The document summarizes the issue of nursing shortages, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). It discusses how demand for healthcare has increased, creating staffing shortages. Shortages are also due to lack of nursing school faculty and limited enrollment. ICU nursing is described as stressful and demanding, with long hours and complex technology. Shortages in ICUs can negatively impact patient safety and outcomes. Potential solutions proposed include increasing nurses' wages and improving nursing's public image to attract more people to the profession.

1. Nursing Shortage
by Monica Castelao
Submission dat e : 01- Jul- 2018 04 :36PM (UT C- 07 00)
Submission ID: 97 97 84 135
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Nursing Shortage
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3. cf .instructure.com
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Nursing Shortageby Monica CastelaoNursing
ShortageORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Assignment: Locating an Empirical Research Article
Empirical research articles document a study that is either
quantitative, qualitative or a mixed methods research design.
When authors write an empirical research article they typically
follow a format that looks like this: Introduction/Background,
Literature Review, Methodology, Findings, and Discussion. The
authors recount literature on their specific research topic and
describe in a systematic manner how the data was collected and
then analyzed in order to answer the research question(s). Once
the data is analyzed, they present the findings. Finally, they
interpret the findings using past literature to help understand
the findings.
What we broadly describe as a “quantitative study” includes
numerical summaries that involve descriptive statistics
(averages, standard deviations), correlations, and inferential
statistics (such as T-tests, Chi Squares and other kinds of
analyses). These kinds of studies can include certain elements
such as per- and post-tests or survey results looking at
correlations between variables.
Qualitative articles, on the other hand, use interviews, focus
groups, observations, and written answers to questions. Rather
than using statistics to summarize the study, these studies look
at themes and present the material using words, phrases and
often paragraphs to illustrate what they are representing.
To prepare for this assignment, review Week 1’s readings and
resources on how to locate an empirical research article using
the library’s databases.
For this Assignment,
· Locate an empirical research article that is either a
quantitative or qualitative study from a peer reviewed social
work journal for the final assignment.

4. · Do not select an empirical research article that describes a
mixed methods study. The reason is because a mixed method
study involves both a quantitative and qualitative component.
You would have to do two reviews – one for the quantitative
component and one for the qualitative component -- for the final
assignment.
· Upload the article. Your instructor will review the article to
make sure it is an empirical research article and will approve it
for your use for the final assignment.
Assignment that was done by you that go along with the
assignment above
Although evidence based research plays a vital role in social
work practice, it is important that it is combined with other
professional skills and experience. Social work practice occurs
under circumstances where information may be incomplete and
conflicting and for various reasons, this may lead to biases in
the decision-making process.
To assist with decision-making, social workers use instruments.
The two most common instruments used in social work practice
are consensus instruments (which are flexible and rely upon the
practitioner's experience in the field) and actuarial instruments
(which adopt a numerical approach and focus upon
static/historical factors) (Mutschler, 1984). Items in actuarial

5. instruments are identified from larger studies or meta-analyses
that have an empirical relationship with a particular outcome.
Items in consensus instruments are derived from professional
opinion.
Many parallels can be identified between cognitive theory and
the development of instruments. Historically, it was believed
that there are two different forms of cognition: intuitive and
analytical. Today, we have a much more sophisticated level
of understanding which is based upon the complementary nature
of these forms of cognition and to a certain extent, their
interdependence.
Consequently, we must develop and use instruments that reflect
this understanding. Specifically, the area of violence prediction
in the forensic field has been adopting a combined approach for
over one decade, with excellent results. Structured
Professional Judgement, (SPJ) is now the gold standard. SPJ
combines evidence based research and professional judgement,
a process that allows practitioners to reflect upon the
meaningfulness of a particular risk level (that is determined by
the evidence based research), given the context of the individual
case which is being assessed and, we may disagree whether the
intervention model of evidence based research in medicine
works for social work. But I am guessing that what is missing is
a clear idea about how to do evidence summaries/synthesis of
qualitative research, which is perhaps the better way to evaluate
practices in social work. Until we work that out, we probably
will have to make due with the quantitative
'randomised controlled studies' synthesis. But, frankly, what is
an argument going to look like that says we shouldn't base our
practices (in whatever field), on the best evidence available?
One of the key conclusions is the importance of 'evidence-led
practice', the importance of both having 'evidence' but also
having a healthy critical view of same. The bottom line is that
there is no substitute for the qualified, professional, human
decision maker in social work practice. But this individual must
always be at least informed by evidence but not dictated by it.

