Chromium Plating Research Paper

Chromium Plating Research Paper
Due to the industrial restrictions in place across some the main areas of the world under health and
safety regulations, finding an alternative plating process to the current hexavalent chromium process
has become a real necessity. Trivalent chromium has proved to be a suitable replacement due to
being less toxic, both health–wise and environmentally, whilst also demonstrating almost identical
metal finishes to those of the hexavalent chromium deposits. However, the trivalent chromium
chemical process is not without its difficulties, such as the inertness of the Cr3+ ions to be reduced
to their metallic state, or the initial inferiority of the metal deposits physical properties in
comparison to the deposits attained from conventional techniques. In order to overcome these issues
multiple approaches have been investigated.
It has been found that the use of complexing agents in the trivalent chromium electrolyte solution
work to generate stable complexes with Cr3+ through ligand exchange which are then easily
reducible to metallic chromium. Not only does this now allow chromium deposition to take place,
but it also improves the current efficiency of the electrodeposit. The process of co–depositing
chromium as an alloy with other metals has shown to enhance the physical and chemical properties
of the metal as opposed to individual electrodepositions; an ability that is unattainable for
hexavalent chromium, giving an immediate advantage. In addition, the outcome of
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Why The Primary Industries Production Is Not Processed For...
–Study– Northern Ontario needs to study the question why our primary industries production is not
processed to manufactured finish end produce right hear in Northern Ontario.
Northern. Ontario is an area richly endowed with metallic mineral resources. It is one of the most
important mineral resource regions in Canada if not in the world. One only needs to look at the
volume of mineral production to support this view. The region produces nearly half of the world's
nickel and a substantial portion of the nation's gold, silver, copper, zinc, uranium, cobalt and
platinum metals. For a hundred years the federal and Provincial governments have mismanaged
these non renewable mineral resources and our renewable forestry resources and in doing ... Show
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The question is why is that the case? A good study should be able to give us some answers. Why
don't we have a strong secondary manufacturing sector in Northern Ontario? Where do we start? A
good start would be to do a study and inventory of all our natural advantages like our land, stone,
sand and gravel, water, energy like natural gas, electrical power supply available. Natural resources
be they renewable and none renewable. Starting with our primary industries like metal ore mining
and smelters production, nickel–copper–lead–zinc–gold– silver–cobalt and the platinum group
metals. How much is shipped to Canadian smelters and how much is shipped to foreign smelters?
How much of the smelter production is processed to finish end produces in Canada? The general
idea is to build secondary manufacturing industries on the production of our primary industries.
Hydroelectric power potential in Manitoba, Quebec, and Newfoundland Labrador and Ontario.
Natural gas pipeline for our Energy supplies from western Canada We have the great lakes and the
St Lawrence Seaway system for water transportation to world markets. The plan needs good long
term planning for deep–sea harbors facilities in Thessalon and in Parry Sound, Expedition and
improvements of the Great lakes shipping facilities in general as required. We have all the natural
advantages; we have no policies, no management of our raw

Year 11 Chemistry Extended Report
Year 11 Chemistry Extended Response Task (ERT) 2015
The Cost of Redox in the Use of Metals
Table of contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Corrosion Basics
2.1 Corrosion of Steel
3.0 Structure
4.0 Surface Treatment Methods
4.1 Painting
4.2 Coating
5.0 Electrochemical Treatment Methods
5.1 Sacrificial Anodes
5.2 Impressed Cathodic
6.0 Conclusion
1.0 Introduction:
Society relies heavily on metals in nearly every aspect of life; however the corrosion of such metals
has become a costly and very prevalent issue worldwide. Large amounts of energy, time and money
has been poured into
Various methods and applications to prevent
Report will investigate and examine possible methods of corrosion prevention,
2.0 Corrosion Basics
Corrosion regards the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metals highest on the electrochemical series would be most effective as they are the least reactive,
however such metals are high in cost and are denser than steel. By utilizing metals such as platinum,
gold, silver, copper, lead or tin instead of iron, the cruise liner would experience little to no
corrosion, however the cost would exceed the budget of the project and the weight of the ship would
not fit the guidelines. A suitable (STAINLESS STEEL). Whilst the stainless steel will still be subject
to corrosion, the corrosive rate would be significantly lower than that of regular

Life Cycle And Its Energy Demand
In this section I will be discussing the product's life cycle and its energy demand, the electrical parts
and other parts included in our disassembled product, how they were manufactured, what their uses
are, the products energy efficiency along with its measurements and calculations, obsolescence
technology and what happens after it, how can renewable energy be implemented into our product
and its positive impact on it, the advantages and disadvantages of our product and finally recycling
of motor and/or heating elements and how they affect the product. Life Cycle Energy Demand:
According to the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) , it defines LCA as
: "an objective process used to evaluate the environmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
1) The sole plate of the steam iron:
This is usually the metal thick, triangular–shaped slab of iron that forms the base over which the
electric iron is built up. The sole plate is cast of molten aluminium. Some part of the mould has the
holes shaped in it which creates the holes that are essential in a steam iron. Heated metal is inserted
into a mould under pressure then cooled and then released. This cooled sole–plate is later on treated
in several ways where it's firstly polished then either it's: coated with a non–stick material, or
covered with another metal (usually stainless steel). To complete these processes, the sole plates are
put on a large automated carousel, which rotates through each step whereas to polish the plate, an
automated belt sander uses bands of abrasive to polish and buff the plate. An automated spray–
painting machine is used to apply the non–stick coating. After application, the sole plate is baked in
an automated industrial process.
On the other hand, to coat with another metal (stainless steel), the external metal cover is created by
an

Chemical Reaction Essay
There are also some elements that are not a part of any type of family. These elements are mostly
other metals that are located right after the transition metals. There are some nonmetals that are
included in this group. Some of these nonmetals include silicon, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
All elements in this group are some what reactive. Nitrogen is the most common element.
Compounds using nitrogen consist of silver nitrate, potassium nitrate, and nitric oxide. Silver nitrate
is used in many different chemistry labs.
Oxygen group is the next group found along the periodic table. This group is number 16 which
contains the elements oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium. The electron configuration
of this group is s2p4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason that they are the most reactive elements is because they have seven valence electrons,
and they easily can gain one from multiple other elements to form a compound. Stability is met
when an element has eight electrons in their valence shell, so they easily can bond with other
elements. Fluorine, the element with the highest electronegativity on the periodic table, is the most
reactive element on the periodic table. The most reactiveness goes from the lowest to the highest in
the Halogen Family. Compounds found within the halogen group consist of hydrogen fluoride,
sodium chloride, potassium iodide, hydrogen bromide, and and silver chloride.
Noble gases make up group 18 in the periodic table. These are the elements that make up the noble
gases: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon. Noble gases reactivity is very low
because they have no valence electron to give or share with other elements. Noble gases can be
described as odorless, colorless gases. Noble gases are stable because they have eight electrons and
fill up their outer shell. "The intricate chemical details behind the reaction would take years to
clarify and the formula of the colorful solid was later modified as [XeF]+[PtF5]– "(www.acs.org).
This compound was the very first compound form by using a noble gas. It was said before this
discovery that the noble gases could and would never form a chemical compound. The significance
of the experiment remained clear Today

