2. UNIT 1:
FRIENDSHIP
Tapescript
Lan’s talk
My best friend is Ha. We've been friends for a long time. We used to live in
Nguyen Cong Tru Residential Area in Ha Noi. Her family led to Hai Phong
in 1985. It is said that Hai Phong people are cold but Ha is really, really
friendly. I first started to get to know her help I was going on a two-day trip
to Do Son last year and I didn't know anybody there. I gave Ha a ring and
she was so friendly, she said, "Oh, I'll come to visit you." So she rode on
her motorbike to Do Son and twenty minutes later she was there. She stayed
with me for two days. She happened to know a lot of people there, so she
introduced me around, and we've been best friends ever since.
Long’s Talk
My best friend is Minh. We met in college. I was there singing and
Minh was a guitarist. So we worked together a lot. Minh has a great sense
of humour, he’s very, very funny, and that’s one of my favourite things
about him. And over the years, we have been through good times and bad
times with each other, and that’s one of the things I like best about him.
And we have a lot of the same interests. We like to go to plays and movies
together. But when we’re going through a rough time, he’s really a good
friend, and he’s a very good listener, and he always helped me through.
WRITING
Write on this topic: " What, in your opinion, are the best qualities for true
friendship?"
Sample:
Friends are a necessity in every child’s life. They are there to comfort,
to laugh with, and to create wonderful memories. Friendship is being there
for someone when they need you, and to have a common bond to have the
freedom of hanging out with each other and to be comfortable around each
other. The main ideas of friendship are honesty and trust, caring and
having similarities. Without honesty and trust, friendship wouldn’t last very
long. The definition of honesty is “quality and condition of being honest,
integrity”. Friendship would be held up by honesty. Trust is another
2
3. important thing that relates to honesty, your friends really need to trust
you.
In addition, you need to care for your friends so the relationship will
last. The definition for caring is to be concerned or interested for others. An
example of care is being there when someone really need you like during a
bad situation. You should also be supportive of your friends.
Thirdly, similarities in friendship will make the bond grow. The
definition of similarities is the quality or condition of being alike,
resemblance. For example, two friends like the same kind of music.
Similarities in interests are things like a couple of friends liking the same
thing like music, hobbies and many other things. It would help by making
them want to do more things together. Good friends will always use
honesty and trust, caring and support, and similarities in interest if they
want their friendship to last.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
GERUND - INFINITIVE - BARE
INFINITIVE
GROUP A: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND (WITH
NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING)
begin like hate bother
start
love can’t stand intend continue
prefer*
can’t bear propose(ñeà nghò)
(a) It began to rain. / It began
raining
(b) I started to work. / I started
working
(c) It was beginning to rain
In (a) and (b) there is no difference
between “began to rain” and” began
raining.”
If the main verb is progressive, an
infinitive (not a gerund) is usually
used
* prefer + gerund: I prefer staying home TO going to the cinema
3
4. prefer + infinitive: I prefer to stay home THAN (to) go to the
cinema
GROUP B: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND
(WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING)
V +: to –infinitive: mang yù nghóa cuûa moät muïc ñích,
moät döï ñònh trong töông lai
V + gerund: mang yù nghóa cuûa moät kinh nghieäm ñaõ
saún coù
Judy always remembers to lock
the door
I remember reading this book
Remember + infinitive =
remember to perform responsibility,
duty, or task(nhôù thöïc hieän nhieäm
vuï, boån phaän phaûi laøm)
Remember + gerund = remember
(recall) something that happened in the
past (nhôù ñaõ laøm vieäc gì trong
quaù khöù)
Sam often forgets to lock the
door
She forgets closing the
windows.(she closed the
windows but now she doesn’t
remember it)
Forget + infinitive = forget to
perform a responsibility, duty, or task
(queân laøm ñieàu gì laø boån phaän,
nhieäm vuï)
Forget + gerund = forget something
that happened in the past (queân ñieàu
gì ñaõ xaûy ra hay ñaõ laøm).
Usually in negative or question
(I’ll never forget; I can’t
forget................)
I regret to tell you that you failed
the test
(regret laø haønh ñoäng 1, to
tell laø haønh ñoäng 2)
Regret + infinitive = regret to say,
to tell someone, to inform someone of
some bad news (hoái tieác phaûi noùi,
thoâng tin ñieàu gì khoâng may maén
cho ai) (for a present action: ôû
4
5. I regret lending him some
money. He never paid me back
hieän taïi)
Regret + gerund = regret something
that happened in the past (hoái tieác
ñieàu gì ñaõ xaûy ra)
He stops to smoke. (He stopped
another work in order to
smoke)
He stops smoking. (He doesn’t
smoke any more)
Stop + infinitive of purpose = stop
something in order to do another work
(ngöng laøm ñieài gì ñeå laøm vieäc
khaùc)
Stop + gerund = stop, give up to do
something, to end an action (ngöng,
khoâng laøm ñieàu gì nöõa)
I am trying to learn English.
She tries making a cake.
Try + infinitive = make an effort,
attempt to do (coá gaéng, noã löïc)
Try + gerund = test, make a trial
(thöû laøm ñieàu gì)
We need to leave at eight.
The house needs painting. (= the
house needs to be painted)
Need / Want / Require / Deserve
+ infinitive = need to do something
(caàn laøm caùi gì
Need / Want / Require / Deserve
+ gerund = need to be done (passive
meaning) (mang nghóa bò ñoäng, canà
ñöôïc laøm)
I like to keep all these papers
in order
I like dancing
Like + infinitive = sth. Is a good
idea (thích vì thaáy toát, coù ích)
Like + gerund = ham chuoäng,
thích thuù say meâ
I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to step
on your foot.
