.The city had a central marketplace,with a
large central well.Individual households or groups of
households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste
water was channeled to cover drains that lined the major
streets.
CITY PLAN
8. THE COURTYARD HOUSE
The house was planned as a series of rooms opening on to a
central courtyard providing an open space inside for
community activities.
There were no openings toward the main street – only rathr
small openings to the side streets. . Brick stairways provided
access to the upper floors or rooftop gardens. The houses
are believed to have flat, timber roofs. Houses built with a
perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by a
narrow space of land. There were just a few fairly
standardized layouts, perhaps an indication of a fairly
egalitarian society. But not all houses had two stories and
only the larger houses have their own wells. There are also
rows of single-roomed barracks, perhaps for singles,
soldiers or slaves.
9. Almost every house had a bathroom, usually a fine sawn
burnt brick pavement, often with a surrounding curb.
Waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the
major streets. First floor bathrooms also built. There is also
evidence of vertical drains which were probably their toilet.
The house drains start from the bathrooms of the houses
and join up to the main sewer in the street, which was
covered by brick slabs or corbelled brick arches. On the
streets we can find manholes for cleaning; some drains flow
to closed seeps, others flow out of the city.
What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city?
The Drainage system they apply in the city.
10. 4)Investigation &Data Collection
Present Cities
1)Venice,Italy
Venice has been known as the “The Floating City” .Venice is
built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by 177 canals
in a shallow lagoon,connected by 409 bridges.In the old
centra ,the canals serve the function of roads ,and almost
every form of transport is on water or on foot.Venice is
Europe’s largest urban car-free area.The classicals Venetian
boat is the gondola which is now mostly used for tourists or
for weddings tp cross the Canale Grande in the absence of
nearby bridge.The main public transportation are motorised
waterbuses which play regular routes along the Grand Canal
and between the city’s islands.Venice is serviced by regional
and national trains which can connect the city to Rome and
Milan.Venice is also served by the Marco Polo International
Airport which is possible to reach by public transport.
What information will you consider for your ‘better’
city.
Zero Carbon emission from motor car because almost every
form of transport in on water or on foot.
11. 2)Amsterdam, Netherlands
Amsterdam is located in the western Netherlands,North
Holland.The river Amstel terminates in the city centre and
connects to a large numbers of canals that eventually
terminate in the IJ.Amsterdam is situated 2 metres below
sea level.The surrounding land is flat as it is formed of large
polders.Amsterdam is intensely urbanized, as is the
Amsterdam metropolitian area surrounding the
city.Amsterdam is home to more than 100km of canals.The
three main canals are navigable by boat.In the Middle
Ages,Amsterdam was surrounded by a moat which now
forms the innermost ring in the city, and makes the city a
horseshoe shape.The city is also served by a seaport.It is
often nicknamed the ‘Venice of the North’, due to its division
into approximately 90 islands, which are linked by more
than 1,200 bridges.
12. Canals system
The Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious city
planning. In the early 17 century,when immigration was at a
peak,a comprehensive plan was developed tha was based on
four concentric half-circle of canals with their ends of the
canals.Threee of the canals were mostly for residential
development.The canals served for defence,water
management and transport.
Parks and Recreational Areas
Amsterdam has many parks, open spaces,and squares
throughout the city. Voldelpark,the largest park in the city.In
the park is an open air theatre ,a playgroud and several
horeca facilities.Amsterdam and Amstelveen is the
Amsterdam Forest, the Largest recreational area in
Amsterdam.Annually, almost 4.5 million people visit the
park, which has a size of 1,000 hectares
.
13. Floating city
Amsterdam is the capital of the worlds third most densely
populated country.The idea for Amsterdam’s floating city
was born during a land shortage.With the sea level rising as
a result of global warming,the low-lying Netherlands is
fighting back for more space by building communities on
water.The houses,made of wood and lightweight aluminium
with a concrete base are linked to each other by walkways
but can be detached from the surrounding neighbourhood
and individually moved by tugboats.
What information will you consider for your ‘better’
city.
The open space and park that allow citizens to rest and
spent their day.Besides, the floating city in Amsterdam due
to the sea level rising.
14. 3)Kyoto,Japan
Kyoto is a city located in the central part of the island of
Honshu,Japan Kyoto ,Japan was choosen as the World’s Top
1 City in 2014.It has a population close to 1.5 million.The
original city was arranged in accordance with traditional
Chinise feng shui .Today, the main business district is
located to the South of the old imperial Palace, with the less
populated nothern area retaining a far greener feel.Kyoto
Station is the centre for transportation in the city.The
second-largest in Japan,it houses a shopping
mall,hotel,movie theater,Isetan department store,and
several local government facilities all under one fifteen-story
roof.