Impact Of Titanium In Medicine
Amelia M. Lamberty
Monday, May 1, 2017
FS 162: Science That Changed History
Dr. Heroux
Impact of Titanium in Medicine
My family has seen the impact of titanium firsthand. My father had an ankle replacement, my
mother had a lumbar implant, and I had a knee replacement; they all have titanium. I like to joke
that we are a bionic family. I find it even funnier, and sometimes frustrating, that we beep at the
checkpoints in airports. It is pretty interesting that we can all relate in some odd and comical
manner. Titanium has proven to be a very useful and impactful mineral in today's world.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 in the mineral menachanite by the British clergyman William
Gregor, who named the new element "menachite". Four years later, ... Show more content on
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There is no more challenging use in this respect than implants in the human body. Here, the
effectiveness and reliability of implants, and medical and surgical instruments and devices is an
essential factor in saving lives as well as in the long term relief of suffering and pain. Implantation
of other metals represents a potential assault on the chemical, physiological and mechanical
structure of the human body. There is nothing comparable to a titanium implant in living tissue.
Most metals in body fluids and tissue are found in stable organic complexes. Corrosion of implanted
metal by body fluids, results in the release of unwanted metallic ions, with likely interference in the
processes of life. Titanium is judged to be completely inert and immune to corrosion by all body
fluids and tissue, and is thus wholly bio–compatible.
The natural selection of titanium for implantation is determined by a combination of most favorable
characteristics including immunity to corrosion, bio–compatibility, strength, low density and the
capacity for joining with bone and other tissue, known as osseointegration. The mechanical and
physical properties of titanium alloys combine to provide implants which are highly damage

Components Of The Design Cycle
Core Paper Revision
Core
The Design Cycle (Situation through to Final design)
Ergonomics & Human Factors (Physiological, Psychological and Bio–mechanics)
Materials
Manufacturing process and techniques (Information on these is also shown in Materials section of
app)
Energy, Green design and the Environment
CAM/CAD – Machines and software.
Quality control – Quality Assurance (QC and QA)
Design Process:
Cyclical – because it's a continuous process and the evaluation is in the middle because it is always
the final end process in the design process.
1. Identify a Problem
2. Initial Process
3. Brief leading to specification
4. Specification leading to research
5. Research
6. Idea generation
7. Initial evaluation
8. Development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Choosing the right timber is important depending on the application in which you intend to use the
material.
Trees grow all over the world and their location very much depends on the environmental factors in
play. Some trees like warm dry environments, whilst others thrive in cold and wet locations.
How they are cut into usable sections and how they have been stored and processed can dramatically
change their properties. The material can be cut by 'Through and Through ' sawing. This process is
the cheapest, but the way the grain is cut means that you get a lower quality timber that is more
difficult to use as it is prone to warping.
The second and more expensive way to cut material is by 'Quarter ' sawing. This process gives the
best possible cut, but greatly reduces the size of the pieces taken from a tree. The material is less
prone to misshaping, yet due to the nature of the process is more expensive.
Metal:
Ferrous: contain iron; with iron as the odd one out, all the rest have the word 'Steel ' in them. For
instance – stainless steel, mild steel and high carbon steel.

Non–Ferrous: do not contain iron, good examples of Non– Ferrous metals are aluminium, copper,
brass, tin and zinc
Alloys: most metals are mixed with other metals to improve their properties.
Metals are rarely used in their pure form, but mixing different metals together you can achieve the
perfect material for

Acetylation of Ferrocene
Acetylation of Ferrocene 17. October 1996 Experiment #7 Introduction In this lab we will be
utilizing the Friedel Crafts process of acetylation of ferrocene. Ferrocene is an atom of iron bounded
by two aromatic rings. We will use some reagents that will cause the ferrocene to add either one
acetyl group to an aromatic ring or add two acetyl groups to each of the aromatic rings. In order to
determine how well this process had worked we employed: IR spectra analysis, column
chromatography, and a little TLC. This experiment is relevant in today's highly industrialized world.
By utilizing many of the techniques we employ in this lab, a company can synthesize new types of
materials or composites that could revolutionize an industry. ... Show more content on
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I also took a TLC on each one as well; the values are presented in table 1.2 at the end of the next
section. Results & Observations The results of this experiment are pretty straight forward and are
summarized in tables 1.1 through 1.3 in this section. Table 1.1 Weights and Measures F1 F2 F3
DRAM Vial Weight: 4.6480 12.1914 12.2362 Vial & Mix: 4.6871 12.2177 12.2439 Amount Present
in grams: 0.00391 0.00236 0.0077 in mg: 3.91 mg 2.36 mg 7.7 mg 1 The next table revolves around
TLC results Table 1.2 TLC Rf Values First Crude Second Crude FC Mix AFC Mix DAFC Mix Spot
A: .38 .43, .84 .67 .54, .75 .61 Spot B: .75 .84 .74 .77 .36 Cospot A/B: .38, .75 .43, .84 .74 .77 .36,
.88 2 The melt–temp values are: Table 1.3 Melt–Temp Values F1 F2 F3 Sample Melt–Temp: 195–
200øC 90–94øC 75–80øC Actual Melt–Temp: 173øC 85–86øC 130–131ø C 3 The IR spectra may
be found in the appendix. Discussion From the first crude sample's TLC that was taken, one can see
that roughly half of the material present is composed of acetylferrocene and diacetylferrocene. Thus
we continued along in the procedures. The results of the CG, which was performed next separated
the constituent products enough that more TLC's were able top be taken. The results of these TLC
Rf's tell us that our separation was pretty successful. As one can see, F1 spot A's Rf, we have at least
90% of

Arsenic Research Papers
Brianna Cross 10/28/16 Chemistry Essay Arsenic Arsenic is one of the most toxic elements that can
be found on Earth. Arsenic has a symbol of As and an atomic number of 33. It is a metalloid which
gives it both metal and nonmetal characteristics. Arsenic has many allotropes, but the gray form is
important for industry. The three main allotropes are metallic gray, black, and yellow. Gray arsenic
is brittle and has a low hardness (based on the Moh's hardness scale) yet a high density. Yellow
arsenic is soft and waxy. It is least dense and most toxic. It is also transformed into gray arsenic by
light. Black arsenic is brittle and glassy. It is a poor electrical conductor as well. Inorganic and
organic compounds of arsenic are found in many places among the earth. Arsenic is discovered in
the environment from both nature and certain human activities. Arsenic is usually found in soils,
sediments, and groundwater. The process of mining, ore smelting, and industrial use of arsenic can
result in these inorganic compounds meeting the surface. Organic arsenic compounds are found in
fish, shellfish and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mineral forms of arsenic were known as early as the fourth century BC, but Albertus Magnus, a
German scholastic, is usually credited with the discovery of the element around 1250. The first
directions for the preparation of metallic arsenic are found in the writings of Paracelsus. The Greeks
of the Roman Empire would use this element to kill others. The compound's lack of color, odor and
taste made the sinister hard to detect, as well as the distribution in nature which made it available to
all classes. The symptoms of Arsenic were similar to food poisoning and other common disorders
which also made it hard to figure out if it was a planned death. These inorganic and organic
compounds can be the reason for a harmful human