I have to be at the airport by
nine. It means getting early
Mean + infinitive = intend (döï
ñònh)
Mean + gerund = involve (used with
impersonal subject), expressing result
(ñoøi hoûi phaûi, caàn phaûi, coù lieân
5
6. quan ñeán keát quaû)
I would like to go for a swim. It’s
such a lovely day
I feel like sleeping now
Would like + infinitive = want
(muoán)
Feel like + gerund = wish for (öôùc
muoán, öôùc coù)
They don’t allow us to park
here
They don’t allow parking here
Advise/ recommend / allow /
permit + Obj.(person) + infinitive
(neáu sau ñoäng töø coù taân ngöõ
chæ ngöôøi thì duøng infinitive)
Advise/ recommend/ allow /
permit + gerund
I used to swim when I was a
child
I am used to living in a hot
climate
Used to + infinitive = a past habit
or routine (thoùi quen trong quaù khöù)
Be / Get used to + gerund = be/
get accustomed to sth. (qen vôùi caùi
gì)
GROUP C: VERB + BARE INFINITIVE
He let this dog go out
The news made him look anxious
You had better tell him the truth
we would rather not go with him
I can speak English
let
make
+ Bare Inf.
had better
would rather
had sooner
Modal verbs (can; may ,must,
will…..)
6
7. NOTES:
1. SUGGEST + (Obj. / possessive pronoun ) + V-ing
that Subj. + should + V-bare
that Subj. + present subjunctive
His wife suggested taking the children to the sea this weekend
The manager suggested that she come to talk to the personnel
department.
The manager suggested that she should come to talk to the personnel
department.
2. PREPOSITION + V-ING
Do you concentrate on reading or writing?
The patient worries about having the check-up.
3. MAKE
- Make + Obj. + V- bare
- Make + Obj. + Adj. / Past participle
- BE made + TO- Verb
You can't make him go if he doesn't want to.
She had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.
The prisoners are made to dig holes and fill them in again.
4. ALLOW / ADVISE / PERMIT / RECOMMEND
Allow / permit / advise / recommend + Obj. + Verb- TO
BE allowed / permitted / advised / recommended + Verb- TO
Allow / permit / advise / recommend + Verb-ING
Do you think Dad will allow you to go to Jamie's party?
You're not permitted to talk during the exam.
I'd advise waiting until tomorrow.
4.Verbs of perception
7
8. see, hear, feel, notice listen to touch smell + V.ING / V.
BARE
Be seen , be heard , be noticed + V.ing /
to.V
We heard you leave. ( Emphasis on our hearing.)
We heard you leaving. ( Emphasis on your leaving.)
The infinitive is used after these verbs when we want to say that we hear or
see the whole of an action or event.
The –ing form is used to suggest that we hear an action or event in
progress.
Compare:
I heard her sing a lovely song. (As I sat listening, she started singing a
song and I listened to her until she finished it.)
I heard her singing a song as I walked past her room. (When I heard her
she was singing a song – she was probably in the middle of her singing.
Anyway, I didn’t hear the entire song.)
The –ing form can suggest repetition.
I saw him throwing stones at the dogs. (= He kept throwing stones.)
She was heard to mutter "I shall never forgive you" as she went out of
the room.
He was seen climbing out of the window.
help + to.V / V.bare;
be helped + to.V
Jack is helping me to tidy my CDs.
or Jack is helping me tidy my CDs.
5. have , get ( nhôø , sai khieán ai ñoù laøm gì) :
8
9. Active : Have sb V-BARE sth
Get sb V-TO sth
Passive : Have / get sth V3 by sb
Please have your secretary fax me the information.
How can parents get their children to read more?
I'm going to have my hair cut.
We're getting a new telephone system installed.
SUMMARY:
V +
infinitive
V + O +
i
n
f
i
n
i
t
i
v
e
V + gerund
V +
i
n
f
i
n
i
t
i
v
e
/
g
e
r
u
n
d
afford (ñuû
söùc)
agree (ñoàng
yù)
appear ( hình
nhö)
arrange(saép
ñaët)
ask(hoûiû, yeâu
caàu)
beg(ñeà nghò,
cause (gaây ra,
taïo ra)
challenge(ñoøi
hoûi, yeâu caàu)
convince(thuye
át phuïc)
dare (daùm
chaéc)
encourage
(khuyeán khích)
forbid (caám)
admit (nhaän,
thöøa nhaän
anticipate(ñoùa
n tröôùc)
aprreciate(caû
m kíchù)
avoid(traùnh)
can’t help
(ngaên ñöôïc,
traùnh)
complete
begin (baét
ñaàu)
bother (laøm
phieàn)
can’t bear
(khoâng theå
chòu)
can’t stand
((khoâng chòu
ñöôïc)
continue (tieáp
9
11. wish (mong
öôùc)
postpone (put
off) (hoõan)
practice (luyeän
taäp)
quit (give up)
(boû)
recall (nhaéc
nhôû)
recollect (nhôù
laïi)
recommend
(giôùi thieäu)
resent (töùc
toái)
resist (phaûn
ñoái )
risk (lieàu)
suggest (ñeà
nghò)
tolerate (tha
thöù)
understand
(hieåu)
SOME IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS ARE FOLLOWED
IMMEDIATELY BY A GERUND
Ex: I couldn’t help laughing when I heard his story.
It’s no use asking him for help
It’s no use /good
(voâ ích)
to be busy (baän
roän)
to be worth (ñaùng ,
xöùng ñaùng)
There is no (chaúng
coøn caùch naøo)
look forward to
(troâng mong)
can’t help /could’t
help (khoâng khoûi)
Do you / Would you
mind (xin caûm
phieàn)
to have fun (vui veû,
thích thuù)
to have a good time
(vui veû)
to have trouble (gaëp
khoù khaên trong)
to have difficulty
to have a hard life
to have a difficult
time
How about / What
about................
UNIT 2 PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
11
12. Tapescript
Interviewer: This is Radio 3. In our “ Unforgettable Experiences”
programme tonight we talk to Christina, a successful business
woman. Hello Christina, welcome to our programme.
