Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Essay

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Essay
Over the past decade, advances in the field of cloning have allowed for the possibility of human
cloning. By using the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), in which the DNA from an
adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized egg, scientists have developed the ability to clone
numerous types of animals related to humans. Cloning has proven to be useful in several areas of
science, improving scientists' understanding of the functions of genes and the cell cycle. In addition,
scientists are on the path toward using cloning in order to create organs, tissues, and other
technologies useful for the treatment of humans with serious diseases.
On July 5, 1996, an adult sheep clone known as Dolly was created by using the somatic ... Show
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Using Willadsen's research, Wilmut and Campbell coated the cells with agar, which supplying the
protection that was lost due to the removal of the zona pellucida (Lewis 2001).
Another key improvement in cloning was the use of unfertilized oocytes in the making of the clone
zygote rather than using enucleated fertilized eggs (Lewis 2001). Previously, scientists had used
already fertilized eggs in order to create clone zygotes. However, this technique was ineffective
because most cells did not survive longer than the blastocyst phase (Lewis 2001). By coordinating
the cell cycles of the donor somatic nucleus and using immature unfertilized eggs, the newly
fertilized oocytes were able to divide and develop beyond the stage of the blastocyst (Lewis 2001).
The most important improvement in the method of cloning was Wilmut and Campbell's control of
the cell cycles of the donor cell nucleus (Chye 2001). They were able to cause the cells to enter G0,
a stable stage from which to transfer the somatic cell nuclei, by removing the serum from the cells in
the culture (Chye 2001). Since they were able to determine which stage the nuclei were from, the
nuclei used to create the fertilized oocytes were in the proper phase of the cell cycle as to promote
growth and development (Chye 2001). The embryo was then activated with the use of an electrical
pulse, and left for several days to mature (Chye 2001). In the final step, the cultured embryo was
implanted into the
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The Pros And Cons Of Genetic Editing And Human Cloning
The humanity of the human future is in our hands. Humans as a species have innovated the world.
Leading to modern medicine, which continues daily becoming ever more powerful against disease
and death, due to the bewildering achievements in the fields of biomedical science and technology.
The groundbreaking achievements in these field have made things possible, which people thousands
of years ago, could only dream of. The present and future advances in genetic and reproductive
technologies, in neuroscience and psychopharmacology, and in the development of artificial organs
and computer–chip implants for human brains, we now recognize new uses for biomedical power
that goes beyond the traditional medical goals of healing disease and relieving suffering. Medicine
has grown a new branch for genetic editing and human cloning, which should be banned and tightly
regulated due to the threat it poses to humanity.
Our genes shape who we are as individuals and as a species. Advancements in DNA sequencing
have allowed researchers to identify thousands of genes that affect our risk of ... Show more content
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"an egg with a new somatic nucleus must re–program itself in a matter of minutes or hours (whereas
the nucleus of an unaltered egg has been prepared over months and years). There is thus a greatly
increased likelihood of error in translating the genetic instructions, leading to developmental defects
some of which will show themselves only much later." (Kass). As stated by Kass the chance for
survival is not the ideal for human testing. Additionally, for a child to be created it takes nine months
of human programming within the cells as opposed to gene editing and human cloning where an egg
must reprogram itself in a few weeks. The results of these technologies will not be fully seen until
the child grows. The rapid reprogramming of the cell could lead to great errors that could lead to
unhealthy, abnormal, and malformed

Persuasive Essay On Cloning
Cloning has been a mystery that has puzzled the majority of scientists through many decades on
how they could be able to achieve the impossible, many have given up and thought of this action as
an impossible accomplishment that may never become a reality of the world. Over the past recents
decade this impossible accomplishment is now becoming a reality to the world. "A clone is a
genetically identical copy of an organism, and it may be created asexually oe created in a lab. The
three types of cloning consist of reproductive, gene, and therapeutic cloning" ("Cloning"). There
have been many attempts throughout the years of trying to produce a cloning until finally in 1979
the first reproductive animal clone was developed a sheep named polly who was the clone of her
surrogate mother dolly the sheep. Therapeutic, reproductive, and animal cloning should be
implemented more in the United States of America; because it will increase medical advancements
in organ transplants, will give infertile parents a chance to procreate, and will give scientists the
chance to further cloning and acknowledgments of diseases. Therapeutic cloning is the use of
cloning embryonic stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs. This type of cloning
can be used for many different types of diseases and organ transplants through various options
allowed by therapeutic cloning. First off, therapeutic cloning has the ability to duplicate same,
healthy cells in damaged organs and tissues

Essay on Does Artificial Human Cloning Challenge Ethical...
Does Artificial Human Cloning Challenge Ethical Boundaries?
Are you one of the millions of humans that take their individuality for granted? If so, adding a
replica of a loved one no big deal. Or is it? Human cloning, will it be the wave of the future which
will create a human being that will genetically superior or simple replace a loved one that died?
What would a parent pay to replace a lost child $1000.00, $10,000.00, or as much as one million
dollars, and if so would this be justifiable, moral, or even ethical? Cloning another human being
through artificial means draws speculation, fear, and debate. These concerns would suggest that it
borders unethical boundaries, is currently not safe enough for human reproduction. The causes, ...
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(History)
This unprecedented development of DNA opened new doors and concerns of how to use this new
enhancement capability. Should this development be used to create a cloned human being, which
until recently only happened naturally through the birthing process of identical twins? Should this
new–found code not be used at all? The development of DNA soon led to the introduction of a term
called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This involves transferring the nucleus of somatic cells
into a nucleated oocyte. This process means removing the nucleus from an unfertilized egg, then
inserting it into the egg of the nucleus from an adult animal cell. The manipulated oocyte is treated
with chemicals or electric in order to stimulate cell division and an embryo is formed (Johnson
2002). The (SCNT) research became reality in 1997 with the breakthrough of cloning the first
mammal At Roslin Institute in Scotland an embryologist by the name of Ian Wilmut and his team
replaced the nucleus from an oocyte of a blackface ewe with the nucleus of a cell from the
mammary glands of a six–year–old Finn Dorset sheep. They transferred the resulting embryo into
the womb of a surrogate ewe and approximately five months later Dolly was born. She was
genetically identical to the Finn Dorset ewe from which the somatic cell had been obtained (Human
genome project information. 2002). In the announcement of her controversial birth, an