Speech On Grommet
Choosing The Right Grommet Type For Your Application
We have seen it already in many places. Also, we have already used it many times for day–to–day
applications. Anyway, people don't know the name of it. Well, we refer to the Grommet here. Are
you confused now? OK, go to your bathroom and take a closer look at the bathtub curtain! The
curtain moves along the bar on which it is on thanks to a few metal rings. We call those metal rings;
Grommet. You can see similar items on your shoes. Anyway, those are small items, and we usually
call them eyelets. The whole purpose of this small piece is reinforcing and protecting the hole.
Without the eyelets, the shoelace holes can get damaged from day–to–day use.
You need to purchase a tool to install ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Banners, hospital curtains. tabletop displays, metal bakeware, protective barriers, non–skid covers
for RV steps, aerospace parts, and fabrics are the common applications of an aluminum Grommet.
Now, you can understand how versatile this product is.
Why aluminum?: Well, we should highlight several properties here:
* Durability: When compared to steel, aluminum is durable and light–weight. While it is difficult to
which is the best from aluminum and stainless steel, aluminum is definitely better than ordinary
steel. So, can be used for outdoor applications and for where water and moisture are present.
* Ductility: Well, this benefit is enjoyed by the Grommet manufacturers. When compared to steel,
aluminum is more ductile, hence easy to roll, processed, and stamped. In other words, aluminum
makes the manufacturing process easy and practical.
* Lightness: The high–weight is the top downside of steel grommets. Aluminum, on the other hand;
is three times lighter than steel, making it suitable for applications where weight reduction is
necessary. So, installing 3 aluminum grommets adds the same weight as adding one steel

Alkali Research Papers
The Alkali metals are found in group 1 of the periodic table, they are very reactive metals that do not
form in the nature. These metal only have one electron in their outer shell. Alkali metals are
malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Alkali metals are much softer
then most metals. If these Alkali metals are exposed to water they can explode. Properties of Alkali
metals are; they have the largest atomic radii in their periods, Low ionization energies, low
electronegativities, and are also very shiny and able to be cut with a knife do to their softness. The
elements in Alkali metals are Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and francium. It is
light and highly reactive. it is found in many stars. Compounds of Lithium give fireworks and flares
their red color. Compounds of Lithium are Lithium Chloride and Lithium Hydride. Alkaline Earth
Metals are Metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth
elements have an oxidation of +2, which makes them highly reactive. All of the discovered Alkaline
Earth metals occur in nature. The properties of this metal are all silvered colored, soft, and ... Show
They are; oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. These elements all have 6 electrons in
their outermost energy level. All of the elements in the oxygen family are reactive. Uses for sulfur, is
matches and gunpowder. Uses for tellurium are coloring glass, uses for oxygen is to support life and
manufacture steel. Some uses for selenium is to make photoelectric cell phones, T.V. and cameras.
People use polonium for removing dust from photographic films and thermoelectric power in space.
Oxygen has high electronegativity and ability to oxidize many other substance. It is used in making
several important synthetic gases and in the production of ammonia, methyl alcohol and so on and it
is used as rocket

Global Warming Is A Real Phenomenon
INTRODUCTION
Global warming has become a central problem in the scientific community, while viewed as more of
a severe problem by some people and policy makers than other, the consensus in the scientific
community is that global warming is a very real phenomenon. Although the global warming is still
debated as far as how fast and severe the problem is, scientific data has shown that the average
global temperature has increased by 0.4 to 0.8 Celsius during the last 100 years
(http://www.livescience.com/, 02–18–2016).
Sustainable development is a central concept within the environmental frame of thought and closely
linked to the problem of global warming. The term sustainable development refers to the use of
resources in a sustainable way, namely meeting the need of resources while not depleting them for
future generations. The concept of sustainable development contains both needs and limitations, i.e.
resources that are needed as well as technological and social limitations in responsible retrieval of
those resources (World Commission on Environment and Development, 41).
Achieving sustainable development is however a difficult problem that has many different aspects to
it. Recycling is a main component of sustainable development and an important aspect in a variety
of industries. Metal exists in almost every industry, whether it is the manufacture of steel beams,
precious metals for computers or copper cables for powerlines. Considering that metal recycling is a
source to

The Reaction of Iron Nails with a Copper Solution Essay
Section Assignment 3.4 Part F – The Reaction of Iron Nails with a Copper Solution
Introduction:
The experiment in this activity involves the reaction between a copper (II) chloride solution with
iron nails and the mole ratios involved in the reaction. Measurements are taken to determine the
moles of each reactant involved in the reaction and thus the number of atoms or molecules involved.
Apparatus and Materials:
Refer to the reaction of iron nails with a copper solution assignment in Module 3, Section
assignment 3.4 Part F of the Chemistry 11 course.
I was unable to do this experiment because I do not have access to an appropriate facility that is
designed for chemistry experiments, appropriate safety equipment, or a qualified ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
3) Determine the mass of the nails after they are completely dry. * Step G: 1) Separate the solid
from the liquid in the beaker by decanting the liquid. Ask your instructor to demonstrate the correct
procedure. 2) Rinse the solid with about 30 mL of distilled water and decant the liquid from the
solid. It is critical that as little solid as possible is lost during this process. Repeat the rinsing two or
three times. * Step H: 1) Pour 25 mL of the 1 M hydrochloric acid into the beaker and rinse the solid
by swirling the acid around in the bottom of the beaker.
Caution – Hydrochloric acid is corrosive to eyes, skin and clothes. Wearing a lab apron, rubber
gloves, goggles, and a face shield is essential. Rinse any spills on skin or clothing with plenty of
cold water. Clean up spills immediately – ask your instructor for help.
2) Decant the hydrochloric acid from the solid and then again rinse with 30 mL of distilled water
and decant. Be careful not to lose any of the solid. * Step I: 1) Allow the copper in the beaker to dry
at low temperature in a drying oven for at least one hour. 2) Determine the mass of the beaker and
the copper. 3) Repeat the drying process just to be sure that the copper is completely dry, and again
determine the mass of the copper and the beaker. 4) If the masses agree, stop. If the masses are more
than 0.05 gram different, then repeat the drying process until there is

Copper : The Most Valuable Metal Valued More Than Gold
Aluminium is one of the newest metals to be found only discovered in the 19th century with
developments in chemistry and electricity. The late discovery compared to other commonly used
metals is due to the fact aluminium does not occur naturally in its purest form. Because of this
aluminium was very rare making it a precious metal valued more than gold. Nowadays aluminium is
the most abundant metal elements on earth consisting of 8% of the earth's crust. About 41 million
tons is smelted each year and therefore is used in a wide range of applications. From auto bodies to
food and beverage storage eg: soda cans as well as electrical cables to aircraft skins, aluminium is a
very big part of our everyday lives.
The Extraction of Aluminum
Because aluminium doesn't occur in its purest form the production of it relies on the aluminium
oxide (referred to as alumina) from the raw material bauxite. Bauxite is a clay like soil which is
regularly found near the earth 's surface, normally bauxite contains about 30–60% aluminium oxide
(see picture to left). Producing aluminium consists of two parts, the extraction of alumina from the
bauxite and the smelting of alumina to form aluminium.
Once the bauxite is extracted from the earth's crust it is transported to plants where it goes through a
separation process, usually a process called the Bayer Process (Hall–"Heroult method). This
involves crushing the bauxite using grinders to form a powder before mixing it with water to form a