Christina: Hello and thank you! It’s nice being with you tonight.
Interviewer:: Christina, could you tell our audience about the most
memorable experience in your life?
Chris: Well, my most unforgettable experience happened 13 years ago,
when my house burned down.
Interviewer: Really? How did it happen?
Chris: The fire started in the kitchen where I forgot to turn off the gas
stove.
Interviewer:: What were you doing at that time?
Chris: I was sleeping when I was suddenly woken up by terrible heat. I
opened my eyes to find myself surrounded by wall of fire.
Interviewer:: That’s terrible. How did you escape?
Chris: I was terrified. Then I heard my mother’s voice calling my name. I
rushed to her. She carried me out. Luckily, I got away without
even a minor burn.
Interviewer:: Not many people are so lucky. Did the fire affect you in any
way?
Chris: Oh, yes, very much, in fact. Although I lost many things in the fire,
the experience helped me to grow up.
Interviewer:: What do you mean?
Chris: Well, before the fire I was selfish. I always complained to my mother
about how small my room was, or how few clothes I had. Then the
fire came and destroyed everything we owned. But I slowly began
to realise that I didn’t really need my old things. I just needed my
family. After all, you can get new clothes anytime, but a family
can never be replaced.
Interviewer:: I see, so the fire took many things from you, but it gave you
something, too.
Chris: Exactly. It taught me to appreciate my family more than things.
WRITING
12
13. Write a letter (of about 120 words) to your penpal telling him/her about one
of your most memorable past experiences
A sample letter:
Hanoi, September 3rd 2009
Dear Long,
How have you been doing? Have you got any plan for the coming school
break? Perhaps I will go to see my grandparents in the countryside. I
haven’t seen them since my last school holiday.
Let me tell you about my last summer vacation at my grandparents’. It was
almost a year ago and was one of my most unforgettable experiences.
My grandparents live in a small village in Trung Khanh. There is a large
river at the back of their house where I often go swimming every afternoon
when I spend my vacation with them.
One day when I was swimming with some of my friends, I suddenly caught
a cold. I felt so dizzy and was too weak to continue swimming, so I started
to sink. I thought I was going to drown but I couldn’t call out for help
because I was too tired and terrified. Luckily, one of my friends saw that
and shouted for help. Immediately, another friend who swims the best
among us swam towards me and tried to pull me up. Then other friends
swam towards us to help him push me in.. My ljfe was finally saved.
Now recalling the moment I thought I was going to die, I understand how
precious life is. This event definitely taught me to appreciate my life.
What about you? Have you got any unforgettable holiday that you would
like to share with me?
See you soon.
Nam
13
14. LANGUAGE FOCUS
TENSE REVISION
TENSES FORM USAGE EXAMPLES
1
Simple
Present
V1/ s / es
-s , x , ch , sh , o
+ es
watches , kisses
-phuï aâm + y
y thaønh i ,
theâm es
study studies
-chaân lyù , söï
thaät , thoùi quen
-chöông trình
treân T.V , ôû
nhaø haùt , giao
thoâng coâng
coäng ..
-often /
usually /
frequently ,
always ,
sometimes /
occasionally
(thænh thoaûng) ,
seldom / rarely
(ít khi) , never
( khoâng bao giôø
), every day ,
every week ,
every month ,
every year ,
once a week
(moãi tuaàn moät
laàn) , twice a
month ( moãi
thaùng hai laàn)
…
-The sun rises
in the East and
sets in the
West.
-I often go to
school before
half past six.
-The film
begins at seven
tonight.
-The train
leaves at three
this afternoon.
2
Present
Continuo
Am / is / are +
V.ing
- boû e theâm ing
Moät haønh ñoäng :
- ñang dieãn ra ôû
thôøi ñieåm noùi
- coù tính taïm
-We are now
studying .
-I’m reading a
ghost story this
week.
14
15. us (tröø –ee )
write writing
dance dancing
- ie ying
lie lying
thôøi . khoâng phaûi
thoùi quen
- töông lai gaàn.
(ñaõ leân keá
hoaïch)
-now / right now
/ at the
moment / at
present /
presently , still
( vaãn)
-Be quiet ! She’s
sleeping.
-He usually
wears a shirt but
today he is
wearing a T-shirt.
-We’re leaving
tomorrow.
3
Present
Perfect
Have / has +
V3 /ed
Caùch gaáp ñoâi
phuï
aâm cuoái khi
theâm
-ed hoaëc -ing :
-V. 1 vaàn ,
taän cuøng laø
phuï – nguyeân
– phuï :
stopped ,
running ,
swimming
-V. 2 vaàn , ñoïc
nhaán vaàn
cuoái , taän
cuøng laø phuï –
nguyeân –
phuï : permitted
, preferred ,
beginning
-Khoâng gaáp
ñoâi :
Moät haønh ñoäng :
-vöøa môùi xaûy ra :
just
-trong quaù khöù
khoâng roõ thôøi
gian : recently /
lately (thôøi gian
gaàn ñaây) ,
already ( ñaõ
roài) , before ,
never ( chöa bao
giôø) , ever (ñaõ
töøng) , yet (chöa)
..
-baét ñaàu trong
quaù khöù vaø keùo
daøi ñeán hieän
taïi : since +
ñieåm thôøi
gian , for +
khoaûng thôøi
gian , so far /
up to now/ until
now/, up to the
-We have just
finished our test.
-She has seen
that film recently.
-They have
already read that
book .
-He has lived
here for three
years now.
-He has seen
that film several
times .
-This is the first
time I have seen
such a beautiful
girl. She is the
most beautiful
girl I have seen.
15
16. w, x, y
-quitted ,
equipped
present ( cho ñeán
baây giôø ) , for
two years now ,
since two years
ago , how long ..