Disadvantages Of Human Cloning
The term Human cloning refers to artificial human reproduction, which Is the reproduction of
human cells and tissue, or replication of a human thus making a copy of that human. Two commonly
discussed types of theoretical human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. To
summarize the therapeutic cloning is the process where nuclear transplantation of a patient's own
cells makes an oocyte from which Immune–compatible cells (especially stem cells) can elicit
transplants(Farina, A, 2014). Moreover, These cells are stimulated to divide and grow in a petri dish
rather in the uterus. However, therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use
in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice
anywhere in the world, as of April 2017. Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being
researched are somatic (relating to the body, moreover as distinct from the mind)–cell nuclear
transfer and, more recently, pluripotent (capable of giving rise to several different cell types) stem
cell induction. Finally, the second type of cloning is reproductive cloning and involves making an
entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. Human cloning will one day be possible
as a new tool called CRISPR– is already being used to edit the genomes (the haploid set of
chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism) of insects
and animals. Essentially a very sharp

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: A Genetic Analysis
If a disease comes and it affects those without the BLG protein there is a high chance that these
animals without it will be affected and possibly wiped out of the population. Gene knockdown is the
reduction of an organism's gene expression; this means that the organism's population will become
more alike with each other, resulting in the population being less biologically diverse. As these
organisms reproduce, their modified genes are possibly passed onto their offspring; this will cause
the offspring to be similar to one another, resulting in the population to be less genetically diverse.
There are both positives and negatives to this, where if a disease hits they could all either be
perfectly healthy or it could making them sick and they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With cloning comes many wasted embryos that do not survive, and when they do survive there are
usually many health problems the animals faces so may not even survive the average lifespan of its
species. However, cloning will also eventually be able to be used to help with treatments of
illnesses, and by cloning you are able to take out or add in new genes, which can affect what an
organism produces. So like Daisy, eventually people will be able to drink the milk that contains less
BLG and this will help people who have an allergy towards it get the calcium they need without
having to take pills for it. Gene knockdown helps the process of cloning because through it scientists
are able to modify the genes in the nucleus. However gene knockdown is not always reliable so
sometimes it doesn't always work, this can lead to the embryos not surviving. Both work together to
produce genetic biodiversity within a population, however if it is not respected they can end up
doing the opposite and so decreasing a populations gene pool so organisms are limited to what genes
they can pass on to their offspring. And so this will help determine the survival of populations
through genetic biodiversity. Of course genetic biodiversity can also

Pros And Cons Of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is the process of creating a cell, organ, or organism by using an egg
cell from one donor and a body cell from another donor. It is used in therapeutic cloning, which is
the creation of a healthy body cell to replace a faulty cell, allowing for patient–specific treatments.
SCNT can also be used in reproductive cloning, which is used to clone full animals or possibly
humans. The process of SCNT is completed by taking an egg cell from a female donor, and a body
cell, any body cell, from another donor. The nucleus is removed from the egg cell, while the nucleus
from the body cell is implanted into the egg cell as a replacement. The cell begins to divide, and
eventually grows into a developed organism with the same ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(2014). Factors Affecting the Development of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos in Cattle.
Retrieved March 03, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4219988/
Group 10 Project – Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. (2010). Retrieved March 03, 2018, from
https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php/Group_10_Project_–
_Somatic_Cell_Nuclear_Transfer
Lo, B., & Parham, L. (2009). Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research. Retrieved March 03, 2018, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726839/
Tachibana, M., Amato, P., Sparman, M., Gutierrez, N. M., Tippner–Hedges, R., Ma, H., . . .
Mitalipov, S. (2013). Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.
Retrieved March 03, 2018, from

Clones Essay
During the past few centuries, technology has reached a new level. With breakthroughs from the
invention of electricity to the development of the Internet, these advances have made a huge impact
on society. Every day brings the question of what will come next, and what technologies will further
enhance the world. Science fiction novels and movies are essentially based on the wonder of future
technologies. One of the biggest issues in the development of technology is cloning. The word clone
is used in many different contexts in biological research but in its most simple and strict sense, it
refers to a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal, or human being.1 ... Show more
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Incellular cloning copies are made of cells derived from the soma, or body, by growing these cells in
culture in a laboratory.3 The cloned cells that are made are identical to the original cell. This method
is also used for creation of medicines that molecular cloning creates. Since these methods do not
involve germ cells, they are not beneficial in producing a baby.
The objectives of blastomere separation and nuclear transplantation cloning, however, are to
reproduce genetically identical animals. In blastomere separation, the developing embryo is split
very soon after fertilization when it is composed of two to eight cells.4 These individual cells are
called blastomeres. The blastomeres are now able to generate new separate organisms. The
blastomere's ability to produce new organisms makes it possible for scientists to split animal
embryos into many cells that make genetically identical organisms. This is beneficial to breeding
livestock. During the 1980s, cloning animals reached a new level called nuclear transplantation
cloning. In nuclear transplantation cloning, the nucleus is removed from an egg and replaced with
the
Antosh 3 diploid nucleus of a somatic cell.5 This type of cloning differs from sexual reproduction
because in sexual reproduction, the egg and sperm combine. In nuclear transplantation cloning, a
new organism is created by a single parent.
The

Dolly The Sheep: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
One of the methodologies used in the process of genetic cloning is called somatic cell nuclear
transfer. This method of genetic cloning involves a body (somatic) and an egg (enucleated oocyte)
cell to create an embryo. An example of a successful case of genetic cloning with using this
methodology is Dolly the Sheep. There are four main steps that are used in this method.
The first step in the somatic cell nuclear transfer is that a body (somatic) cell is removed from a
donor. The nucleus is extracted from the cell as it contains the vital DNA required for the cloning
and everything except the nucleus is discarded. With Dolly, the body (somatic) cell was extracted
from a Finn Dorset ewe's udder. The extracted cell was then placed in a culture that contained an
extremely small concentration of nutrients. This will cause the cell to stop multiplying and to turn
off their active genes by starving it.
The second step is that an egg (enucleated oocyte) cell needs to be extracted from a donor. The
nucleus of the cell has to be extracted from the cell which only leaves a hollow egg cell that
contained the necessaries that were needed. With Dolly, the egg (enucleated oocyte) cell is extracted
from a blackface ewe. Its nucleus is separated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will allow to cell to continue multiplying and developing. After a specific time, the organism
that is result of the cell will be born and it genetics will be identical to the donor of the body
(somatic) cell. This was the same for Dolly, as it the embryo that was created six days later from the
multiplying hybrid cell was implemented into another Blackface ewe uterus. The hybrid cell had
matured during the gestation period which resulted in the ewe giving birth to a Finn Dorset Lamb
known as Dolly. Dolly's genetics was completely identical to the Finn Dorset that the body (somatic)
cell originated