3 Classes Of Socrates
While Socrates visited an old friend, Cephalus, Socrates begins asking him and the men around him
what justice is. After receiving three definitions from Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus,
Socrates debunks them and explains his version of a just society through the myth of the metals. The
myth states that one day you awake and find that the Gods have infused you with one of three
metals: gold, silver, or bronze. These metals determine your status in society. After comparing the
three classes, I have decided which one fits me best and formed an opinion on the whether the rule
of the wise is just.
The lowest and largest class is the bronze class. If you have bronze infused into your blood, you are
considered a worker, and will be doing the labor of the city. This class is associated with the groin of
classical virtues, or the temperance. Socrates believes that the worker class's capability of truth is
simply that of public opinion. This is the only class that allows people to have families, enjoy free
time, and indulge in life's pleasures.
Next is the silver class. This class is associated with the heart, or courage. Citizens with silver
infused into their blood are the warriors of the city–state. They are taken away from their birth
mothers at birth and trained similarly to the Spartans. Socrates believes that this class level is only
capable of educated guesses and not the actual truth.
The gold class is the highest and smallest in the society. This class is associated with the soul and
wisdom. They are the philosopher kings and queens of the city–state and are completely separated
from bodily pleasures. Only after winning a battle do members of the gold class have a chance to
copulate. Any child born outside of the next nine months is killed upon birth. Similar to the silver
class, babies are removed from their mothers at birth and raised in a school to train them as leaders
and philosophers. The children are raised to see each other as brothers or sisters, and the parents are
to remain unknown to each child, so that all will be unbiased.
If tomorrow I wake up, and was told that the Gods had incorporated metal into my blood, I believe
that I would be in the gold class. I believe this firstly, because I

Crown, Cork and Seal Case 1989
Crown, Cork and Seal Case 1989
Five Forces Analysis
Using Porter's 5 Forces Analysis argue that given likely evolution and status of the metal industry in
1989, it is profitable to acquire all or part of Continental Can:
Internal Rivalry
Strong force
5 major competitors holding 61% (American National Can, Continental can, Reynolds Metal,
Crown Cork and Seal, Ball Corporation)
Heavily compete on basis of price
Companies offering volume discounts
Industry operating margins falling – fell by 7% in 3 years to 4% in 1989. Industry profitability is
therefore decreasing which increases competitor rivalry
Over capacity and shrinking customer base (i.e. customers choosing glass or plastic)
Price wars – "can manufacturers aggressively ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1989, due to production of cans by "captive" plants, 25% of all can output was produced by
captive plants. By 1980 brewers had capability to supply 55% of their can needs. It is easier for
brewers to do this because they make high–volume single–label products. While at the same time
soft drink industry could not easily do this because they focused on low–volume multiple–label
products.
Supplier Power
Strong force
3 largest aluminium producers supplied metal can industry (Alcoa, Alcan, Reynolds Metal)Since
aluminum was invented in 58, steel has continuously declined due to economical reasons and
consumer preference. Due to the threat of steel, firms like Alcoa limited aluminum prices which
kept suppliers from holding much bargaining power.
So few big suppliers
Threat to forward integrate– Reynolds Metal – supplier of aluminium entering the mkt to can
makers and is also a threat.
These aluminum producers control huge aluminum resource so that the can manufacturer cannot put
threat of backward integration. In contract, the aluminum producers are able to put threats of
forward integration, just as Reynolds Metal integrated into aluminum cans.
"Moves by both suppliers and customers of can makes to integrate into can manufacturing

themselves"
While it is inexpensive for companies to switch from aluminum to steel (because steel is actually
cheaper option by $500 mil per year

Sabre Industries Inc.
Sabre Industries Inc. ("Sabre") provides highly–engineered support structures for a wide variety of
industries including electric transmission and distribution, wireless communications, renewable
energy, oil and gas, and government and defense
The Alvarado, Texas facility produces tubular utility poles that are used in the electric distribution
and telecommunications industries. Plate steel has excess metal cut off before being transferred to
presses. The presses stamp the steel at specific intervals and angles to make halves of the tubular
structures. Two halves are fastened together and proceed through a long seamer to join the two
halves together. The sections of the tubes are transferred to welding stations where wire connectors
and

Roe Abbott Biography
Introduction
In the chilly darkness the killer had been hanging out in the clubs parking lot while the music
pounded inside. Little did the audience know that they were about to whiteness one of the most
shocking moments in Metal history. On December 8 2004 in Columbus Ohio former Pantera
guitarist "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott was shot dead while preforming at the Alrosa Villa nightclub
along with fan Nathan Bray, Damageplan crew member Jeff Thompson, and club employee Erin
Halk. This story is going to be about the life and death of "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott and his journey
and a bit about his killer.
Younger Years
Darrell Lance Abbott was born on August 20 1966 in Ennis Texas.Abbott wanted to play the guitar
at a very young age, but his parents couldn't afford it no got him a BMX bike but the next year he
got his first guitar at twelve and was obsessed.After a few years he had ... Show more content on
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If you were to ask any person that ever knew "Dime" would say that he was an extremely generous,
and just a down right cool guy. The majority of metal fans would tell you that he was and still is the
greatest metal guitarist of all time, and inspired people to want to play guitar.Nathan Gale was a
quiet kid in school and went to the marines at age 23, and was kicked out because of mental issues.
Then he joined a minor football league team, His former teammates would say that he listen to
Pantera before and after games.After all of this "Dime" will always be considered one of the greatest
ever.
Conclusion
So that was the story of "Diamond","Dimebag" Darrell Abbott. It's so sad that he had to be
murdered. If you were to ask anyone that knew him they would say that he would treat anyone that
he knew or just met like family, weather it was backstage or even at his own home. The chilling
thing about the murder is that it was on the 24th anniversary of john Lennon's

With The Fast Advancement Of Enterprises, Water Asset...
With the fast advancement of enterprises, water asset shortage, populace development,
contamination of surface and groundwater by releasing poisonous wastewater and ensuing maladies
may raise the need of reusing and treatment of wastewater. The expelling of poisonous
overwhelming metal particles from sewage, particularly in modern and mining waste effluents, has
been generally examined as of late. Substantial metals wastewaters are specifically or in a
roundabout way released into the earth progressively, particularly in creating nations. Dissimilar to
natural contaminants, substantial metals are not biodegradable and have a tendency to aggregate in
living life forms and numerous overwhelming metal particles are known to be poisonous or ... Show
The unreasonable measures of Cu (II) particles in new water assets and sea–going biological
community harm the osmose–administrative component of the freshwater creatures. Joined State
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set its cooper particles allowable points of
confinement as 1.3 mg/L in modern effluents. Copper were released from the diverse enterprises, for
example, metal cleaning and plating showers, paints and colors, mining, purifying, oil refining,
flushes as metal, compost, paper board, wood mash and printed circuit board creation. Moreover,
copper is phytotoxic and to be sure, has been utilized as an algaecide to control algal blossoms. An
assortment of treatment innovations have been connected for the expulsion of cooper particles
including compound precipitation, particle trade, adsorption, film filtration, coagulation–
flocculation, buoyancy and electrochemical advances. These techniques for Cu2+ expulsion from
wastewater are descripting quickly as takes after:
Compound precipitation is one of the regularly utilized and traditional procedures for overwhelming
metals expulsion from wastewater including copper. Precipitation is generally utilized because of its
straightforward and modest nature. The customary compound precipitation forms incorporate
hydroxide and sulphide precipitation, Chelation/complexation. It is hard to consent to stringent
natural controls utilizing ordinary compound precipitation prepare. Chelating precipitants, for