-laäp ñi laäp laïi
nhieàu laàn trong
quaù khöù :
twice , three
times , several
times (nhieàu laàn)
…
-sau This / that /
it is the first /
second / third /
only /
superlative ( so
saùnh nhaát)
4
Simple
Past
V2 / ed
-phuï aâm + y
y thaønh i ,
theâm ed :
study studied
-xaûy ra vaø chaám
döùt trong quaù
khöù , bieát roõ
thôøi gian :
yesterday , ago ,
last week /
year , in 1990 ,
once ( coù laàn) ..
-He didn’t go to
school
yesterday.
-He was in
hospital for six
months last year.
5
Past
Continuo
us
Was / were +
V.ing
-xaûy ra vaø keùo
daøi moät thôøi gian
ôû quaù khöù raát
gaàn : all the
morning
yesterday, from
-He was working
all the afternoon
yesterday.
-What were you
doing at
16
17. 6 : 00 to 8 : 30
yesterday ..
-ñang xaûy ra vaøo
moät thôøi ñieåm
quaù khöù : at 7 :
00 last night , at
this time last
week ..
6 p.m last
Sunday ?
6
Past
Perfect
Had + V3 / ed -Xaûy ra vaø hoaøn
taát tröôùc moät
ñieåm thôøi gian
trong quaù khöù
hoaëc tröôùc moät
haønh ñoäng khaùc
trong quaù khöù .
-Sau It / This /
That + was the
first / second /
third / only /
superlative
-We had worked
in this company
before 2003.
When I got up
yesterday , she
had already left.
-It was the most
difficult question
that I had ever
known.
7
Simple
Future
S + will + V.bare
I / We
+shall+V.bare
-Seõ xaûy ra trong
töông lai , moät döï
ñoaùn veà töông
lai : tomorrow ,
next Sunday /
week / year .. ,
someday ,
soon ..
-She’ll be here in
a few minutes.
-I’ll call you
tomorrow.
8
Near
Future
Am / is / are +
going to + V.bare
- seõ , ñònh , moät
döï ñònh trong töông
lai gaàn.
- khi coù gôïi yù veà
ñieàu gì ñoù saép
xaûy ra
-Where are you
going to spend
your holidays ?
-The clouds are
dark. It is going
to rain.
17
18. 9
Future
Perfect
Will have + V3 /
ed
-seõ hoaøn taát
tröôùc moät thôøi
ñieåm trong töông
lai hoaëc tröôùc
moät haønh ñoäng
khaùc trong töông lai
: by the time
(tröôùc khi, cho
ñeán khi)
by + ñieåm thôøi
gian , by then
(tröôùc ñoù) ..
-I’ll have finished
my homework by
the time I go out
tonight.
-They’ll have built
that house by
July next year.
-When he retires
next month , he
will have taught
for forty years.
1/ Nhöõng ñoäng töø traïng thaùi hoaëc nhaän thöùc tri giaùc
thöôøng khoâng chia thì tieáp dieãn maø chia thì ñôn :
- be, look (coù veû), seem , feel , like , love , want , hate , have
(coù) , see , hear , know , realize , understand , remember ,
forget , smell / taste / sound + adj
- Now we understand it . - I want to leave at the
moment .
- I think you are right . (yù kieán , nhaän xeùt) - I am
thinking about her . (haønh ñoäng)
2/ Hai hoaëc nhieàu haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù xaûy ra cuøng
luùc hoaëc noái tieáp nhau nhö laø moät chuoãi , thöôøng coù and
hoaëc when chia thì Simple Past
- She stood up , turned off the light and went out. - When he
came , she made tea.
3/ Hai haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù , haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn ra
chia Past Continuous , haønh ñoäng chen vaøo , caét ngang chia
Simple Past .Thöôøng coù when / as (khi) , while . Sau while
thöôøng chia Past Continuous.
- Yesterday he came when we were having dinner.
- While they were sitting in a cafeù , suddenly they saw an accident.
18
19. 4/ Hai haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù , haønh ñoäng xaûy ra tröôùc vaø
hoaøn taát chia Past Perfect , haønh ñoäng xaûy ra sau chia Simple
Past . Thöôøng coù before , after , when …… already ..
- When I came , she had already left. -After she had known
the result , she called her parents.
5/ Hai haønh ñoäng keùo daøi song song trong quaù khöù , thöôøng coù
While : chia Past Continuous
- Yesterday while we were studying our lesson , my mother was
washing the dishes .
5/ Meänh ñeà traïng ngöõ chæ thôøi gian ( baét ñaàu baèng
when , whenever , as , just as , as soon as , while , before ,
after , till , until , by the time , since , as long as / so long
as ( mieãn laø) ) phaûi chia thì Simple Present ( hoaëc
Present Perfect neáu muoán nhaán maïnh raèng haønh
ñoäng ñoù thaät söï hoaøn taát ) neáu meänh ñeà chính
chia Future hoaëc Present.
- Next week when I meet him , I will give him this book.
- We are going to stay here until he finishes his exam.
- Tomorrow she’ll have breakfast before she goes to school.
- We will go as soon as you have finished your work tomorrow .
UNIT 3 A PARTY
Tapescript
Mai is my neighbour. She turned 16 recently and her parents held a
birthday party for her. I was one of those invited.
The party began at about 3 in the afternoon. There were about 20
of us gathering in Mai’s house. She didn’t like having the party at a
restaurant because it is noisy and expensive.
We gave presents to Mai and she happily opened them. It must
really be exciting to receive all those presents. After that Mai’s mother
served us soft drinks and biscuits. We then listened to music and played
cards. The winners were given prizes. At about four thirty Mai’s mother
19
20. brought out the birthday cake. It was beautifully candles sat in the middle
of the cake. We all clapped our hands eagerly and sang “ Happy birthday”
as she blew out the candles and cut the cake. We helped ourselves to slice
of the delicious cake and sang all the songs that we knew.
