2. Modernism Reading
• Swift and Flaubert critics
• Rousseau first real critic with his work
Discourse
– Just really pushed it further
3. Looking ahead this Semester
• 2nd semester emphasizes realistic not ideals
• Examining modernist- the ideas not the age
– Contrast with those from the first semester
• Aquinas- seek imperfect and perfect happiness
– Many views on happiness
• Ex. Aristotle/poets- some people just born with happiness
• Platonist, Aristotelians, Epicureans, Stoics all have
different views on happiness
4. Happiness Continued
• Epicureans- live a very simple life
• Stoic- Things that happen to you are not within
your control but can control your attitude
towards something
• Aristotle- chance happenings good and bad luck
– Poets say the same things
– However Aristotle says you can do something about it
• Plato- real being not in this world higher eternal
world need to aim for eternal things
– Aiming for eternal things will make us happy
5. Introduction to Modernism
• Machiavelli- says that you will be crushed if
you follow the ancient world
• Some view it as just an adjustment from
ancient world
• Major difference with modernism is science
• Another thought change in politics, morality
and religion
• Deal with human problems
– Individual world
6. Introduction to Modernism 2
• Modernity has changed
– Several different modern views
– 3 waves of modernity in this class
• Machiavelli and Hobbs- don’t follow idealistic old world
look out for yourself. Force makes people virtuous.
– Imposed from an outside source not internally. IE FEAR of
penalties
• Scientists believe they can solve all problems
7. Machiavelli
• Writing to the Prince
• People wasting time on the ancient philosophers
– Ideals not realistic of how the world actually works
• Writes about how to keep power rather than morality
• Need money
– Turn people against rich and then take money
• Manipulate people in order to keep power
• People are self centered- can hurt some people as long
as you keep majority in tack. They wont get too upset.
8. Machiavelli 2
• Aristotle- honored vs. deserving honor
– Highest thing cant be in honor or well
– Highest is being great human being
• Highest thing expanding power-rulers
– Who he is writing to
• Machiavelli writes book in order to try and get a
position as an advisor
• His Accepted Suppositions
– People generally operate according to their vested
interests
9. Machiavelli 3
• Some people are successful simply because they
are lucky
– Aristotle attributes it to pleasing the Gods
• Says you can do it yourself
• Machiavelli
– Can get good luck by following a set of principals
• Really just doing correct actions
– However you cant control everything
– Cunning to get the people beyond you veretoo –
strength
– Virtuous can be a weakness
10. Machiavelli 4
• People are selfish
– May complain about others situation just to get
attention
• True Motivation
• Fear controls people over everything else over
titles, honor, or wealth
• Killing of lieutenants/ moving of lieutenants
• Fear and look loving
– Same lesson from Portico
11. Machiavelli 5
• Not just for princes for everyone
• Focused on real world not the ideal world of
Aristotle and Plato
• People selfish again
– Most People aren't really dedicated to virtue
– A few people are
• Need to know when to use certain virtues and
vices
– Ex be generous with others possessions not your own
12. Machiavelli 6
• Importance of image while doing bad things
must keep a good image with the masses
– Be generous with a few others while doing it that
appears to the masses
• Feelings played down by Machiavelli
13. Machiavelli
• Knowledge- things are always changing no
unchanging ideals
• Prince or not must adjust to circumstances
your in
• Most use cruelty at certain times
• Sessius and Moses- examples
– Romulus- Italy
14. Hobbes Levithion
• Theory of knowledge at the beginning
– Epistemology
– Imprisism approach- pragmatic
• Starts with the senses
– All knowledge comes through the senses
• Very focused on the bible
• Very focused on the old world
• Dont need theory we just need to observe
• Are judgments are subjective
• Unguided imagination- just floating around ideas
• Guided imagination- looking for ends of purpose
15. Hobbes Leviathan
• Hobbes says we have a negative view of people
– We pick on all their failings
• Pursue the things you really want
– People can help you
– Can get everything you want
• Knowledge comes through the senses and is
limited to senses
• Expectations = opinions from repeated
experiences
• Society necessary
16. Hobbs Leviathan
• Police don’t to get people who don’t follow
society
– Hobbes doesn’t expect society to develop virtues
– Police need to be there to regulate
• Plato perfect world before this
• Aristotle believes in human nature
• Hobbs doesn’t believe in human nature
17. Hobbs
• Power for Aristotle what mean strength
• Power of man is to achieve some thing you
want according to Hobbs
– Reputation of power is power
– Price is cost/measure of power no intrinsic work
• Buyer determines price
• Honor someone if you pay higher
• No honor if you pay someone little
18. Hobbs
• No perfect happiness like Plato and Aristotle