Short Story
It all starts on the side of Mt. Kilimanjaro, at the science and mining camp Alpha Site 18. Emilio, a
black haired, blue eyed, roughed up miner from years of working in other mine shafts and a hard
personality with a soft spot for children, was walking toward the main science bay area at request of
the head scientist there, Ian Mack.
He walked in into the building, glass doors sliding open with no noise made at all.
The receptionist walked up to him immediately and said "Hello sir. Do you have an intent of visit?"
"Yes." Emilio replied. "I was to told to come here for an unknown reason by Dr. Mack and that you
would tell me where to go."
"Ah yes sir, you must be Emilio. You are to go to office number 124 and meet with Dr. Griffin in the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emilio walked in and started mining away at the solid gray rock for hours, or so he would think.
After roughly 30 minutes of mining, he came across a glossy, orangish, reddish metal embedded in
the rock. He swung his pickaxe at it in an attempt to chisel some off and investigate further, but
instead his pickaxe cracked severely. Intensely curious about this metal, he ordered one of his fellow
miners, a man by the name of Dolan, to come over and help extract it. Since he assumed that any
other metal that tried to break it would shatter, Emilio ordered Dolan to mine precisely around the
metal. It took him roughly 20 agonizing minutes, but it was precise, with only a few scraps left in.
Emilio walked the surprisingly light chunk of ore over to the science bay and brought it back to Dr.
Mack.
When he first saw it, Ian was initially confused, but when Emilio explained to him that this metal
nearly broke his pickaxe after only one blow, his eyes lit up with excitement. Ian ordered that Emilio
was to go into the mine and hunt for more of this ore but before he could finish his sentence, alarms
went off all over the building. No, they were going off all over the camp. Dr. Mack, Emilio, and Dr.
Griffin, who stayed in the room to study plant tissue on this mountain, walked out of the room to see
what was going on. What they saw was terrifying. The receptionist was barely blocking the attacks
of some giant, metal spider,

Titanium appears on the periodic table under the symbol...
Titanium appears on the periodic table under the symbol Ti. The transition metal is known for being
very strong. When a person thinks of an element that is very strong, they also think that the item
would be very heavy. Titanium is different; the element is very strong, but it is also very light
weight. Since Titanium is so strong, it is named after the strong Greek mythology Titans (History of
Titanium). The element, Titanium, is one of the most abundant elements. The metallic element is
found in many alloys; those alloys are found in many items today (The Editors). The top physical
property that titanium is recognized for is its strength–to–weight ratio. Titanium is very strong, but it
is very light weight. The element is lustrous; it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The factors also make it a great candidate for surgical instruments. Since the element is resistant to
corrosion from things such as sea water and chlorine, it is often found being used in the industrial
world. One of the most common places that Titanium is found is in desalination plants, which
convert sea water into drinking water. The element is used in heat exchangers; if the heat exchangers
were made of a different element they would need to be replaced more often due to corrosion. A
very strong alloy is produced when Titanium is combined with iron, aluminum, vanadium, and
molybdenum. This alloy is found in large items such as: jet engines, missiles, spacecraft, military
equipment, and even automobiles. The alloy is also used in many things that we are known to love.
Americans usually carry items with them everyday that are made up of this alloy. For example, right
now in my car I have many items that are made up of the alloy such as: jewelry, a cell phone, and a
football helmet grill (History of Titanium). The element, Titanium, has a very low toxicity.
Although, when Titanium is in powder form it is becomes a fire hazard (Titanium). The other time
that Titanium is a hazard is when it is heated in the air. The element then becomes an explosive
hazard. When Titanium does catch on fire, a normal fire extinguisher will not put out the

Essay about Copper
Copper
Copper is a mineral. it is not a plant or a animal. Copper is a metallic metal. It can never be broken
down into differnet substances by normal chemical means. Copper was one of the first metals
known to humans.
People liked it because in it's native condition, it could easily be beaten into weapons or tools.
Copper has been one of the most useful metals for over
5000 years. Copper was probably used around 8000 B.C by people living along the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In 6000 B.C, Egyptians learned how to hammer copper into things they
wanted. Around 3500 B.C, People first learned how to melt copper with tin to make bronze. So the
period between 3000 B.C ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lamps are also attached to these helmets in case some of the lighting in the mine goes out leaving a
miner stranded in the dark. One of the biggest problems with mining is that in some places
dangerous gas's may exist, like Carbon Monoxide. In the past we had very cruel and inhuman ways
to detect harmful gases. One of these ways was the use of canaries. Miners would let them fly into a
part of the mine where a poison gas was suspected. If there was a harmful gas, the bird would fall
over dead at the first scent of the gas. Today, we have better ways to detect gases without having
animals die. We now have detection machines in all parts of mines. Mines also have top of the line
fire alarms and water systems. If a flammable gas ignites, like sulfur, the fire may not die for years,
which results in closing the mine. Another problem miners complain about are the rats. Mines will
often have mine cats that hunt out the rats. These cats are well fed and petted by most of the miners.
Most copper is found in seven ores. That means it's mixed in with other metals like lead, zinc, gold,
cobalt, bismuth, platinum, and nickel. These ores will usually have only about 4% pure copper in
them though.
Sometimes miners may only find 2%. The things that make copper such a popular metal are
malleability which is how easily it bends. Copper is highly

Case Analysis Of Crown Cork And Seal
Case Analysis of Crown Cork and Seal (CC&S)
ASSIGNMENT–1
Assignment 1: Case Analysis of Crown Cork and Seal (CC&S)
This Assignment will develop your skills in industry analysis. This must be done as individual work,
so you must not discuss the case with anyone else before completing the Assignment. Please use the
following questions to structure your answer:
What are the industry structures and dynamics of the metal can industry?
The industry structure analysis of the metal can industry mainly depends on the assessment of the
five competitive forces which shapes the industry which is following:
1. Bargaining power of suppliers:
There are three aluminium suppliers who dominate the market which are Alcan Aluminium, Aloca
and Reynold metal. These three world leading companies have huge bargaining power on can
manufacturers as they were responsible for huge part of production of aluminium market.
2. Bargaining power of customers:
There are four vital companies who play a very important role in the metal industry and these are
Anheuser–Busch companies, Pepsico, Coca–cola enterprise and Coca–cola company. These
companies could have a great bargaining power over can companies while having multimple
suppliers and being able to switch suppliers which gave the companies more flexibility to choose
from if there was any issue with the price, quality or service.
3. Barriers to entry:
In this case some big companies dominate the whole industry and as a result the small companies

Environmental Pollution Of The Dandora Municipal Waste...
Introduction to the Dandora Municipal Waste dumping site
Over the last three decades, public health states that there has been a growing global distress that
attributed to environmental pollution, in specific, the global burden disease. This problem is
increasing slowly. According to the World Health Organization about a quarter of the disease facing
mankind today occur due to persistent exposure to environmental pollution. Several of these
environment–related diseases are hard to detect and may have been developed as a child and
progress later in adulthood. One of the main problems that cause environmental pollution and
degradation in many cities, and mainly in developing countries is the improper management of solid
waste. Municipal waste dumping site is entitled places for waste disposal. Depending on a city's
level of waste management, waste can be literally dumped, separated for recycling purposes, or
simply burnt. Poor waste management poses an enormous challenge to the health of city residents,
especially those who live near the dump sites. The waste can potentially pollute water, food sources,
land, air and vegetation. Poorly dumping waste can lead to environmental degradation, destruction
of the ecosystem, and risks to the public health.
Environmental pollution & Impacts of Exposure
Heavy metals are metallic elements that exist in environments both natural and contaminated
environments. In natural environments, they occur at low concentrations, while in