Finally, at about six in the evening the party came to an end. We
were all tired but happy. The parents of other children came to collect them
by motorbikes. I helped Mai and her mother clean up the mess we had
made. After that I walked home, which was only 3 doors away.
WRITING
Write a letter of invitation
sample letter:
17 Fountain Road
Canteberry
25th April, 2004
Dear Jessy,
How are things gettting on with you? I am fine here.
Since your family moved to Ipoh, things are not the same here. I really
enjoyed the things we did together.
Anyhow, the holidays are about to begin. Would you like to come over to
my house for a short stay? We could spend some time on the beach again,
swimming, catching crabs, etc. My parents say that they will be glad to see
you.
20
21. Do let me know whether you can make it or not.
I look forward to your reply.
Your friend,
Jack
LANGUAGE FOCUS
TO-INFINITIVE GERUND
ACTIVE
FORM
PASSIVE
FORM
ACTIVE
FORM
PASSIVE
FORM
TO -V TO BE + V-ED
V -3
V- ING BEING+ V-ED
+V-3
His colleagues started to respected Tom
Kevin hoped to be selected by the team captain
Smoking is bad for your health
I always remember being taken to the zoo by my grandfather.
INFINITIVE GERUND
1. FULL INFINITIVE: (to –V)
S + V1 + TO- V2 + ................
Ex: He wanted to go with me
I hope to see you soon
S + V1 + O + TO – V2 +................
a Functions
It can be used as subject.
♦ V-ING +(…….) + V +................
Playing tennis is fun.:
21
22. Ex: She asked us to come back later
They don’t allow that people to
smoke
S + V1 + ADJ. + TO – V2 +...........
Ex: It’s easy to speak Spanish.
Some of these questions are
difficult to answer
It follows some abstract nouns
(desire, wish, way, place, reason, time)
S + V1 + NOUN+ TO – V2 +.........
Ex: I mentioned my wish to work
overseas
It’ll soon be time to go home
It follows some common nouns,
or pronouns. The meaning is one of
purpose
S + V1 + NOUN/PRONOUN+ TO
– V2 +....
Ex: Can I borrow something to eat?
He came here (in order) to study
English.
It follows superlative degree and
, the first/last / next /only / second
Ex: Who was the first person to
walk on the moon?
He’s the oldest athlete to win an
Olympic gold medal
It follows too, or enough,
S + V1 +TOO /ENOUGH+
(………) + TO – V +.......
Ex: They gave us too much to eat
I am strong enough to lift that box
It replaces Relative clause
Ex: We have got a lot of things
to do (which we must do)
It follows a question word or a
phrase. (don’t use with “why’
♦ S + V1 + WH-QUESTION +
TO – V2 +................
Ex: No one told us where to meet
I just don’t know what to say
It can be used as object (of
prepositions)
♦ S +V1 + (PREP) + V-ING +
(…….) + .......
-We enjoy playing tennis.
He is excited about playing tennis.
It can be used as complement after
BE.
♦ S +BE+ V-ING +(…….) + .........
One of my bad habits is bitting my
nails
Notes: the form of a verb ending in –
ing is sometimes called the gerund,
the present participle, depending on
whether it is used more like a verb
or adjective or more like a noun.
Walking is good exercise. walking
= a gerund, used as subj.
Bob is playing tennis. playing = a
present participle, used in the present
continuous tense
I heard some surprising news.
surprising = a present participle, used
as an adjective.
22
23. UNIT 4 VOLUNTEER WORK
Tapescript
Spring School is an informal school. It provides classes to
disadvantaged children in Ho Chi Minh City. Around 30 street children live
and study at the school and about 250 children with special difficulties
from District 1 regularly attend classes.
The Organisation for Education Development co – operated with
Spring School to set up English classes in 1998. Dance, theatre, singing
and circus classes were set up a year later. Children from these classes
participate in fundraising performances. They raise money to continue their
English and Performance Arts classes.
Spring School requires volunteers to help organise their
fundraising dinner held annually in June. This is an exciting night in which
children dance, sing and play music at one of the largest hotels in Ho Chi
Minh City. They also need foreign volunteers to contact sponsors and help
to expand the school activities. Volunteers are required from February until
July to help organise these events.
It is hoped that more schools like Spring School will soon be found
in other cities in Viet Nam.
TEST YOURSELF A
I’ve known James for 25 years. We first me when he moved to my
town. He went to a different school but we became friends because he lived
next door to me. We’ve known each other since then, but we haven’t kept in
touch all that time … we lost contact with each other when I moved to
Scotland in the 1970s for my job … I didn’t go to James’ wedding but he
came to mine … And now? Well, I’ve been living here in Brighton since 99,
and these days I see James about once a week, usually in the park where I
walk my dog, or in the pub for lunch with another friend that we’ve known
for about the same length of time. We haven’t been doing that for very long
but it’s good to go all of us together.
23
24. WRITING
Write a letter expressing gratitude
Dear Sir,
I am very happy to receive a donation of 1,000,000 dong from your
company some days ago. The money will help us to build our school
library. We’ll certainly issue a receipt as soon as possible.
I would like to express our thanks for the donation from your company
and hope to get more assistance and cooperation from your company in the
future.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Your faithfully,
LANGUAGE FOCUS
GERUND PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
PERFECT
GERUND
PERFECT
PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPLE FORMS
Present
participle
Past participle Perfect
participle
Active V-ing
V-ed / V3
Have V-ed / V 3
Passive Being V-ed/ V3 Having been V-
ed / V 3
PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE REPLACED MAIN CLAUSE :
a. When two actions having the same subject are close in time (hai haønh
doäng coù cuøng Sub. , xaûy ra ñoàng thôøi , nguyeân nhaân
24
25. hành động xảy ra trước Present participle (có theå ñöùng tröôùc
hoaëc sau)
Walking all day long, I felt tired.