15. Transportation
Rail
The Keihan,Hankyu,Kintetsu and other rail networks
also offer frequent service to other cities in the Kansai
region.JR West and Kintetsu connect at Kyoto Station.The
Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau operates the Kyoto
Municipal Subway consisstin of two lines:Karasuma Line
and the Tozai line.Karasuma line is coloured green, and the
line has station from north to south.Tozai Line is coloured
vermilion and the line runs from the southeeastern area of
the city ,then east to west.
Besides,The Tokaido Shinkansen operated by JR
Central provides high speed train service linking Kyoto with
other cities.
Buses
Kyoto’s municipal bus network is extensive.Buses operating
on routes within the city,the region,and the nation stop at
Kyoto Station.Most city busus have a fixed fare.A one day
bus pass and a combined unlimited train and bus pass are
also available.
16. Cycling
Cyling is a very important form of personal transportation in
the city. The geography and scale of the city are such that the
city may be easily navigated on a bicycle.
Road
The city is connected with other part of Japan by the
Meishen Expressway which has two interchanges in the
city.Although Kyoto has feweer toll-hignways than other
comparable cities,it served with dual and even triple-
carriageway national roads.
What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city.
The Bicycle Paths is provided and cycling is one of their
personal transportation in the city.
17. 4)Zurich,Switzerland
Zurich is the largest city in Switzeland.The municipality has
approcimately 400,028 inhabitants,and the Zurich
metropolitian area 1.83 million.Both Zurich Airport and
railway Station are the largest in the country. The
transportation system is one of the factors that makes
Zurich one of the most livable citied in the world. Monocle’s
2012”Quality of Life Survey”ranked Zurich first on a list of
the top 25 cities in the world.
Transportation
Zurich is a mixed hub for railways,roads,and air
traffic.Zurich HB is the largest and busiest station in
Switzerland and is important railway hub in Europe.There
are between 350,000 and 500,000 commuters daily making
use of this central network node-a significant figure
comparison to Zurich’s population.ZurichTrams make an
important contribution to punlic transport in the city of
Zurich
i) Zurich HB
The railway station is aligned approximately east to west, at
the northern edge of the city centre and the northern end of
the city's main shopping street
18. ii) Zurich Trams
The tram network serves most city neighbourhoods, and is
the backbone of public transport within the city.,albeit
supplemented by the inner section of the Zurich Sbahn,along
with urban trolleybus and bus routes as well as two
fenicular railways and one rack railway.Many of Zurich’s
tram stops have been equipped with the boarding platforms
raised to match the floor height of the low floor trams.
Future Development of Zurich Trams
The VBZ is intending to order a new generation of tram cars,
to replace the high-floor Tram.The first trams are to be
delivered in December 2016, and must be 100% low floor
with capacity for at least 225 passengers.
What information will you consider for your ‘better’
city.
The well-planned of the transportation system.I want my city
to be car-free city and I will use the system of this train.
19. Investigation& Data Collection
Future Cities
Lilypad designed by Belgian architect,Vincent Callebaut.
The Floating ecopolls, otherwide known as the Lilypas,is a model designed by
Vincent Callebaut for future climatic refugees.He proposed this model design as
a long-term solution to rising water level as per the GIEC forecast.It is a self-
sufficient amphibious city and satisfies the four challenges laid down by the
OECD( Organisation Economic Co-operation and Development) in March 2008
namely,climate,biodiversity,water and The Lilypad will recycle and purify waste
water and by integrating ecological niches,aquaculture fields and biotic corridors
and below its body, the lilypad will meet its own food needs.
In term of architecture design:
LILYPAD is a true amphibian which is half aquatic and half terrestrial city .It
able to accommodate 50,000 inhabitants and inviting the biodiversity to develop
its fauna and flora around a central lagoon of soft water collecting and purifying
the rain waters. This artificial lagoon is entirely immersed, ballasting the city. It
enables inhabitants to live in the heart of the sub aquatic depths. The multi
functional program is based on three marinas and three mountains dedicated to
work, shopping and entertainment. The whole set is covered by a stratum of
planted housing in suspended gardens and crossed by a network of streets and
alleyways with organic outline.