Chemistry : The Chemical And Physical Properties Of Chemistry
By definition, chemistry is the scientific branch concerned with atoms, molecules, chemical
elements and how they form compounds and undergo reactions.
This science gave humanity the chance to understand not only the chemical and physical properties
of chemical elements and compounds, it unlocked endless opportunities for humans to prepare, find,
and use these elements in every field and aspect in their daily life. This includes engineering,
medicine, nutrition, scientific research, experiments and industries.
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei
(that is, the same atomic number or Z). 118 elements are found, of which the first 94 occur naturally
on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements.
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical
element.
Every solid, liquid, and gas is made up of neutral or ionized (gaining or losing electrons) atoms.
Chemical elements constitute all the ordinary matter in the universe excluding dark matter in space
which is yet to be discovered and studied.
The most common elements on earth are hydrogen, and helium that mostly formed after the big
bang.
All chemical elements known to mankind are present in the "Periodic Table" that arranges them and
summarizes their chemical properties.
One of the mostly used chemical elements in life is Copper "Cu"
The word copper derives from the Latin "cuprum," which translates into

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Silicon Alloy
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aluminium:
Aluminium is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is
available in large quantity. It is combined with 270 different materials. Aluminium is good for
corrosion resistance. Aluminium is soft, light weight and ductile material. It can be easily machined
and extruded.
1.2 Alloy:
An alloy is a material formed by two or more chemical elements that has metallic properties, in
which at least one is a metal. Alloys are designed and produced to have some desirable
characteristics like formability, strength and corrosion resistance. Chemical composition of metallic
atoms dominate and metallic bond in its crystal structure. Elements commonly alloyed aluminium
are copper manganese, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is commonly used for producing components of home appliances, toys, motors and hand tools.
Post processing is not required as the surface finish and tolerance of die cast part is good. It is an
expensive and time consuming process. Fig 1.3 Die Casting Setup
1.5.1.2.4 Centrifugal casting: Centrifugal casting is also called as rotocasting. It is used to form thin
walled cylindrical parts. This is different from most metal casting process. In centrifugal casting
process a permanent mould made of cast iron steel or graphite is rotated at high speed continuously
about its axis. This process is carried out on a horizontal centrifugal casting machine where molten
metal is thrown centrifugally towards inside mould wall, where it solidifies after cooling. Fig 1.4
Centrifugal Casting
1.5.2 Spray

The Chemistry Of Metal Bonding And Electrostatic Forces
Context
This Extended Response Task (ERT) will explore the chemistry involved in alloys, where
comparisons on composition and melting points will be explored. Furthermore, principles of
metallic bonding and electrostatic forces will be investigated to draw conclusion about changes in
melting point over various compositions. Along with this, the structure of interstitial and
substitutional alloys will be considered, providing insight into the main component of many
industrial products. Also, the chemistry involved in the production of soap will be explored with
particular focus on how the manufacturing process has changed and the effects that soaps have on
our surrounding environment.
Item 1 – "Oresome Metals": Alloys (High Tin Bronze) (KCU, IP, EC) 500 words
Alloys are used widely in our society for a number of purposes including in machinery and
commercial products such as bowls made of stainless steel. A substance consisting of a mixture of
two or more metals (or a metal with a non–metal) is defined as an alloy. The alloy which will be
assessed in this ERT is High Tin Bronze. The composition of High Tin Bronze is of mainly copper
(86%), tin (7.5%) and lead (0.3%) along with the other minor trace elements outlined in Table 1.0.
High Tin Bronze is a wear–resistant, hard, strong alloy which is used for many (2). Being hard
wearing and corrosion resistant, high tin bronze is used mainly for valves and plumbing, water
appliances, pump components and gears (3).
Table 1.0(1) –

Conductive Polymers Are A Specific Section Under The Broad...
Conductive polymers are a specific section under the broad range of polymers, that have the ability
to effectively conduct electricity. They were discovered by accident in a lab by Hideki Shirakawa in
1974, yet their potential applications were not understood until early 2000s. They are made by
doping with n–type and p–type which forces electrons to move throughout the material which
normally would not happen because of a polymer molecular structure. They provide many
advantages over metals because of they are light weight, cheap, and functional versatile. Conductive
polymers are frequently used with rechargeable batteries, sensors, and light displays. Lastly, they
have a bright future with the world turning towards wanting more technology that is light weight
and integrated in the day–to–day functions.
A typical polymer is a very ductile, cheap, and light material that cannot handle high temperatures or
electrical conductivity. Polymers are generally used for plastic bags and bottles, crates, toys, and
insulation on electrical cables. Electrical conductivity is usually found only in metals because of its
small to nonsexist band gap between the filled and empty bands. Electrons are able to move freely
between the bands which is the current allowing everything to work. Polymers have a large enough
band gap that makes it very difficult for electrons to go between the bands. Large amounts of energy
would be needed to force electrons across this gap. However, with the addition

Crown Cork & Seal
CASE STUDY 5
FOCAL FIRM: Crown Cork & Seal
University of Arizona: Eller College of Management
Economics 571: Dynamics of Strategy
10/31/12
1. Perform an industry analysis for the industry.
Industry Competitors: Crown Cork & Seal (CCS) considered the following companies their
main competition: American National Can, Continental Can, Reynolds Metal and Ball Corporation.
Van Dorn Company and Heekin Can were regional threats. CCS and their main competitors
comprised 61 % of the market in the metal can industry. There were approximately 100 other firms
that served the rest of the market, but they were not plausible threats. Competition between the large
firms was intense. Ball Corporation and Reynolds Metal were known ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The following areas supported the company's overall strategy and objectives using strengths of CCS
and reducing costs, yet maintaining quality. * Finance * The organization was pared down and
reorganized, this reduced payroll by 24%. * Plant managers became responsible for profitability,
including the allocated costs. * Debt was paid off through inventory reduction and liquidation to 2%
of capital. * Manufacturing/Operations * Focused product on company strengths of metal forming
and fabrication. * Built manufacturing facilities nationwide and sold to multiple customers. *
Designed equipment specifically for customers in order to accommodate them. * Research and
Development * Let other companies take the risks and then adapt more quickly than others. *
Worked closely with customers on their requests. * Marketing and Customer Service * Maintained
close ties with customers. * Provided flexibility, quick response and problem solving. * International
* Obtained "Pioneer Rights." * Used local managers for their expertise. * Recycled used equipment
that met the needs of developing industry.
The following area did not support those objectives and strategy. * Recycling * Nationwide
Recyclers, Inc. formed in 1970. * Invested $10 million. * Only marginally profitable.
5. What were