Being a stranger, he didn’t know the way
Opening the drawer, he took out a gun.
She went out, slamming the door.
b. When the second action is a part or a result of the first one ( hành động
thứ hai là một phần hoặc là kết quả của hành động thứ nhất 1 ) hành
động thứ 2 Present participle
She went out, slamming the door
c. Replacing adverb clauses of time, reason and cause
Walking along (when I was walking) a long the street, I saw an
accident
Putting (After he had put) down his newspaper, he went out
Being (As she is) the youngest child, Natasha is her father’s favourite
The fan queued for hours, hoping (because they hoped) to get tickets
d. Replacing relative pronoun + verb
Boys attending (who attend) this school have to wear uniforms
THE PAST PARTICIPLE (QUAÙ KHÖÙ PHAÂN TÖØ)
1. To form the perfect tenses : Have + V-ed / V 3
2. To form passive patterns: Be + V-ed/ V 3
3. As an adjective (passive meaning)
The little girt was frightened./The stolen money was found
4. Replacing Relative pronoun +passive verb
The question asked (which was asked) by our teacher was very difficult
5. In causative patterns (caàu khieán):
S + have / got + O + Past participle + by O
She had her new dress made. / I wanted my eggs fried
6. After conjunctions: when, if, although, while, once
You should wear gloves when using detergents. / If untreated,
she will die soon.
THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE (PHAÂN TÖØ HOØAN
THAØNH)
To emphasize the first action finished before the second one.
Having done his lesson, he went out to play football (after he had
done................)
Having lost my passport, I have to apply for a new one.
Note: Singing his song, he ran out the house. (vöøa chaïy vöøa haùt)
25
26. Having sung his song, he ran out of the house (khi haùt xong, anh
ta chaïy ra)
UNIT 5
LANGUAGE FOCUS
THE REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech Indirect speech
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Simple Future
Past Perfect
Perfect Conditional
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future in the past (would + V1)
Past Perfect
Perfect Conditional (would + have
+ V3)
Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time and place change as follows:
Direct speech Indirect speech
This / these
Here
Ago
Now
That / those
There
Before
Then
26
27. Today
Tonight
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next week / year / month
Last week / year
That day
That night
The day before (the previous day)
Two days before
The next day / the following day/ the day
after
In two days’ time
The next (following)week / year / month
The week / year before
1.STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
Ex1. : He said, “We have finished our work tomorrow.’
Ex2: She said to her daughter,” You have to decide what you want to do.”
Tom said, “I’m going away for a few days and will phone you when I get
back , Jessie.”
2.QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH
WH-QUESTIONS YES-NO QUESTIONS
27
28. 1.Bill said to me ,”What time will
he go tomorrow?”
2. Mr. Smith said to me, ”Where
are you going on your vacation ?”
3. I said to him ,”Where did you
put it ?”
1.Are you going to leave next
week?” said my friend.
2.My mother said,”Have you done
your homework?”
3. My wife asked me,”Can you tell
me why you are so sad?”
3. COMMANDS, REQUESTS , INVITATIONS AND ADVICE IN
REPORTED SPEECH
1. “ Listen carefully”, he said to us.
2. Ann said to him ,”Don’t wait for me if I’m late.”
3. Mary’s father said ”Get up early and you can do more work.”
4. She said , ”Open this box for me, please.”
She suggested
5. “Cook it in butter”, Mrs. Brown said to her daughter.
28
29. Mrs. Brown advised
6. “ You stole my purse, boy.”
The old lady accused
REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVES
Ex1: She told me, “ If I were you, I wouldn’t believe him”
She advised me not to believe him
Ex2 She said, “ I am not going to walk”
She refused to walk.
Verb + Obj.+ To-Inf. Verb + To- Inf.
advise
ask
beg
command
campel (thúc ép)
encourage
entreat (khẩn khoản)
expect
forbid
implore (van xin)
instruct
invite
agree
demand
guarantee
hope
offer
promise
propose (dư định)
swear(thề)
threaten
volunteer
vow (thề / tuyên thệ)
29
30. order
persuade
recommend
remind
request
tell
urge
warn
UNIT 6 COMPETITIONS
Tapescript
Trang: What are you reading, Paul?
Paul: The history of Boston Marathon.
Trang: It sounds interesting. How often is it held?
Paul: Every year, in the USA.
Trang: When did it begin?
Paul: In 1897. And the same year, John Mc Dermott won the first Boston
Athletic Association Marathon.
Trang: Who was John Mc Dermott? Where did he come from?
Paul: He was the first man who won the first Boston Marathon in the
USA. He came from New York.
Trang: How long did it take him to reach the finish?
Paul: He clocked 2 hours 50 minutes and 10 seconds.
Trang: Did women have right to participate in long distance running?
Paul: Yes. But not until 1967 women were formally accepted to take part
in the Boston races. And a few year later, Kuscsik became the
first official champion.
Trang: When did she win the race?
Paul: In 1972. At that time there were 8 women starting the race and all
8 finished.
30
31. Trang: Is the race held for only Ameriacan people?
Paul: No. Each year more runners from every part of the world join the
Boston Marathon. In 1984 there were 6164 runners from 34
different countries running in the marathon.
Trang: What are the rules of the Boston Marathon?
Paul: The Boston race is about 42 kilometres. Runners have to go
through 13 towns during the race. It ends in the centre of Boston.
Trang: Oh …! That’s great. Thanks a lot, Paul.
TEST YOURSELF B
In the 776 BC the Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount
Olympus to honor the Greeks chief god, Zeus. The Greeks emphasized
physical fitness and strenght in their education of youth. Therefore, contests
in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing and horse chariot
racing were held in individual cities, and the winners completed every four
years at Mount Olympus. Winner were greatly honored by having olive
wreaths placed on their heads and poems were sung about their deeds.
Originally, these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in
progress were halted to allow the games to take place.
