description of optical fibre communications and railways service

1. Presentation By:
1. Asad Rashid
2. Avdhesh Kumar
3. Chandan Patel
4. Triveni Singh
Industrial Training Presentation
Presented to:
Mr. Ashutosh Singh
Ass. Professor
Dept. of Electronics Engg.
HBTI Kanpur

2. Outline
 Summer Training at North Central Railways, Kanpur
from 8th June, 2015 to 17th July, 2015.
 Main Objective was to learn Optical Fibre
Communication, Telephone Exchanges and Data
Communication,Public Amenities in Railways.

3. Contents
 Introduction to Indian Railways
 Introduction to Optical Fibres.
 Introduction to Exchanges
 Data Communication
 Public Amenities

4. Introduction to Indian Railways
 1832: The first proposal was introduced for having
Railways In India.
 1853: On April 16th, at 3:35 pm, The first train left from
Bombay to Thane.
 November 1947 : John Mathai (not formerly
designated as Minister to Railways) presents the first
Railways budget for Independent India.
 Present Railway Minister: Suresh Prabhu

5. Optical Fibre
 An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fibre
that carries light along it’s length.
 It has two main component layers:
Core & Cladding.
 Light is kept in the “core” of optical fibre.
 Cladding is for the protection of fibre.

6. Advantages of Optical fibre.
 Thinner than other tubes.
 Less expensive
 High Carrying Capacity.
 Provides a very large Bandwidth
 Less signal distortion
 Non- flammable
 Light Weight
 Immune to Electromagnetic Interference

7. Fibre Optic Disadvantages.
 Expensive over short distance.
 Very high Installation charges
& demands high skills.
 Adding additional nodes is
difficult.

8. Areas Of Application
 Telecommunication
 Local Area Networks
 Cable TV
 CCTV
 Optical Fibre Sensors

9. Optical Fibre Construction
 Core: Thin Glass Center of
the fibre where light travels.
 Cladding: Outer Optical
Material (usually glass)
surrounding the Core.
 Buffer Coating: Plastic
Coating that protects the
Fibre.

10. Fiber Optic Layers.
 Consists of three concentric sections.
plastic jacket glass or plastic
cladding
fiber core

11. Mode Of Propagation
Two main categories that are used in Fibre
Optic Communications are:
 Multi-mode Optical Fibre
 Single Mode Optical Fibre

12. Fibre Optic Cable
 Single-mode Fibre:
Carries light pulses
along single path.
 Multi-mode Fibre:
Many pulses of light
Generated by LED
At different angles.

13. Single Mode Fibres
 Single-mode fibers – used to transmit one signal per
fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have small
cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light
from laser.

14. Multi-mode Fibres
 Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many signals
per fiber (used in computer networks). They have
larger cores(62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit
infra-red light from LED.

15. Index Profile
 The boundary between
the core and cladding
may either be abrupt, in
step-index fiber, or
gradual, in graded-index
fiber.

16. Step-Index
 A step-index fiber has a central core with a uniform
refractive index. An outside cladding that also has a
uniform refractive index surrounds the core;
 However, the refractive index of the cladding is less
than that of the central core.

17. Graded-Index
 In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction in the
core decreases continuously between the axis and
the cladding. This causes light rays to bend smoothly
as they approach the cladding, rather than reflecting
abruptly from the core-cladding boundary.

18. Optical Fiber Communication

19. Fiber Optic Communication
 It is a method of transmitting information from one
place to another by sending light through an optical
fiber.
 The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that
is modulated to carry information.

20. Block Diagram of OFC

21. Total Internal Reflection

22. Use of OFC in Railways.
 To optimize train scheduling.
 Speed measurement.
 Signal distribution
 Traffic light monitoring.

23. DATA COMMUNICATION
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
MEDIAM
PROTOCL

24. OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTED
NETWORK(OSI)

25. PUBLIC AMENITIES
1-AUTO ANNOUNCEMENT SYSTEM

26. PUBLIC AMENITIES
2 TRAIN TIMING DISPLAY BOARD

27. PUBLIC AMENITIES
3-COACH GUIDANCE SYSTEM

28. PUBLIC AMENITIES
4-DIGITAL CLOCK

29. PUBLIC AMENITIES
5-IVRS(Interactive voice response system)
6-PRS (Passenger Reservation System)

30. 1C.DOT
2E.10B
3ISDN
DIGITAL SWICHING SYSTEMS

31. Integrated Services for Digital
Network

32. Thank you