1. An alloy is a homogenous mixture of a metal with one or...
1. An alloy is a homogenous mixture of a metal with one or more other elements which are usually
other metals.
The purpose of making alloys is to alter or enhance a metal's chemical and physical properties in
order to use the alloy for a specific function. For example, alloys can be made to enhance the
hardness, magnetism, tensile strength and corrosion resistance of a metal. The harder alloy can
replace the use of another metal that does not have the required and ideal characteristics for a
particular function.
2.
Alloy of Iron: Mild Steel Alloy of Copper: Cupro–nickel
Composition Mainly of iron with < 0.2% carbon. 70% copper and 30% nickel
Use To make car bodies Seawater Pipe work
Why alloying the metal makes it more suitable for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As they are unreactive and do not readily combine with other elements, they are the easiest to
extract and the earliest to be discovered and therefore were used long before any other metals.
5. In order to extract most metals from its mineral, a chemical reaction is required. Every chemical
reaction involves either the release or absorption of heat, and thus it can be concluded that heat or
other forms of energy are needed to break the chemical bonds in the compound (mineral) to extract a
metal.
Energy input is essential to extract a metal from the mineral as many minerals contain metal oxides,
which are more stable than metals. Thus, a considerable amount of energy is required to break the
metal–oxygen ionic bond in the metal oxide in order to get the metal in its elemental form.
In addition, energy is not only used in the extraction reaction – it is only a part of the total energy
input. Energy is also used to mine the mineral, purify or concentrate the mineral and maintain the
high temperatures that are necessary for the extraction process. Therefore, a significant amount of
heat or other forms of energy are required to extract a metal from the mineral in which it occurs.
6. Two areas of discovery that have increased the range of metallic materials are:
– The advancement and rapid improvement of technology
Today's enhanced technology has enabled us to extract more metals from ores in an economically

Oil Embargo By The Organization Of Petroleum Exporting...
Oil embargo in 1973 by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) focuses
attention on the energy crisis and results in increased demand for coal as a preferred alternative to
oil in the United States Europe, and much of the rest of the world [Speight 2013]. At that time there
were a large number of oil power plants in the world which had suddenly become very expensive to
operate led to the introduction of larger coal–fired power plants [Jeffs 2010]. While Middle East
countries which has the largest proven reserves of crude oil; fuel oil as well as crude oil are an
available and economically feasible fuel in power and water desalination plants (Fig 1). For
example, Saudi Arabia which has the largest known oil reserves in the world, consume annually
more than 40 million tons of crude oil and heavy fuel oil [Husain and Ahmad 2015] in both sea
water desalination and power plants. The produced ashes were collected using electrostatic
precipitators installed in the major facilities and dispose into landfills. While Egypt consume
annually approximately 7 million tons of heavy fuel oil in electric power plants to generate
electricity, generation more than 4000 metric tons of oil ashes [Mohammed et al 2016]. All the
Egyptian power plants are not fitted with electrostatic precipitators and situated in the densely
populated region. In addition, most of the ashes are not used for anything but landfill. However,
little attention has been paid to the environmental effect

The Many Uses of the Element Cobalt
The Many Uses of the Element Cobalt There are many elements in the world and one of them is
cobalt. It is a silvery blue metal with a blue coat. It is element number twenty–seven on the table
which means that it has twenty–seven protons and electrons. One mole or its atomic weight is 58.9
grams. It has a relatively high melting and boiling point, the melting point being 1,495 degrees
Celsius or 2,723 Fahrenheit and the boiling point being 2,927 degrees Celsius or 5,301 Fahrenheit.
The top three countries that mine this element are the District Republic of the Congo, Cuba, and
Australia in that order. Cobalt has had and still has many uses in the world today. Cobalt is an
element that has many uses that include alloys, electronics, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cobalt is used in these fields for many reasons. The main reason though is that cobalt has a high
Curie temperature. A Curie temperature is basically how hot a metal can be heated while
maintaining its magnetism. Cobalt's Curie temp is 1,121 degrees Celsius. Cobalt also has a high
magnetic power and tesla (magnetic density) (Cobalt Facts). Cobalt is also used in various
electronics. Cobalt is used because it has the power to carry and direct currents like other metals.
Cobalt is used in circuits and semi–conductors because of this. Cobalt is also used in batteries.
Cobalt is used as a powder in batteries to raise the power while stabilizing the battery at the same
time. One of the main visual uses of cobalt though, is in chemistry. Cobalt has many uses in the
aspect of Chemistry. One of the main uses is a catalyst in petroleum. Specifically, CoMoO4 is used
to help change petroleum into gas (Newton). This chemical removes the sulfur in the oil to make it a
useable fuel source. Also cobalt is used as a catalyst to speed up the resin process when making
plastics (Cobalt Facts). Cobalt is also used to produce bright blue colors in paints (Cobalt Periodic).
They are also in many other chemical dyes and paints and they can help determine how quickly
these paints dry which can be very important to artists (Cobalt Facts). They are also used in dyes for
glass, glazes, cosmetics, inks, and pottery (Newton). Here is a chart on chemical

Copper: The Most Important Elements In Everyday Life
There are many elements that are commonly used and mentioned in everyday life. Oxygen,
hydrogen, nickel, potassium, silver, and gold; but there is one element that deserves all the
recognition, copper. This handy little element can be found in many places and is very useful, to
being welded into armor for gladiators back in 264 BC, to the wiring in everyone's house., copper is
the most helpful element. The discovery of copper dates to prehistoric times, with no sure exact date
as to when. Along with gold, copper was one of the first metals to be used by humans. One of the
reasons coppers was widely popular was because it was very easy to shape. Since it was very
malleable, copper was mixed with other metals, allowing it to become harder. Eventually the need to
use copper boomed and became a hit across the world. Coppers atomic number is 29, which means
it contains 29 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Easy to mold, and is a great conductor of heat and electricity. If the surface of copper is exposed to
air gradually, it will steadily become dull and brownish in color. Whenever water and air are present,
then copper will slowly corrode, which can be seen on rooftops and statues. With its many uses
there will sometimes be an unhealthy affect to those who are always exposed to it. Copper can be
toxic, this is referred to as copper toxicity or copperiedus. This is the result of too much copper in
the body. This is developed by eating acid foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware, or by being
exposed to excess copper in drinking water or other sources. There is a difference between organic
copper and inorganic copper. Organic copper can be found in food, and is a beneficial micronutrient
needed for good health. Inorganic copper, which can be found in wiring, plumbing pipes, sheet
metal, cooking utensils, jewelry and pennies, are heavily linked to the same symptoms that are
present with the consumption of mercury and

Heat and Iron
A clothing iron, also called a flatiron or simply an iron, is a small appliance: a handheld piece of
equipment with a flat, roughly triangular surface that, when heated, is used to press clothes to
remove creases. It is named for the metal of which the device is commonly made, and the use of it is
generally called ironing. Ironing works by loosening the ties between the long chains of molecules
that exist in polymer fiber materials. With the heat and the weight of the ironing plate, the fibers are
stretched and the fabric maintains its new shape when cool. Some materials, such as cotton, require
the use of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many materials developed in the twentieth
century are advertised as needing little or no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to "How Things Work in Your Home" by Time–Life Books, a heat control lever rotates a
cam that regulates the opening between the contacts located on the thermostat. A steam valve
attached to a vapor chamber located above the heating element opens up when the correct
temperature is reached and water enters the chamber and is converted into steam. From there, the
water is converted to steam, which exits from the soleplate at the bottom of the iron through the
ports. On the top of the iron, a pump draws water from the reservoir and sprays it through the
nozzle.
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Most problems occur when an iron is either dropped, the cord is frayed or mineral deposits from
hard water clog the ports. Time–Life recommends that irons be rinsed after use and a small brush
used to clean the ports. To clean the aluminum soleplate on the bottom of the iron, use a solution of
one part baking soda to two parts water on a cloth. Use a soapy scouring pad to clean steel
soleplates. Whichever type of cleaning method is used, dry the iron thoroughly. After heating it up
over the lowest setting, run the iron over a piece of wax paper and then a dry cloth, according to
Time–Life. Irons with nonstick soleplates should be cleaned with a damp sponge or cloth to avoid
damage to the coating. Nicks can be buffed out with an emery board.
Cords should be replaced if the iron does not heat. This can be a do–it–yourself project, according to
Time–Life;