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In the 21st century human cloning has become a huge component of modern day society, it's mainly
being looked at as a way for human infertility problems to be solved through a process of somatic
cell nuclear transfer. But is this process actually helping or benefiting the cloning of humans? The
answer is simple, no. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique for cloning in which the nucleus is
removed from a healthy egg. This egg becomes the host for a nucleus that is transplanted from
another cell, such as a skin cell. The resulting embryo can be used to generate embryonic stem cells
with a genetic match to the nucleus donor (therapeutic cloning), or can be implanted into a surrogate
mother to create a cloned individual, such as Dolly the

Therapeutic Cloning: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Therapeutic cloning, which is also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is a type of
cloning that produces embryonic stem cells to use in replacing or repairing damaged tissues or
organs. This type of cloning does not clone humans or any animals.
How it works:
The nucleus from an egg is extracted
The nucleus of a somatic cell is extracted and is placed in the enucleated egg
The egg is stimulated to begin dividing
The egg begins to divide repeatedly to form a blastocyst
The stem cells are then extracted from the blastocyst
The cells created are then grown into the specific organ needed and the organ is transplanted in to
the patient to treat a disease from which the patient suffers
History:
1938–Hans Spemann conducted the experiment on salamanders and he ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although that life has not developed past the embryonic stage many people consider the destruction
of an embryo for stem cells a murder. Those who oppose therapeutic cloning believe that the process
encourages embryo destruction and abortion, however many people do not consider the embryo as
life since it has not been placed in a woman's womb and has not past the blastocyst stage. Therefore,
the debate of whether life starts as an embryo or in a woman's womb has affected the views of many
people regarding therapeutic cloning.
Another ethical concern many people have with therapeutic cloning is that the process is defying
God since it involves cloning and thus is morally wrong. Many people do believe that the process
defies God since it is cloning and creating something only God can create. Although this concern is
understandable, supporters of therapeutic cloning suggest that the process is only helping people
survive diseases through healthy organ transplants and scientists have no intention of challenging
God in any way.
Pros:
the process helps create vital organs for transplantation to cure deadly

Is Human Cloning Legal? Essay
Human cloning has not been legally used in humans because many people and experts are still
discussing its effectiveness, worthiness and effect on humanity. Human cloning, also known as
human genetic engineering, can be divided into two main types, which are therapeutic cloning,
growing cloned tissue from individual, and reproductive cloning, genetically identical copy of an
individual. Human cloning have drawn people's attention because people are become more
concerned about health problems and tried to find a methodology that can help them live longer and
better; human cloning seems to be one of the possible choices. However, it is still being discussed its
trade–off between benefits and risks. Despite medical benefits and advancement of ... Show more
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In addition, human cloning in the form of reproductive cloning may provide an alternative way of
having a genetically related offspring for infertile and same sex couples. Chambers (2002) & Staicu
(2012) state that reproductive cloning may be a good solution for homosexual couples to have a
child, and it can help infertile couples to overcome their health problems. As a result, a number of
health–related benefits seem to be found in both types of human cloning and these benefits could
provide a better life for people.
Human cloning not only has several medical benefits but can also contribute to the advanced
knowledge of humanity. The theory of human cloning can be learned, adapted and extended to other
fields in many ways. This biotechnology has destroyed the limit of people's knowledge about the
human body in depth, which will provide many further benefits. Learning more about disease
therapy and extend it to the pharmaceutical field is one of these benefits. Embryonic stem cell and
cloning research could be used as cellular models to understand the cause of the diseases and could
be used to test new drugs (Devolder & Savulesca, 2006). Furthermore, therapeutic cloning has a
successful tendency of curing several genetic disorders such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's disease. For instance, in January 2005, the Japanese team

How Does Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Gene knockout is when a target gene is altered completely to be nonfunctional. When the gene is
altered, the proteins that are made from this gene will no longer function which can further effect
metabolic processes, this is why gene knockdown is much preferred over gene knockout. Gene
knockout effects on other metabolic processes and can have damaging effects on the individual
involved.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is performed when looking through a direct microscope and using
pipettes to get human eggs and remove and transfer the nuclei from one cell to another. Somatic cell
nuclear transfer is used to produce clones of cells that have the same genetic background as the
original donor nucleus.
SCNT is the cloning of somatic cells which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nucleus containing the donor cells will produce an embryo with the exact same genetic
information as the donor cow. In Further detail, the nucleus which contains the organisms DNA of a
somatic cell (a body cell other than sperm or an egg cell) is removed and the rest of the cell is
seemingly discarded. At the same time the nucleus of an egg cell is removed. Afterwards the nucleus
of the somatic cell is then inserted into the egg cell. After being inserted into the egg cell, the
somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by the host cell. The egg now containing the nucleus of a
somatic cell, is stimulated with a shock called mild electric pulse and will begin to divide. After
many mitotic divisions, this single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100
cells) with almost identical DNA to the original organism. To make Daisy, researchers isolated a
somatic cell from an adult female cow. Next they would have removed the nucleus and all of its
DNA from an egg cell. Then

Cloning for the Greater Good Essay
Cloning for the Greater Good Many advances in science continue to bring possibilities and hope to
people around the world. The possibility of therapeutic cloning and embryonic stem cell research
not only brings hope to people with diseases but also brings fear to many when the thought of clones
walking the earth comes to mind. Therapeutic cloning is an advanced procedure also known as
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) where DNA is removed from an egg and replaced with DNA
from a somatic cell. After the DNA is transferred into the egg, the egg is shocked into thinking it
was fertilized and cells start to divide. The "fertilized" egg or embryo's stem cells are harvested for
research to find cures for diseases and other medical answers. ... Show more content on
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According to Hansen critics of therapeutic cloning and embryonic research are saying the research is
not advanced enough for the hype it is receiving. For example, a study where rats were injected with
insulin developing cells still died from diabetes (9). It would be amazing for people with organ
transplants to one day not have to take rejection pills because their organs would be their own or at
least clones of them. Even though the research is still new and basically still a major scientific and
medical possibility many argue that while it would be great there are no real promises and the theory
of therapeutic cloning and embryonic stem cell research is still somewhat of a "dream." Embryos are
fertilized eggs so cloning them or using them in general for research make many question if that is a
form of murder. Many anti abortionists are against this procedure of stem cell research because
embryos are being killed. The people against using embryos for research believe the human embryo
is a life. Mike Pence of Indian claims, "I believe it is morally wrong to take the tax dollars of
millions of pro–life Americans, who believe that a human life is sacred and use it to fund the
destruction of human embryos for research" (Schuler, 3). Also Hansen claims, "Some people argue

