The document summarizes a research paper on developing digital services to emphasize pollution phenomena using statistics and time series analysis. The paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science discusses how it extracts concepts related to pollution from literature, analyzes frequency of concepts over time, and identifies peaks that correspond to pollution events. It finds that awareness of pollution threats increased in the late 1960s and presents limitations such as delays in reporting events and difficulty identifying all factors influencing time series. The methodology could be improved by better distinguishing yearly events and developing predictive models.

1. IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017
Digital Services Development Using Statistics
Tools to Emphasize Pollution Phenomena
Costin Chiru, Mariana Mocanu, Monica Drăgoicea, Anca Ionitţă
Paper presented by
Costin Chiru1 and Monica Drăgoicea2
1Department of Computer Science
2Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering
University Politehnica of Bucharest
costin.chiru@cs.pub.ro, monica.dragoicea@acse.pub.ro

2. IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017
Content
Research context
Research opportunity
Application context
Main results
Conclusions
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3. IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017
Research context
Digitalization of business processes
digital transformation is a transformative impact on business and society as a
whole, involving innovative technologies that eventually are reshaping ways of
doing business, accelerating business interactions and advance and reshape user
engagement and expectations
digital transformation is concerned with the development and application of
digital technologies which will fundamentally impact all aspects of economy and
society, …
however, it is not just about the design of digital products and services, or about
the technologies that create, manage, and deliver them;
it is fundamentally about the effectiveness of knowledge management processes that
produce transparency, resilience and sustainability
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4. IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017
Research context
Transportation evolves today in a larger perspective of using digitalisation
for productivity and growth both in services and manufacturing
Smart Transport safe and secure urban mobility for all citizens
The Commission’s transport Strategy Plan: (Transport 2050)
… stimulate the use of digital technologies of the transport in particular
information systems to improve cross border public transport, electronic tolling,
and Intelligent transport systems (ITS) for shipping, inland waterways (DINA) and
railways (ERTMS deployment) as well as E-transport documents and corridor
information and management systems.
overall, a 60% cut in transport emissions by the middle of the century
• Digitalisation of the transport in EU,
http://www.euportal.si/en/politics/digitalisation-of-the-transport/
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5. IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017
Research context
the role of the [transport] service customer as an active actor in triggering
information intensive business processes is redefined through process
digitalization
initiatives including digitalization in [transport] related business models
European Digital Single Market, Industrie 4.0, l'Industrie du futur, Digital
Europe 2.0, Transport 2050 (resource efficient transport system)
 [public transport] users are both content [data] providers and knowledge
[service] consumers
 knowledge commons in [public transport] services?
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6. IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017
Research context
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7. Research opportunity
how can we use the transformative impact of digitalization for
sustainability in [public transport] services through service design?
pollution phenomena is often linked with transportation issues
this paper present a perspective related to information service integration
for pollution awareness evaluation
using digital tools, based on indirect information analysis as retrieved from
available literature over time, the paper investigates on how pollution
events in influenced public awareness
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 7

8. Research opportunity
Questions:
may we frame public transport service system as (knowledge) commons?
[ … a “commons” - common-pool resource (CPR) - is a resource environment
or domain that is characterized by an open access problem: a resource shared
by a group of people that is subject to social dilemmas …] (Ostrom, 1990)
“Tragedy of commons” in public transport services:
situation – “tragedy of pollution” in transport ?
can we further define it?
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 8

9. Application context - Service Integration Emphasizing Pollution Phenomena
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 9

10. Main results (1) - Methodology
Generality:
to be easily adapted for other types of events:
identify the relevant concepts for the analyzed event using either expert
information or information extracted from an ontology
extract data as time series of the selected concepts from the available corpora
and identify their peaks
perform analysis of the obtained time series in order to identify relevant
information
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 10

11. Main results (2)
Identification of Pollution Concepts:
WordNet to extract the semantic relationships between different pollution
concepts
Similar concepts grouped in synsets that are connected through different types of
connections
Visuwords to visualize and browse the concepts network
Different kinds of connections
Can be done recursively by expanding the nodes that are not leaves in the graph
(green nodes)
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 11

12. Main results (2) - Identification of Pollution Concepts
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 12

13. Main results (2)
Extracting Pollution Data (1)
Use time series analysis to determine how often these concepts appear in texts
every year -> assess the impact carried out by them
Difficulty - for old documents:
lower availability of publications,
access guarded by security authorizations.
Google Books N-grams information:
how many concepts were published per year,
how many each concept appeared per year.
> 8 million books, covering ~ 6% of all the books
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 13

14. Main results (3)
Extracting Pollution Data (1)
Inputs used in our study were the pollution concepts previously identified from
WordNet.
Each point represents the number of times the selected concept(s) appeared in
the documents written during a specific year.
Data grows exponentially in time -> instead of using the counts for each year,
we use the frequency
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 14

15. Main results (3)
Pollution Events Identification (1)
Analyze the literature on pollution events in time -> assess the prevalence of
concepts about pollution -> evaluate the risk based on time series analysis
The graphic of events evolution in time should be horizontal (normal events get
similar shares of public opinion in time)
peaks or intervals of higher values correspond to the years when the scientific
world was more interested in those events
identifying the peaks of the graphs = distinguish the moments when the
pollution events took place
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 15

16. Main results (3) -
Pollution Events
Identification (2)
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 16

17. Main results
Understanding the Pollution Threat
People not aware of the pollution threat until the late 60s
Multiple pollution types: noise, thermal, environmental, sound, biodegradable
pollution, and dust contamination.
Most prominent peak is in 1974 -> adoption of regulations both in US & UK ->
people became concerned by the global pollution and its effects
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 17

18. Main results
Conceptual diversification
Most important: air and water pollution - appeared after 1945, as a consequence
of the WWII’s influence on the environment
Real diversification began after 1965: river, lake, sea and ocean pollution
Concerns about pollution were present even in the 19th century: river pollution -
1870, lake pollution - 1890
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 18

19. Main results
Types of pollutants
Different classes of pollutants: radioactive, hydrocarbon, nitrate, and petroleum
pollutions.
Multiple peaks in 1974 – same year when the pollution had the highest peak &
also the underground nuclear test performed by India
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 19

20. Main results
Limitations
Delays:
there is a delay between the occurrence of an event and its being reported
intensively into the literature, especially in books, whose publication cycle is
less agile.
The less important events, the more delay they have
Additional factors:
for some time series, it is difficult to find all the factors influencing their
evolution
Peaks identification -> requires tweaking:
more or less peaks might be detected depending on the chosen parameters
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 20

21. Conclusions
The paper introduces a working methodology aiming to evaluate the
impact of pollution on the society over the years.
Inter-disciplinary perspective, involving computer scientists, hydrologists,
sociologists, service providers, and infrastructure providers.
Further improvements:
Finding a better way to discriminate between different yearly events
Develop models for predictions on the further evolution of different
events.
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 21

22. Thank you !
IESS 1.7 - 8th International Conference on Exploring Services Science
Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, May 24-26, 2017 22