The Greeks attacked so much importance to these games that they
calculated time in four year cycles called “Olympiad” dating from 776 BC.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUNDS
Ex 1: Why don’t we share the cost?”, she said
She suggested sharing the cost.
Ex 2: Tom said, “ I am sorry I messed up the arrangement”
Tom apologized for messing up the arrangement
Ex 3: “ It was your fault. You didn’t tell us”, she told me
She blamed me for not telling them.
Verb + that
31
32. Verb + V-ing. Verb + Obj.+ Prep+ V-ing clause
accuse of
admit
advise
apologise (to s.o) for
deny
insist on
mention
propose (=suggest)
recommend
report
suggest
dream of
accuse……of
congratulate (s.o)….on
forgive….for
prevent…..from
stop…..from
suspect…..of (ngờ vực)
thank (s.o) …..for
warn…..against
admit
advise
agree
insist
promise
remind
suggest
warn
UNIT 7 WORLD POPULATION
Tapescript
Interviewer: Good evening ladies and gentlemen. In our program tonight
we are honoured to have Dr. Brown, a world – famous
population expert. Dr. Brown, could you tell the audience
something about the world population?
Expert: Well, there are over 6,700 million people in the world today, and
the total is increasing at the rate of about 76 million a year.
Experts at the United Nations calculated that the population of
the world could be over 7 million by the year 2015.
Interviewer: Do all parts of the world have the same rate of population
growth?
Expert: No, they don’t. The population is growing more quickly in some
parts of the world than others. Latin America ranks first, Africa
ranks second, and Asia ranks third.
32
33. Interviewer: What is the main reason for the population explosion?
Expert: Well, I think the main reason is a fall in death rates. This is due to
the improvement of public health services and medical care.
Interviewer: I believe that the explosion of population has caused many
problems for the world. Is it right?
Expert: Yes, it is. It has caused a lot of problems such as shortage of foods,
lack of hospitals and schools, illiteracy, and poor living
standards.
Interviewer: Can you suggest some solutions to these problem?
Expert: I think there are a number of solutions to the problems. The first is
to educate people and make them aware of the danger of having
more children. The second is to provide safe, inexpensive birth –
control methods. The third is to strictly implement a family
planning policy. And the fourth is to exercise strict and fair
reward and punishment policies.
Interviewer: Thank you very much for being with us tonight, Dr. Brown.
Expert: You’re welcome.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (IF CLAUSES)
A. A conditional clause is a type of Adverbial clause. The event
described in the main clause depends on the condition described in
the conditional clause. Conditional clauses begin with: if; unless (=
if……not); provided(that) (=if only); so long as (as long as); on
condition that.(mieãn laø, vôùi ñieàu kieän laø); suppose;
supposing (giaû söû nhö) ; in case (trong tröôøng hôïp) ; even if
(ngay caû khi, duø cho)
Ex: If you feel ill, take these pills
We will lost the game unless we try harder
This climb is safe provided (that) you are careful
So long as the baby is fed, he seems very happy
The loan is offered on condition that it is repaid within 12
months. (formal)
B. If –clause may be placed before or after the main clause.there are
three main types of conditional clauses:
TYPE IF -CLAUSE MAIN
CLAUSE
EXAMPLE
33
34. 1.Future
possible
(Real
)
If you take this medicine, you
will feel better
If it stops raining , we can go out
If you want to lose weight, you
must go on a diet
If you are hungry, please help
yourself
If I eat too much, I get fat.(this
always happens)
If my dog sees a stranger, it
barks.
2.Present
unreal
(unreal in
Present)
She would speak E. better if she
practised more
If I were you, I would help him
If you tried again you would
succeed
If you tried again you could
succeed
If you tried again you might
succeed
If I were on holiday, I would be
touring Italy too
If I wanted anything, I got it
If anyone interrupted him, he
got angry
5.Past
unreal
(unreal in
the past)
If he had studied hard,he would
have passed his exams
If I had known she was sick,I
would have visited her
If Tom had not been there, I
would have been sitting in front
7. Mixed
conditional Type 2 (simple
past)
Type 3 (had +
pp)
Type 3( would
have +pp)
Type 2 (would
+ bare-inf.)
Tom is not a good student. He
did not study for the test
yesterday
If he were a good student, he
would have studied for the test
I did not eat breakfast this
morning, so I’m hungry now
If I had eaten breakfast this
morning, I wouldn’t be hungry
now
34
35. General notes on the conditional sentences
1. IF may be omitted and WERE, HAD, or SHOULD is placed
before the subject in the present unreal and past unreal
conditions. This inversion of sub. and verb is used either for
emphasis or for some literary purpose.(ta coù theå boû “IF”ôû
If-clause baèng caùch ñaûo ngöõ, chæ ñaûo ngöõ khi
sau chuû ngöõ laø WERE / HAD /SHOULD
Ex: Should anyone call, ask him to leave a message. (If anyone
should call,................)
Had I known she was sick, I should have visited her. (If I had
known,................)
Were I you, I would help her. (If she were to see................
Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed
it. (In the negative, “NOT”follows subject)
2. UNLESS = IF................NOT(chuù yù sau unless la caâu
xaùc ñònh)
IF + S + aux. + NOT = UNLESS + S + VERB
Ex: if it is not cold, we we’ll go swimming
Unless it is cold, we we’ll go swimming
If I have time, I will help you Unless I have time, I won’t
help you
If I won a big lottery, I would buy a big house unless I won
a big lottery, I wouldn’t buy a big house
(Ñoåi caâu töø IF sang UNLESS, löu yù: if……not sang
unless main clause khoâng ñoåi; if sang unless main clause
ñoåi sang phuû ñònh)
3. WISH/ IF ONLY
Wish and ‘If only’ are both used to talk about regrets – things that
we would like to change either about the past or the present.