The Human Reproductive Cloning Debate
One of the most controversial areas in genetic engineering is human or reproductive cloning. The
topic has raised moral and ethical concerns among critics. According to the Gallup poll conducted in
2014, only 13% of Americans believed cloning human beings is morally acceptable (May, 2016).
This shows a disapproval of such technology by the public.
Human reproductive cloning is the creation of an individual who has identical nuclear genetic
material (DNA) to an existing human being, and who is allowed to develop to term and beyond (Bio
Centre, n.d.). This science uses somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Dolly, the sheep, was the first
mammal cloned using this technology, and its possible utility for human cloning has been argued
ever ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When couples carry genetic risk, they might consider reproductive SCNT to avoid passing a serious
genetic disease on to their offspring (Daar et al., 2016). If the technology is abused, people might try
to create "perfect" human beings, as Hittler attempted.
Reproductive SCNT involves the production of a child through an asexual procedure, a fundamental
departure from natural or assisted conception (ex: IVFs) in which a child's genome is unique from
either parent (Daar et al., 2016). Some orthodox Christians believe that this method destroys the link
between a human relationship and the being of a child (Bio Centre, n.d.).
Reproductive cloning may harm children psychologically. Parents might harbor unfair expectations
on the child, and this can hinder the child's personal growth and undermine the child's interests in
forming a unique identity (Daar et al., 2016).
There are safety concerns regarding human cloning. Between 95 – 98% of mammalian cloning
experiments have resulted in miscarriages, still births, and life threatening abnormalities (Bio
Centre, n.d.). Similar abnormalities may occur in human reproductive

Persuasive Essay: What Is Cloning Ethical?
The Issue of Cloning For centuries many people questioned whether cloning was possible or not, but
in 1952 a tadpole was successfully cloned. This leaves the question, is cloning ethical, and
beneficial? Cloning takes the chance and guess work out of sexual reproduction because rather than
having 50% of their genes from their mother and 50% from their father this clone gets their genes
from one specific organism. Scientists are able to find the good DNA of an organism and single out
creating a perfect clone. There have been many clones done such as a mouse in 1979. This mouse
was created when the scientist split mouse embryos inside of a test tube and then implanted the
embryo inside of a female mouse.The most successful method for cloning is Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (SCNT) which is how the infamous Dolly the sheep was cloned. Dolly was a big deal
because she was the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The survival rate is about one clone for every one hundred experiments. The cloned animals never
last long and most die prematurely. Cloned animals also may have complications due to liver failure,
pneumonia, and obesity throughout their lives. Why would we want to put a human through this?
Human's should not be experimented with in this way because it has a chance of being very harmful.
When it comes to the cloning of humans that's when the ethics get questionable. It opens questions
from will people create their specific wants in a baby to if a baby is cloned who is it's parent? We as
a country and a world have too many kids in the adoption system to even be thinking about creating
"perfect" kids. Also, if scientists is experimenting with creating humans, and succeeds would the
said scientist take care of the kid or euthanize it like most of the other cloned animals. However,
there are benefits such as therapeutic cloning which I am for, but the physical cloning of humans can
lead to nothing but

A great example of how somatic cell nuclear transfer can be used moving forward in research is
Dolly, a female sheep and "the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell..." was born
(Learn.Genetics). Because the birth of Dolly established the fact that scientists can successfully
perform a cloning and create a genetic replica of another mammal, the topic of concern is whether or
not cloning can be done with human cells and if so, how long it will take to successfully engineer a
human clone. According to an interview conducted by PBS, a handful of doctors, all of whom are at
the top of their field, have no doubt that human cloning will happen in the future. However, what is
most interesting is the amount of time they predict it will

Is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?
The second way to get hESCs is by man–created. One technology of man–creating hESCs is
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), commonly referred to as cloning. This technique is also used
in therapeutic cloning, which creates hESCs to treat or cure a patient with the disease. Since the
created hESC contains DNA that's virtually identical to the existing patient, this could eliminate the
significant problem of tissue rejection, which could be the "impediment to the clinical success of
regenerative medicine." (Korobkin 66) And this SCNT process does not involve sperm which means
that it does not involve sexual reproduction. Another technology is in vitro fertilization (IVF), using
both eggs and sperm which involves sexual reproduction. Both technologies can produce hESCs,
but IVF is more morally accepted worldwide. The reason for this may be that SCNT could increase
the supply of embryos and "decrease respect or awe before them." (Holland 46); embryos created by
SCNT are not genetically unique with the acknowledge that genetic uniqueness is one of the "valued
properties of embryos crated by IVF." (Holland 47); imperfectness of cloning technique with a
human somatic cell; SCNT does not produce a pure clone so that immune rejection will not be fully
eliminated. IVF is "the crucial first step in transforming human procreation in radically new ways."
(Furcht 94)
Although IVF seems more acceptable after comparison, therapeutic cloning is still under opposition.
To be specific, first

Stem Cell Research Persuasive Essay On Human Cloning
Justin Dube
Mr. Goldstein
English I
2 May 2017
Stem Cell and Cloning
Cloning refers to asexual reproduction, reproduction without fertilisation. A cloned individual may
result from two different processes. The first of which is embryo splitting, this sometimes gives rise
to monozygotic twins but can also result in identical triplets or even quadruplets. The second of
which is Cell Nuclear Replacement (CNR) or Cell Nuclear Transfer (CNT). This was the procedure
that produced Dolly. Cloning and stem cell research could be the future of fighting diseases and
injuries. Cloning and Stem Cell Research is one of the most controversial topics talked about today.
Especially when it comes to human cloning and embryonic stem cells.
Many people believe that cloning for reproductive reasons is morally wrong. They believe that
making a clone of a human would eliminate one's individuality. The clone would look the same and
have the same DNA but it would have to go through the same life experiences to think, act and have
the same personality. "Many people think that these clones will have the same characteristics /
personalities as the person cloned. Although clone and cloned individual have the same genes, traits
and personalities are different"(chsjournal.org). Although one may share genes with someone else it
would be near ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Men and women sometimes have problems where they can't reproduce in a normal way. There is a
demand among a small number of people for this technology to have babies. Although the
technology is not yet proven to work and is unknown what the results may yield. There are concerns
for some situations of cloning though "Well, in purely genetic terms, if a woman used this procedure
to have a baby, the child, the daughter would actually be the genetic sister of the mother"
(www.pbs.org). Society might treat situations like this as wrong and reject the idea which could lead
to angry