Persuasive Essay On Copper And Nickel
We, the state of Minnesota, have a big decision coming up when it comes to mining the copper and
nickel in the boundary waters. Sulfide mining has been stereotyped as a major pollutant to nearby
waterways. As this may have been proven true with other mining corporations, PolyMet Mining has
found a new way of reusing the sulfide as renewable energy instead of flushing it back into the
waterways. Minnesota is home to one of the largest deposits of copper, nickel, and other precious
metals. Currently there is only one copper and nickel mine currently being used in the United States.
With the U.S consuming more than 202,000 tons of nickel annually, there could be a shortage of
copper and nickel in the near future. Many commonly used equipment has copper and nickel in it.
Some examples of this equipment and common everyday things include: Food preparation
equipment, mobile phones, medical equipment, transportation, buildings, and power generation.
With a high demand for copper and nickel, not being able to replace these metals may result in an
increase of prices of these commonly used items (Where). For those people who are against the
mining, imagine life without mobile phones and medical equipment. Copper and nickel is more
important than most people think.
Embracing the opportunity to mine these precious metals would create jobs, surplus the economy
and would provide more than two billion dollars to the Minnesota Permanent School Trust Fund
(Mining). Having the opportunity to

Steel Garage Door Research Paper
Why The Common Steel Garage Door Is A Good Choice For Your Home
Steel garage doors have long been a popular choice for homeowners, and it's easy to see why.
Although you can choose a door made from wood, vinyl, or fiberglass, steel is often the best way to
go. Here are some reasons steel is a good choice when shopping for a new garage door.
Steel Doors Match The Neighborhood
If you're the type of person who likes to blend in, then steel is a good choice because chances are
most of your neighbors have steel doors too. Steel doors not only go well in any neighborhood, they
also match any type of home and style of architecture. Many people opt for plain white doors, but if
you want to match your home's paint colors, you can buy steel doors ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The least expensive doors consist of a single sheet of steel. The steel is strong enough to keep out
intruders, but it doesn't insulate your garage very well. More expensive doors have double or triple
layers to them with insulation filling the space between. That makes them very energy efficient,
which is helpful if you want to use the garage as a workshop or exercise room.
Modern Steel Doors Resist Rust
Steel is known for rusting, but steel garage doors don't usually succumb to this problem. For one
thing, the color is factory finished so it acts as a protective coating. If you scratch the paint off,
you'll want to repair it so the bare metal doesn't begin to rust. As long as the door is cared for and the
paint is intact, it should last for years without developing rust that causes squeaky operations or
eyesores.
Steel Doors Offer Excellent Security
There's a reason steel is used for residential entry doors and commercial security doors. It's strong
and an excellent barrier against intruders. When you have a steel door protecting your garage, you
can store tools and other belongings in there without worrying about theft. However, a door is only
as strong as the lock, so if security is a concern, be sure to have a good lock and that the side door
and windows are secure

The Sediments Within The Intertidal Zone
The sediments in the intertidal zone are predominantly composed of silt and clay that display
substantial distribution in grain size distribution due to hydrodynamic and vegetation cover changes,
such as grass, mangroves and other plantations. Sediment pH, total Corg (%) and percentages of
sand, silt and clay obtained from the samples of 13 sampling stations are summarized in Table 2,
whilst sediment pH was in a narrow alkaline range of 7.2 to 8.6. Similarly, Corg varied little from
0.47 to 0.91 %. Such low Corg are consistent to other coastal regions of India (Chatterjee et al.
2007) and might be the result of marine sedimentation and mixing processes at the sediment–water
interface where the rate of delivery, as well as rates of degradation by microbial–mediated processes
can be high ( Canuel and Martens, 1993). This can be also related to poor absorbability of organics
to negatively charged quartz grains, which predominate in sediments in this estuarine environment
(Sarkar et al., 2004). The sediment samples also showed a variable admixture of sand (0.4 – 37.4
%), silt (24.4 – 66.7%) and clay (26.7 – 75.1 %). Previous studies demonstrated that fine–grained
sediments facilitate the accumulation of heavier metals and organic matter contents (Bayen, 2012;
Yu et al., 2012; Zahra et al., 2014).With respect to texture class, variable erosion and depositions in
the study stations along with vigorous estuarine mixing, suspension–resuspension and flocculation–
deflocculation can

Electroplating
ELECTROPLATING
Electroplating is the application of electrolytic cells in which a thin layer of metal is deposited onto
an electrically conductive surface.
Electroplating is a plating process that uses electrical current to reduce cat ions of a desired material
from a solution and coat a conductive object with a thin layer of the material, such as a metal.
Electroplating is primarily used for depositing a layer of material to bestow a desired property (e.g.,
abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.) to a surface
that otherwise lacks that property. Another application uses electroplating to build up thickness on
undersized parts.
The process used in electroplating is called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The anode is connected to the positive terminal of the supply, and the cathode (article to be plated)
is connected to the negative terminal. When the external power supply is switched on, the metal at
the anode is oxidized from the zero valence state to form cations with a positive charge. These
cations associate with the anions in the solution. The cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in
the metallic, zero valence state. For example, in an acid solution, copper is oxidized at the anode to
Cu2+ by losing two electrons. The Cu2+ associates with the anion SO42– in the solution to form
copper sulfate. At the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. The
result is the effective transfer of copper from the anode source to a plate covering the cathode.
The plating is most commonly a single metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be
electrodeposited, notably brass and solder.
Many plating baths include cyanides of other metals (e.g., potassium cyanide) in addition to
cyanides of the metal to be deposited. These free

How A Laser Engraving With Laser Engraver Machine
How to develop laser engraving with laser engraver machine?
Description: Laser engraver machine has been prepared for making industrial engraving or cutting
smooth and improved. The device can be operated automatically without any manual force as a
result of which higher productivity can be ensured.
Laser engraving is nothing but creating marks on objects with the use of laser technology. This
engraving task is now growing like anything as most of the commercial industries are in need of the
same. In this case, 3D technology is also involved for making the marking more accurate. There are
innumerable engraving materials that are being listed so that this advanced technology can be used
and they are plastic, glass, acrylic, wood, fabric, corian, leather, anodized aluminum, coated metals,
pressboard, Mylar, ceramics and many more. CO2 based laser source is being utilized for making
the engraving function done in a proper manner.
Nowadays, laser engraving can be efficiently done by using laser engraver machine. This machine
has been configured o the basis of computerized software and thus can be automatically operated.
On the other hand, operative settings can be changed or altered as [per wish and necessity. This
device has got higher capability in dealing both big and small projects of laser engraving. Accurate
size, design, length and pattern can be maintained with these devices as a result of which engraving
views can be fulfilled. Some easy steps are involved that can be

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