Talking about the present
If only I didn’t have so much homework I could go to the concert
tonight. She has a lot of homework and she can’t go to the concert.
I wish you didn’t live so far away.
I wish I knew what to do.
35
36. When we talk about present regrets, both wish and if only are
followed by the past simple tense. The past tense emphasises that
we are talking about something ‘unreal’.
Talking about the past
I wish I’d studied harder when I was at school. He didn’t study
harder when he was at school.
I wish I hadn’t eaten all that chocolate. I feel sick.
If only I’d known you were coming.
Both wish and if only are followed by the past perfect tense when
we talk about past regrets.
Wish/if only and would
We use wish + would to talk about something in the present that we
would like to change – usually something that we find annoying.
I wish you wouldn’t borrow my clothes without asking.
I wish it would rain. The garden really needs some water.
I wish you’d give up smoking. it’s really bad for you.
CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH
1.“If you pass your test, I will buy you a car”, he said
=> He told me if I passed my test, he would buy me a car.
2.“If I were King you would be Queen”, he said to his wife.
=> He told his wife if he were King, she would be Queen.
3.“If I’d had my mobile yesterday, I could have contacted you.” Matthew
said.
=> Matthew told me if he had had my mobile the day before, he could
have contacted me.
Notes:
1. Conditional type 1: we apply all the necessary changes as usual : changes
of verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs of time and place
2. Conditional type 2 and 3 : we don’t change the verb tenses, but we
follow the rules to change pronouns, adverbs of time and place.
UNIT 8 CELEBRATIONS
Tapescript
36
37. Lan: You lived in Japan for more than two years, could you tell me
something about Japanese New Year, Mai? When is the New Year
observed?
Mai: It’s on 1 January, and it lasts three days through 3 January.
Lan: Do people do the same things as we do in Vietnam?
Mai: Well, there are some similarities and also some differences.
Lan: Please, tell me about them.
Mai: The preparations begin a few days before the New Year when
housewives start cooking special food for New Year’s Day.
Lan: Do they clean and decorate their houses?
Mai: Sure, they do. On the New Year’s Eve every household do a big
cleaning up. The idea is to get rid of the dirt of the past year and
welcome the new one.
Lan: Do they decorate the house with trees and flowers?
Mai: Yes, they usually decorate their houses with some small pine trees
both sides of the door, which represent longevity and constancy.
People also exchange cards and gifts.
Lan: I see. And what do they usually do on the New Year’s Eve?
Mai: Family members sit round and start watching the national singing
contest on television. But the last notes must be sung before
midnight. Then television or radio will broadcast 108 bells. As
soon as the 108th
bell is rung, people all say “ Happy New Year”
Lan: What do they usually do next?
Mai: Some families put on special kimonos or dress to visit their shrine.
Then they come home and eat their special New Year Day’s food
and drink a lot of rice wine. New Year’s Day is mostly celebrated
among family only.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
I. ONE, ONES
If you want a ticket, I can get one for you.
Do you like these shirts? - No, I like the ones on.the,left.
She needed a little money, so I lent him some.
We can use "one" instead of repeating a _______ ________noun,
and'"ones" instead of repeating a __ ______________noun
We don't use "one, ones" instead of an' ________________ noun.
37
38. II. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Person Thing
someone somebody something
anyone anybody anything
no one nobody nothing
everyone everybody everything
Ex: Someone left their umbrella in the office.
I opened the door but there was no one at home.
It was a very clear day. We could see everything.
Some- Any -
1. Generally in positive
sentences:
- There is someone in the room.
- I'm hungry. I want something to
eat.
2. In questions, when we think
that the person or the thing
exists:
- Are you waiting for somebody? (I
think you are waiting for
1. Generally in negative
sentences:
- There is not anyone in the room.
- He's lazy. He never does
anything.
* In sentences that have negative
meaning:
- She went out without anything.
- Hardly anyone came.
- He refused to eat anything.
2. "anyone" any person at
all; it does not matter who:
"anything" any thing at all;
it does not matter which:
- Anyone can see that it's wrong.
38
39. somebody)
3. When we offer or ask for
things:
- Would you like something to eat?
- I'm so hungry that I can eat
anything.
- The exercises are so simple that
almost anyone can do them.
3. If + anyone / anything:
- If anyone has any questions, I'll
be pleased to answer them.
4. In most questions, when we
don't know if the person or the
thing exists:
-1 can't find my bag. Has anybody
seen it? -Is there anybody here?
* Indefinite pronoun +_____________________verb:
Nothing ever happens in this town. If everyone is ready, I'll begin.
* When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun of person, we normally
use " ___________ ___________”:
Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.
Someone left their umbrella in the office.
No one likes snakes, do they?
* When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun of thing, we normally
use "_____________”
Everything here has .its own box. Something is wrong, isn't it?
EXERCISES
1. The exam was really difficult. ___________ passed, -
A. someone B. anyone C. no one D.
everyone
2. - What do you want to eat? - ___________-_. : I don't mind. Whatever
you have.
A. something B. anything C. no thing D. everything
3. - Paul: Hike these watches. -Ted: Which ___________ ?
39
40. - Paul: The silver ___________
- Ted: I like this___________ instead.
A. one / one / one B. one / ones / ones
C. ones / one / one ?" D. ones / ones / one
4. "Can I ask you _____________?”" Sure. What do you want to ask?"
A. something B. anything C. no thing D. everything
5. Nobody phoned, did ___________?
A. they B. she C. he D. it
6. Everybody___ their own ideas about the best way to bring up children.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
7. I’m going out now. If ___________ phones while I'm out, can you tell
them I'll be back at 11.30?
A. someone B. anyone C. no one D. everyone
8. There are many excellent food markets in town but the main__ is near the
port.
A. something B. nothing C. one D. ones
9. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost ___________?
A. something B. anything C. no thing D. everything
10. ___________ scares him. He's very brave.
A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
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