Escape from Spiderhead by Dr. Abnesti Essay
Inspired by Escape from Spiderhead For centuries, scientific development has been a hot issue
among media. Especially since the invention of cloning technology, more and more arguments about
the developing pattern and power gained from such a development worried people globally. No
doubt that the rapid development did provide us numerous conveniences and improving our life
greatly, though, in regard to the increasing acknowledgment that people have from our nature, and
the unpredictable human nature, likewise Dr. Abnesti in the fiction story, Escape from Spiderhead.
From my pass readings and experiences, I think that human need to take every step of scientific
development extremely seriously. As see from now, people are arguing about ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"for the first time in years, and forevermore, I had not killed, and never would" (119). It is really
peaceful at the end of this story, however, the experimental process of how Dr. Abnesti and his
group do in story reminds me of the affects brought through development of scientific technologies.
I believe that, among so much findings in the recent years, artificial life form and nuclear energy
issue are two major concerns in public. Again and again I have heard different opinions about these
topics, though, even considering having an objective vision, I cannot distinguish whether these
inventions are good or bad, potentially practical or risky. These are grey areas to me. Probably, the
only method to see whether these kinds of inventions are pros or cons resulting from science is time
and future history. Seven months before the publish of Escape from Spiderhead, the first artificial
life was created in US. Unlike Dolly the sheep, this is not the kind of artificial life from cloning but
is created out of nothing but an "an entirely synthetic genome that was constructed from chemicals
in the laboratory" (Sample). This finding has caused great reaction from the public and doubtlessly
the experiment was challenged with "morality" and "playing god". It is not difficult to image that
there must be people who jump out and shout for their worries of any possible uncontrolled cases.
According

The Fluidity Of Cloning : Gender Norms & Racial Bias
Alex R
Biology The Fluidity of Cloning .
Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern "Cloning "
The sea anemone undergoing cloning thumb]]
In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical
individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce
asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments,
cells, or organisms. The term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as
digital media or software.
Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to
amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, a number of other features are needed and a variety of specialised cloning vectors exist
that allow protein expression, tagging, single stranded RNA and DNA production and a host of other
manipulations.
Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps
# fragmentation – breaking apart a strand of DNA
# ligation – gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence
# transfection – inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells
# screening/selection – selecting out the cells that were successfully transfected with the new DNA
Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be
selected; these are summarized as a cloning strategy.
Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size.
Subsequently, a ligation procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector .
The vector is linearised using restriction enzymes, and incubated with the fragment of interest under
appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase. Following ligation the vector with the
insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of alternative techniques are available, such as
chemical sensitivation of cells, electroporation, optical injection and biolistics. Finally, the
transfected cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low efficiency,
there is a need to

Essay On Smilodon
Saber–Toothed Cat: Smilodon
The Saber–Toothed Cat was a very common animal during the time of the Ice–Age and with the end
of it also the time of the Saber–Toothed Cat ended. Most known for their long canines, scientists
assume that the Saber–Toothed Cat was an effective hunter, even if the long saber–like teeth were
very fragile (function is still not clear). However, what were those cats in reality: Organized hunters
and social animals or scavengers? The family of Saber–Toothed Cats includes too many and too
different species to put information of all into one essay, so we will specialize on Smilodon, the
most common Saber–Toothed Cat. Together with the Ice–Age about 2.5 million years ago the
Smilodon appeared. It lived in North and South America where it most likely hid in closed habitats
such as forests and bushland. They preferred hunting in high grass because – as some scientists think
– they had a similar colored fur to tigers which made it harder to locate them in bush and grass.
With a shoulder–height of 1.05 meters Smilodon was smaller than most people imagine. The biggest
Smilodon weight was most likely around 300 kilograms. This is, compared to their size, a lot. They
got from twenty to forty years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In my view, bringing extinct species back to life only makes sense with animals that were extinct in
the last years, days or hours because these animals played a role in the current ecosystem. The loss
of those animals can cause a disequilibrium in the world, thier return can be useful. In contrast,
animals that died hundreds or thousands of years ago don't matters anymore. The cloning of such
animals wouldn't make sense, because you couldn't free them without disbalancing the ecosystem.
The only reason could be to improve the cloning techniques but what should scientists do after they
cloned them? Put them in a

The Legal And Ethical Issues Of Cloning
Cloning The Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland once said, "Cloning is great. If God made the
original, then making copies should be fine." (Douglas Coupland Quotes) Cloning can refer to a
number of processes, but is generally understood to mean creating an exact copy of a biological
organism. For example, Scottish researchers created a lamb named Dolly from the udder cells of
another sheep. (Cloning Fact Sheet) However, cloning can also refer to growing organs from
existing cells. The issue for cloning is that creating a whole organism is expensive and goes against
most religions. While this is true, cloning organs can offer people transplants in a cheap and legal
manner. The issues behind cloning are many, but the most relevant are religion and ethics. In most
religions, a higher power is the only one who can create a human or the process for making one. For
example, Christian belief states that God is the only one who can create life.(Putatunda, "The Legal
and Ethical Issues of Cloning That Make it Controversial.") Any way that circumvents God's plan of
creation is considered unnatural. Cloning is also considered unethical, for two basic reasons. The
first is that the process has a high failure rate and the second is the belief that a human controlling
another's genes is wrong. (Shapiro, "Ethical and Policy Issues of Human Cloning.") While these are
legitimate concerns, cloning does have many helpful applications. First, cloning can grow healthy
cells and organs

The Human Of Human Cloning
1. INTRODUCTION
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not
only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There
are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an
entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a
human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic–cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stem cell
induction. In reproductive cloning the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of
an adult individual. The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
The procedure is as follows:
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
iPSCs are typically derived by introducing products of specific sets of pluripotency–associated
genes, or "reprogramming factors", into a given cell type.
2. ISSUES
Although the human cloning seems fairly beneficial and useful for human welfare, the possibility of
human cloning has raised controversies. Concerning reproductive cloning, advocates believe that
parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology. Some opponents have
concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe while others emphasize that
reproductive cloning could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans whose organs
and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate
with families and with society at large. With regards to therapeutic cloning, the problem is that many
attempts are often required to create a viable egg. The stability of the egg with the infused somatic
nucleus is poor and it can require hundreds of attempts before success is attained. Therapeutic
cloning does result in the destruction of an embryo after stem cells are extracted and this destruction
has stirred controversy over the morality of the procedure. Some argue that the pros outweigh the
cons with regards to treating disease and support development of therapeutic cloning in order to
generate tissues and whole