6. References:
Mowbray, O. (2014). Book Review: Research methods for social
workers: A practice-based approachFaulkne rS. S.FaulknerC. A.
(2013). Research methods for social workers: A practice-based
approach (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Lyceum. 256 pp. $49.46 (Soft
cover), ISBN: 978-1-935871-32-3. Research on Social Work
Practice, 25(1), 174-175. doi:10.1177/104973151 3518353
Yegidis, B. L., Weinbach, R. W., & Myers, L. L. (2018).
Research methods for social workers (8th ed.). New York, NY:
Pearson
Chapter 1, “Toward Evidence-Based Practice” (pp. 1-23)
Mutschler, E. (1984). Evaluating practice: A study of research
utilization by practitioners. Social Work, 29(4), 332–337.
Nursing Shortage
by Monica Castelao
Submission dat e : 01- Jul- 2018 09:52AM (UT C- 07 00)
Submission ID: 97 97 01304
File name : CONT ENT 15304 63920211.do c (31.5K)
Word count : 54 7
Charact e r count : 34 51

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Nursing Shortageby Monica CastelaoNursing
ShortageORIGINALITY REPORTMATCH ALL SOURCES
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Running head: NURSING SHORTAGE
1

8. NURSING SHORTAGE
5
Nursing Shortage
Monica Castelao
Grand Canyon University
Nursing Shortage
Demand for improved healthcare services has increased
tremendously over the years thereby creating a shortage for
nurses to take care of the patients. The primary obstacle facing
healthcare industry is constant changes in demography which
has in turn pushed for an expansion of the working force and
the period required to train new nurses (Bucha, Duffield &
Jordan, 2015). Shortage of nurses has also brought up
challenging values to the industry making most of the
practitioners to ask themselves if they can take care of their
patients when they are not enough in number. Perhaps, the
primary reason for nurse’s shortage is the inability of schools
enrolment of new students because of lack of nursing school
faculties (Nardi, & Gyurko, 2013).
Setting

9. In intensive care units (ICUs) most nurses are exposed to a lot
of stress. According to Rosseter (2012) primary reason for
nurse’s turnover in intensive care units is their inability to
counter stress associated with working in the department. On
top of that, the long hours and the amount of stress also reduce
nurse’s cognitive skills. World Health Organization, for
instance, has given several detailed reports regarding nurse
shortages in ICUs of several countries around the globe
(Stoddart & Evans, 2017). The report goes further to show that
staff levels and the working conditions have been the primary
reasons for nursing shortages in ICUs.
Description
Intensive care unit department requires nurses to work for long
hours; it is noisy and hectic since it bombards people with all
different kinds of stimuli. Nursing in ICU is described as
demanding since most of the activities is high risk since
patients are often very sick and fighting for their lives (Urden,
Stacy, & Lough, 2017). Advancement in technology has
escalated the problem because it expects nurses to work very
fast to help the ill by using hugely complex machines. This
working setup has made most nurses dissatisfied and stressed
thus making some resign or discourage other potential future
nurses.
Impact
Nurses working in ICUs work for very long hours and in
stressful conditions which can make them easily suffer from
injuries or fatigue. In such scenarios, they are prone to making
mistakes which can quickly lead to a patient in critical
condition losing their lives or reduce the quality of medical
care. In other words, a single error in an ICU can cause
alarmingly increase mortality rates in a country that has
shortages of nurses in that crucial department (Sawatzky, Enns
& Legare, 2015). It is imperative also to note that these
uncertain working environments in ICUs promote individualism
while at the same time reduce any chances of solidarity and
formations of working groups. Nurses may, therefore, feel

10. incompetent in their work making them disengage from what
they are supposed to do.
Significance
Nurses are vital in every health organization especially when
providing quality health care and educating patients about their
health. Nurses mostly spend a lot of time with patients during
their healing process hence creating some personal relationships
along the way. When considering mood and attitude required
during the healing process, nurses become even more important
since they are trained to persevere and take good care of the
ailing patients (Oulton, 2010). Their shortage is, therefore, a
global concern that should be addressed in every health
organization.
Solution
Solving nurse shortages in ICUs requires innovative and long-
term remedies that can solve the problem once and for all. One
such solution is increased wages for nurses to compensate them
for working long and stressful hours (Bryant, 2017). Another
solution is to improve nursing images by encouraging the
already available nurses to freely communicate with the press
about the benefits of nursing to a society. A good image can
help in promoting the profession by encouraging others to join
the industry.

11. References
Bryant, C. R. (2017). From the Top Down: Assisting Critical
Care Nurses in Coping with Job Stresses.
Buchan, J., Duffield, C., & Jordan, A. (2015). ‘Solving’nursing
shortages: do we need a New Agenda?. Journal of nursing
management, 23(5), 543-545.
Nardi, D. A., & Gyurko, C. C. (2013). The global nursing
faculty shortage: Status and solutions for change. Journal of
Nursing Scholarship, 45(3), 317-326.
Oulton, J. A. (2010). The global nursing shortage: an overview
of issues and actions. Policy, Politics, & Nursing
Practice, 7(3_suppl), 34S-39S.
Rosseter, R. (2012). Nursing shortage. American Association

12. for the Colleges of Nursing. Found.
Sawatzky, J. A. V., Enns, C. L., & Legare, C. (2015).
Identifying the key predictors for retention in critical care
nurses. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(10), 2315-2325.
Stoddart, G. L., & Evans, R. G. (2017). Producing health,
consuming health care. In Why are some people healthy and
others not? (pp. 27-64). Routledge.
Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., & Lough, M. E. (2017). Critical
Care Nursing-E-Book: Diagnosis and Management. Elsevier
Health Sciences.