20. The three mountains are ecological niches, aquaculture
fields and biologic corridors
The main deck with the three marinas, the submarine
performing arts center and the gardens of
phytopurification.
LILYPAD reaches a positive energetic balance with zero
carbon emission by the integration of all the renewable
energies (solar, thermal and photovoltaic energies, wind
energy, hydraulic, tidal power station, osmotic energies,
phytopurification, biomass), producing more energy than it
consumes.
21. In term of inspirations:
The floating structure is "branches" of the Ecopolis inspired
of the highly ribbed leave of the giant lilypad of the
Amazonia Victoria Regia.
`The double skin is made of polyester fibers covered by a
layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) like an anatase which by
reacting to the ultraviolet rays enable to absorb the
atmospheric pollution by photocatalytic effect.
What information will you consider for your ‘better’ city.
I Inspired by its floating concept and and I will apply to my X
city.
22. Urban Structure
Urban structureis the arrangement of land use in urban areas.
Sociologists,economists,and geographers have developed
several models,explaining where differenttypes of people and
businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Urban structure
can also referto the urban spatialstructure,which concerns the
arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of
connectivity and accessibility.
1)Zonal Model
This model was the first to explain distribution of social groups
within urban areas. Based on one single city, Chicago, it was
created by sociologist Ernest Burgess[1] in 1924.According to this
model,a city grows outward from a central point in a series of rThe
innermost ring represents the central business district. It is
surrounded by a second ring, the zone of transition, which contains
industry and poorer-quality housing. The third ring contains
housing for the working-class and is called the zone of
independentworkers' homes. The fourth ring has newer and larger
houses usually occupied bythe middle-class.This ring is called
the zone of better residences.The outermostring is called the
commuter's zone. This zone represents people who choose to live
in residential suburbs and take a daily commute into the CBD to
.working
2) SectoralModel(HOYT MODEL)
23. 2)Sector Model
A second theory of urban structure was proposed in 1939
by an economist named Homer Hoyt.[2] His model, the
sector model, proposed that a city develops in sectors
instead of rings. Certain areas of a city are more attractive
for various activities, whether by chance or geographic
and environmental reasons. As the city grows and these
activities flourish and expand outward, they do so in a
wedge and become a sector of the city. If a district is set
up for high income housing, for example, any new
development in that district will expand from the outer
edge.
To some degree this theory is just a refinement on the
concentric model rather than a radical restatement. Both
Hoyt and Burgess claimed Chicago supported their model.
Burgess claimed that Chicago's central business district
was surrounded by a series of rings, broken only by Lake
Michigan. Hoyt argued that the best housing developed
north from the central business district along Lake
Michigan, while industry located along major rail lines and
roads to the south, southwest, and northwest.
Calgary, Alberta almost perfectly fits Hoyt's sector model.
25. multiple nuclei model in 1945.[3] According to this model,
a city contains more than one center around which
activities revolve. Some activities are attracted to
particular nodes while others try to avoid them. For
example, a university node may attract well-educated
residents, pizzerias, and bookstores, whereas an airport
may attract hotels and warehouses. their aim was to
produce a more realistic, if more complicated, model.
Their main goals in this were to:
-Move away from the concentric zone model
-To better reflect the complex nature of urban areas,
especially those of larger size
28. are Office Centre, Shopping malls,Service station
,Restraurants ,Bank and Medical centre.
-For the Office Centre, I inspired by Burj Khalifa, India
which is the Tallest building in the world.
--For the Bank , I inspired by the Headquarter of Credit
Suisse bank in the Zurich.
.
2)Tourism and Hospitality
-Hotel is place at the area near attraction and easy public
transportation. The hotel is near to the train station.I
inspired by the Hotel Palacio Nazarenas set in Tranquil
plaza behind Cusco’s main square in Peru which is the
world’s top rate luxury hotel.
3)Residential Low Rise And Port
- I place my residential low rise near the port because I
inspired by floating house in Amsterdam.
29. 4) Agriculture
-For this area, I inspired by Billing,MT.Billing is the kind of
place that person can create a true permaculture.An
ecological for sustainability in all aspects of human
endeavor.
Transportation
30. Transportation
-Bicycle and Train Will be the main transportation in Galaxty City.IIt
is Car-Free city so it can prevent the emissionof carbon monoside.
-For the Bicycle pathway,I inspired by Frelburg which has an
extransive pedestrian zone.
-For the Train System, I inspired by the Zurich HB .