The Pros And Cons Of Human Cloning
The word clone derived from the Greek Klonos, which means branch. Semantic implication is
obvious. Human cloning is the main process by which a genetically identical copy of a certain
bacteria, plant or animal is produced by asexual reproduction. The term "clone" was coined by JBS
Holdone, an eminent Scottish biologist and used in his speech titled "Biological Possibilities for the
Human species of the next–Thons and Ten Years" in 1963 (biological possibilities of the human
species 10000de next year). Various groups and organizations define cloning differently. To use a
specific definition, the American Medical Association define cloning as the production of
genetically identical organisms. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) refers to the process by which
a somatic cell nucleus is transferred into the existing body of an oocyte from which the nucleus was
removed. In other words, cloning is a method of producing a child who has exactly the same genes
or parent. I take an egg and remove the nucleus that contains DNA genes. Then take DNA from an
adult cell and placed in the egg, the adult cell is merged with the enucleated egg, or by a
sophisticated nuclear transfer. Then the egg is stimulated electrically or chemically reconstructed
and try to make it to divide and become an embryo. However, many groups have used a broader
definition of cloning. They include production of tissues and organs by increasing cell or tissue
cultures, with current production of embryos. This occurs by creating stem cells. When an egg /
ovum is fertilized and begins dividing, stem cells are all alike. As cells divide, some cells
differentiate and become stem cells that produce specific tissues and then organs. We must
understand that cloning does not produce an exact copy of the person cloned. What cloning does is
create a habitat in which a cell can copy itself and create a duplicate DNA/genes. Where is society
going in the futue with cloning? Will a whole new species of clones come into being or will society
choose to side with caution and utilize all the research and evolution to further the age limits and
cure health issues of mankind? One can simply speculate that given human greed and self
absorbtion the first mentioned will

Therapeutic Cloning And Its Controversy
Therapeutic Cloning and its Controversy The idea of finding a way to cure people of diseases with
their own cells is one that scientists, physicians, and those who are afflicted by such diseases find
very enticing. Therapeutic cloning is a process that scientists believe has the potential to achieve
such goals in the future. While therapeutic cloning brings with it a variety of potential benefits and
innovations, it also carries with it a polarizing ethical conflict that poses a strong impediment to
furthering such research and development. By realizing therapeutic cloning for its great potential
benefits and world changing implications and disregarding any ethical considerations that may deter
such advancement, the proper focus and open–mindedness necessary to achieve success in the field
would be achieved. Therapeutic cloning, like all medical endeavors, includes a multitude of
challenges and flaws, but no very important medical achievements come about without extensive
research and continual attempts at success. Therapeutic cloning is a process in which the cells of one
person are manipulated into becoming the stem cells for another person through Somatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). This process involves taking oocytes, or immature female egg cells that
are generated during ovulation, incubating them in in vivo culture, and extracting the nucleus of
such cells and replacing them with the the nucleus of another cell. This produces a stem cell with a
genetic make–up

The For The Advancement Of Human Reproduction Essay
Many different techniques are available to be used for the advancement of human reproduction. I
have identified two of the best available manipulations that can be used and through this
presentation I will be giving an overview of both of them. I will also be outlining two techniques
that can be used for each manipulation and the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques.
There will then be a comparison and contrast of the two manipulations in terms of the health and
survival of the individuals who will be a product of these manipulations as well as how evolution of
humans will be affected through the manipulations.
The two manipulations are:
1. Whole Organism Cloning using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, (SCNT.)
2. Embryo selection using Pre–implantation Genetic Profiling, (PGP.)
SCNT
Cloning by definition is the process of producing genetically identical individuals this can occur
through many different artificial methods. However naturally it does occur during the formation of
twins within humans and other animals as well as through budding and Binary Fission within plants.
The manipulation of whole organism cloning I believe would be most beneficial within the
advancement of human reproduction is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, (SCNT.) SCNT is a lab
technique that involves creating an ovum with a donor nucleus. There are 3 main steps that occur in
the process of SCNT.
Steps:
1. A somatic cell from the organism which is to be cloned is taken from the body. The

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is the most commonly used method for cloning. The process of this
method consists of having the nucleus removed from the unfertilized egg and then replacing it with
the new material from the somatic cell's nucleus. Once all of that is done, then the cell must be
stimulated in order to divide (Dinç 239). With the success rate of a tenth percent to three percent, it
is obvious that this method is unreliable ("What are the Risk" par. 3). Clearly with the amount of
failures and percent of success rate, scientists are not familiar enough with the concept and difficulty
of clinging, so it should just be left alone. Cloning is a risky and dangerous act that should no longer
be attempted.
In the past attempts of cloning

Essay on Human Cloning Can Make Immortality a Reality
Congress, the president, foreign countries, political activists, companies, consumers, churches,
ethicists, doctors, patients, and even scientists have entered the fervent debate on cloning. The
March edition of the Life Extension Foundation's (LEF) magazine vocally calls for American
citizens to write to their Senators and stop an anti–cloning bill from passage through both Houses
(See Figure 1.) While the public argues over short–term questions – such as what is the definition of
cloning, at what point does life begin, and is cloning bad – we must examine the hidden future
potential and consequences of therapeutic cloning. Scientists' direct contact with cloning technology
grants us the opportunity to more accurately realize its promise ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A year later, Pittenger determined that media conditions led to specific paths in cell differentiation
(qtd in Edwards 351). In September 2001, Synder published promising data on neuron replacement
therapy in primates, but nevertheless, his earlier report on the successful recovery of rodent neural
cortexes highlight the obstacles present when working with primate brains, due to their complexity
(Ourednik et al 1820; Yandava et al 7029). Despite the rapid developments in controlling stem cells'
differentiation mechanisms, histocompatibility concerns compelled ACT to invent novel procedures,
which theoretically prevent the rejection of transplants (Autologous). Thomson concurs with West's
team's plans to resolve possible immune system conflicts, however, Pittenger contends that his tests
show that the immune system is surprisingly unperturbed in proximity to unfamiliar stem cells (May
60). In any case, the latest papers on nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis are landmark documents
since both techniques exclusively focus on human therapeutic technology.
The more controversial method of the two involves the cloning or nuclear transfer dispute. Robl
came up with a revolutionary approach in February 1998, when he extracted the nucleus of bovine
eggs and injected human somatic cells into the blank cell templates (qtd in Lanza). Although most
proponents of cloning

