This document discusses key concepts in operating systems including hardware, software, peopleware, and data. It describes how system calls allow applications to request services from the operating system and kernel types like monolithic, micro, and hybrid kernels. It also summarizes process states in the CPU like new, ready, running, and waiting. Additional topics covered include process control blocks, threads, CPU scheduling algorithms, and conditions that can cause deadlocks.

1. 1.
- 4
1. Hardward)
2. Softward)
3. Peopleware)
4. Data)
-
1.
2.
3.
2. system Call
- System Call Application Program Hardware
Process OS
Application OS OS System Call
Subroutine OS OS
Subroutine compiler
System Call
multitasking OS Application Program
Hardware OS Application
System Call Software
Interrupt parameter OS
-
-
-
-
-

2. 3. Kernal Micro Kernal Monolithic Kernal
- 1] (kernel
1.
1. 1. Monolithic kernel) Linux kernel
MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows 9x Series (Windows 95 Windows 98 Agnix 1. 2.
Microkernel)
AIX
- AmigaOS - Amoeba - Chorus microkernel - EROS - Haiku - K42 - LSE/OS - KeyKOS - The L4
microkernel family - Mach, used in GNU Hurd, NEXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, and Mac OS X - MERT - Minix -
MorphOS - NewOS - QNX - Phoenix - RTOS - RadiOS - Spring operating system - VSTa - Symbian OS
4. Process State CPU Process
- Process (
1. New
2. Ready

3. 3. Running
4. Waiting
5. PCB (Process Control Block)
- PCB ( Process Control Block )
PCB
6. Process Thread
- Process
- Thread
7. Algorithm CPU
- 1. CPU Utilization)
2. Throughput )
3. Turnaround Time )
4. Waiting Time )
5. Response Time )
8. Algorithm CPU

4. - Algorithm FCFS
- Algorithm SJF
Algorithm
- Algorithm
FCFS)
Quantum Time)
10 100

5. 9. DeadLock
-
1. Mutual
exclusion condition) 1 1
2. Hold and wait
condition)
3. No preemption condition)
4. 2