Human Cloning Should be Condemned Essays
Human Cloning Should be Condemned
On November 25, 2001, the news that a firm called Advanced Cell Technology had created human
embryos by cloning added new urgency to Congress's and the nation's deliberations on this issue.
This past summer, by a 265–to–162 margin, the House of Representatives passed a carefully worded
ban on human cloning (H.R. 2505) which President Bush has said he will sign into law. The
leadership of the Senate nonetheless has refused to take action on this measure, or even to consider a
temporary moratorium on human cloning research. Further delay will only encourage some
researchers to take further irresponsible steps toward the laboratory manufacture and destruction of
human life. Such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When cloning is done to pursue medical research, the reduction of human life to a mere instrument
is even more complete, for a new human being is created solely to be destroyed for his or her cells
and tissues. Even if medical benefits could be derived from such destruction, it is never morally
permissible to achieve good ends through evil actions.
Neither practice should be allowed in a society that claims to respect inherent human dignity. As a
representative of the Holy See recently stated to a committee of the United Nations General
Assembly: "The act of cloning... is actually a form of imposing dominion over another human being
which denies the human dignity of the child and makes him or her a slave to the will of others" (31
Origins, December 6, 2001, p. 439).
Evasions and misstatements have entered the public debate to obscure this moral issue. At a recent
Senate hearing, even the scientists who published articles about their success in "cloning human
embryos" tried to avoid the word "embryo" and even the word "cloning" to hide the reality of what
they are doing. The fact remains that when somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to initiate embryonic

development, a new human embryo is created with the same genetic constitution as another human
being. While some may wish to debate the moral status of this new human

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Eukaryotic Analysis
There are many organisms that use RNA (ribonucleic acid) interference, also known as RNAi to
control genes, scientists can also use RNA interference as a tool in the laboratory and in the future
may be able to use it as a therapy. RNA interference is described as the biological process in which
RNA molecules prevent gene expression. Eukaryotic cells have many ways of controlling gene
expression, as in the complex environment in a cell these mechanisms need to be precisely targeted.
Small RNA molecules are used to direct gene silencing (or gene knockdown), this is called RNAi.
Gene knockdown can be described as the technique used to reduce the organisms genes, this can
occur through either genetic modification or treatment with a reagent ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is the process by which cloned embryos are made for either reproductive cloning which is making
a whole new organism, or therapeutic cloning which is making stem cells to treat disease. SCNT
involves taking two cells from two different animals, the first is the somatic cell, which will already
contain the modified gene(s) and the ability to produce RNAi molecules. The second cell is an egg
cell, the nucleus from the somatic cell is taken out, which will leave it "deprogrammed" and the
nucleus from the egg cell is taken out. The somatic cell nucleus is the planted into the enucleated
egg cell. The cell is then zapped with an electrical current to fuse and will produce a zygote. The cell
is then zapped a second time and begins the process of cell division to form an embryo. Once cell
division has occurred and an embryo has been formed, the embryo is then implanted into a surrogate
mother. The clone will then be born with the exact DNA as the animal the somatic cell was taken out
of. If the clone embryo is not implanted into a surrogate mother, stem cells can be obtained by the
destruction of this clone embryo for use in therapeutic cloning. In the case of Daisy the cow, a
somatic cell was taken from the cow that was going to be cloned (this cow already contained
modified DNA where she did not produce milk with the BLG protein), an egg cell was taken from
another cow, and both nucleus' were taken out, the somatic cell nucleus was then implanted into the
enucleated egg cell. The cell was zapped twice, the first time to fuse it together and the second time
to begin the process of cell division to form an embryo. After cell division had occurred, the embryo
was then implanted into a surrogate mother and Daisy the cow was born. However, cloning animals
through SCNT can be very unsuccessful, there are many failures before a clone will actually

The Ethical Implications Of Cloning
Artificial Cloning Cloning is a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically
identical copies of a biological entity; in short it is an identical duplicate of something living.
Cloning does occur naturally by single celled organism through asexual reproduction, they make a
new individual from themselves not having to use a partner, so if cloning is already done by these
single celled organisms; why is artificial cloning portrayed so badly in movies and media? Most of
the problem lies with artificial cloning being done on humans and the morals it "destroys", testing
can be done on anything else except for humans and that's a problem because no other organism can
be used for testing that is like us humans. There are similarities between some, but nothing that can
be for sure without the use of humans. Religious, societal, and the destroying of human embryos are
some of the ethical standpoint of cloning, reproductive cloning is highly against moral code but
hasn't even been proven to have been used. Yet there is actually a field of genetic cloning that has
been working for some time gene, cloning has aided greatly in the medical field and therapeutic
cloning may not be that far behind. Gene cloning is the artificial type of cloning scientists use only
when they use genes they'd like to study. They don't make a copy of the whole organism itself,
"when scientists clone a gene, they isolate and make exact copies of just one of an

The Issues Surrounding Stem Cell Research
"At its core, this issue forces us to confront fundamental questions about the beginnings of life and
the ends of science. It [stem cell research] lies at a difficult moral intersection, juxtaposing the need
to protect life in all its phases with the prospect of saving and improving life in all its stages."
George W. Bush in his address at the Bush Ranch in Texas precisely captures the essence of the
issues surrounding stem cells. "Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capability of self
replication as well as being able to give rise to diverse types of differentiated or specialized cell
lines." (Stien). Researching these cells can lead cures some of the most devastating ailments.
Despite the research's vast ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Stem cell researchers believe that much greater results could be achieved by using embryonic stem
cells because these cells can differentiate into a far greater number of cell types" (potential uses for
stem cells). Stem cells are affected heavily by their environment. For example, "researchers have
taken adult stem cells from the brains of rats and put them in bone marrow and watched, in
astonishment, as they spewed out blood cells" (Gorman). When harvesting embryonic cells the
embryo is destroyed essentially ending any chance of life. On the other hand, somatic stem cells can
be found within humans throughout any stage of life and obtaining these cells result in no harm to
the donator. However, somatic cells do not have near the same promise as embryonic cells but, they
still have many uses. Thus, these cells challenge both the boundaries of science and boundaries of
our morals to obtain a healthy life.
In 2001, George W. Bush outlawed federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research
(Thompson). Without proper funding for the research the scientists were restricted by their funds to
finding the cures they've dedicated their life to. Since the the government stopped funding the
research the progress essentially halted however, in 2009 things changed. In a landmark decision,
President Obama lifted the ban on the funding of stem cell research with the signing of an executive
order on March 9th. According to President Obama in his

animal using this kind of process. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) prevents the loss of animals
and helps us to have more and more kind of animals. This technique has been hoping to contribute
expansively to the farm animal handiwork industry and preservation of priceless genetic origin. It is
usually applied in farm animals like cow and etc. Nuclear transfer can create a numerous number of
copy of the very best farm animal. We still can identify the prototype and the cloned because of the
differences of their characteristics but still it is now the new generation of the original one. We may
expect that somatic cell clone technology will soon become applicable to humans, which we will
wait a lot of time to discover. There are risks in

Dolly The Sheep Persuasive Essay On Cloning
In 1997, Dolly the sheep was born. Dolly was a cloned mammal, as a matter of fact, she was the first
cloned mammal from a somatic cell. With the somatic cell, the process used to clone Dolly, was
nuclear transfer. Nuclear transfer is a two part process in which you remove the nucleus from an
egg, and with the nucleus from a donor, you replace it. Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland is
where Dolly was cloned. Dolly lived at the institute until she died at the age of six. Dolly was
cloned by the colleagues at the Roslin Institute, but more importantly, by Sir Ian Wilmut and Keith
Campbell. Dolly got a lot of attention in February of 1997, when she was first announced to the
public. Although she wasn't the first mammal in history to be cloned, she was indeed the first
mammal cloned from an adult cell. With that, drew tons of attention from the media. Dolly was very
famous for her existence, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists had different beliefs as to how Dolly died. They thought it was either shortening of
telomeres or a respiratory infection. In my opinion, I would believe that Dolly died because of a
lower respiratory infection. Both reasons could be logical, but this to me is the most logical way of
Dolly dying. Although there could have been serval different ways Dolly's death came about, I will
explain my belief of her death. Lower respiratory infections in animals can interfere with their
breathing, causing them to become weak. Not all animals die from respiratory infections, it's
obviously curable. Some animals may just be older, or they become so weak that any interference
with their breathing causes them to die. If animals have a lower respiratory infection and start
having a hard time breathing, this is usually the occurrence of pneumonia. With this information, I
believe that Dolly had a lower respiratory infection and her lungs became weak. She started having
troubles breathing, and eventually all this led to her

Strengths And Limitations Of Human Cloning
Gouty 1
Jeanna Gouty
Dr. Detrick
BIO 150
29 November 2017 Human Cloning
Clones are made up of organism that have an exact genetic copy of one another. Clones can happen
naturally, for an example identical twins, or they can be made in a lab. There are two ways to make
an exact genetic copy of an organism done in a lab; artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell
nuclear transfer. Plants and animals have already been cloned, but many people are uncomfortable
with the topic of cloning humans. However, it is something that is becoming more controversial and
maybe something that will be commonly used in the future.
The fundamental concept of human cloning is to create a child through science. People argue
different reasons why human cloning is beneficial and the defects of do so. The most common
technique of human cloning is through somatic cell nuclear transfer. During this process, "the
nucleus of a somatic (body) cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleate egg" (Stocum, 2016).
Once the egg is inside, the nucleus is reprogramed by the egg to become a zygote nucleus.
There are many strengths and limitations of human cloning. Starting with the first three strengths,
human cloning can help with solving fertility problems. For people who cannot have children the
natural way, same sex couples, or couples who have sought fertility treatment and
Gouty 2 still can't conceive they can turn to cloning. These couple's genetics will be used for cloning
to create a

Dolly The Sheep
Advances in science, however, do not come without speculation. In the case of Dolly the sheep,
people were afraid that techniques similar to those used to clone Dolly would be used to clone
humans. In reality, however, Dolly was a very large push toward a world where adult stem cells
ruled over embryonic stem cells. Dolly's development helped to revive the idea of cloning using
adult stem cells, but also redirected the focus of cloning toward whole–human cloning.
The cloning of Dolly the sheep revived the movement for adult stem cell cloning, an idea that was
previously thought impossible. Dolly was alive for six whole years, but what is more interesting was
how she died. When Dolly was three, it was discovered that she had pulmonary adenomatosis
(Wilmut and Highfield). Pulmonary adenomatosis is a rather uncommon disease in sheep which
results in the growth of a large tumor on the outside of the lungs. The disease not only affects the
lungs, but the sheep's whole body. This causes loss of appetite in the sheep and can even lead to
emaciation ("Dolly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to heavy speculation however, the scientists could not continue with their research. Instead,
they isolated a single line of genetic coding that they called SCNT–hES–1 (Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer– human embryonic stem cells– 1). Then, they injected this line of genetic coding into the
testicles of a mouse (mice do not have immune systems, so it could not reject the line). Much to the
researcher's surprise, cells similar to that of human muscle and bone began to develop inside the
testis of the mouse. (Vogel) This discovery caused an uproar in the scientific community. The
project was shut down and all funding stopped. Even though the project was shut down, the
perfection of the enucleation process has helped for further research not only in embryonic stem cell
cloning, but also in adult stem cell

The Human Of Human Cloning
Human Cloning
1. INTRODUCTION
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not
only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There
are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an
entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a
human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic–cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stem cell
induction. In reproductive cloning, the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of
an adult individual. The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
The preparation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be
generated directly from adult cells. iPSCs are typically derived by introducing products of specific
sets of pluripotency–associated genes, or "reprogramming factors", into a given cell type.
2. ISSUES
Although the human cloning seems fairly beneficial and useful for human welfare, the possibility of
human cloning has raised controversies. Concerning reproductive cloning, advocates believe that
parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology. Some opponents have
concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe while others emphasize that
reproductive cloning could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans whose organs
and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate
with families and with society at large. With regards to therapeutic cloning, the problem is that many
attempts are often required to create a viable egg. The stability of the egg with the infused somatic
nucleus is poor and it can require hundreds of attempts before success is attained. Therapeutic
cloning does result in the destruction of an embryo after stem cells are extracted and this destruction
has stirred controversy over the morality of the procedure. Some argue that the pros outweigh the
cons with regards to treating disease and support development of therapeutic cloning in

The Ethics Of Reproductive Cloning
The surrogate mother will ultimately give birth to an identical twin to the donor of the somatic cell
("The Process of Cloning"). This process allows people to clone living things of any sort.
With that in mind, questions and awareness of human cloning come into mind. George Annas, a
bioethicist at Boston University, states that there is no point in cloning a whole human. In most
countries, there are laws or agreements against artificially creating a genetic duplicate of another
person, both because of ethical concerns and technical difficulties. Cloning a whole human is far
from a perfect science, and creating an imperfect clone would likely mean making a person with
potentially devastating genetic abnormalities (Loria). Reproductive cloning

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