– Only the things we want
• Hobbs believes that religion is a way of
dreaming that we can get help to get the
things we need
• Society is necessary keeps the demand of
humans organized only one person at top
– King
– Democracy would be the worst
19. Locke- Second Treatise
• Chap 1- criticizes Filmers belief that man has a
divine right of sovereignity
– Rather just power
• Chap 2-talks about state of nature which is divine
laws that we all have to follow
• Chap 3-state of war allows you to attack a force
that violates the state of nature
• Chap 4- natural liberty is the right to only be
ruled by the rules of nature
20. Locke
• Chap 4- Social Liberty- the right to be ruled by
no one other than an agreed ruling body by
the people
• Chap 5- Person individual property is
whatever they put their labor into without
wasting (not advantaging)
– Money acts as a way to exchange
21. Locke
• Denies the divine right of kings says it doesn’t exist
– Robert Filmer defends define right of kings
• Laws used to protect society from wrongs
• Every man is free
• Hobbes laws as fear
• Private property one of the rights of nature
– Through labor we get what we own
– God gave everyone right to earth
– Cant own more than we need
• Everyone is equal
– No subordination
– Uses Hooker to support himself
22. Locke
• Man should not harm one another
– Life, liberty and possessions (pursuit of
happiness)
• Clearly identifies God as above all
• Members of society chose to follow the
societies laws
• Laws keep society in order
23. Locke- A Letter Concerning Toleration
• Written to a friend
• Argues for the allowance of groups that do not support the
states religion
– Leads to less civil unrest
• Separation of Government and Religion
– Government- external
– Religion- internal
• Conversion should not come by force
– Rulers arent chosen by God
• However can not be an atheist or part of the Roman
Catholic Church
– Church is magistrate led
24. Paper
• Aristotle- great leader who establishes democracy in
Athens example
• Prudence
• Good Concrete Judgements
• Great Human being who makes good decisions
• Socrates- discusses it more than doing it
• Machevalli
• Individual must recognize that now is the time must be
sharp and cunning enough
• Romulus and Moses and Cyrus had good luck
– Circumstances
25. Paper
• These 3 took advantage of the needs of people
drive out captors
• Build your own army can count on this one
– Have to be sure to know your opponents weakness
– Don’t have to the greatest person, but must use the
talents you have
• Don’t worry what people think make them think
differently
• Aristotle 5,6 and last chap of machavelli
– Aristotle- human leadership
– Machavelli- political leadership
26. Paper
• Aristotle- interested in human development of
all people
• Machiavelli concerned with getting power of
own state
27. Locke- Toleration
• Writing it to Dutchmen while in exhile and hiding
• Trying to come things down and change the attitude
• Locke thinks acceptance of religion is important
• Promotes tolerance
• Should not have persecution and exhile
• Toleration means separation of church and state
• Commonwealth is only concerned with civil interests
has no care for you soul
– Life, liberty, possessions
– Concerned with treating everyone equally
28. Locke-Toleration
• Magistrates cant make decisions on religion
because they are not solely concerned with your
soul
– Concerned with civil well being
– Can act religious as human beings but cant as
magistrate
• Rejects divine right of kings
• Religion is internal cannot be forced by external
force
• All people must follow societies laws
– Jury must be free of prejudice
29. Locke-Toleration
• Church-voluntary society of man
– To worship God
– Can have public character that you have consented to
– No one is born to a religion
– Anything is allowed to be a church
– Cant punish or discriminate based off church
• Magistrates cant force people to do things
• Church cannot undermine the rules of society
• Cannot tolerate atheist no bonds on them
• Every man has the same rights that are permitted to
other men
30. Locke
• Laws
– Divine law in the scriptures
– There is a God natural truth
– Need some sort of ruler to keep general order
– Natural Law keeps man in order
• Has some existence in divine law
32. Francis Bacon- The Great Insaturation
• Proposed a Six step learning method that
would greatly enhance the world’s science
• Science must be used within divine law to
further advancement
• Wanted government to promote
advancements in science
33. Bacon- The New Orgonon
• Just laying out the new scientific method that
centers around gathering facts
• Talks about the four bias that professor Brown
discussed later
34. Francis Bacon
• New way of collecting knowledge
– Methology
• He discusses how things will change in terms
of getting and understanding knowledge
– Knowledge that leads to true eternal happiness
– Don’t understand true knowledge just past down
the same knowledge (Plato, Aristotle)
– Technology helps us understand God more now
35. Bacon 2
• Go for what is best
– Technology
– Rest of the world doesn’t get
• Doesn’t matter we are really pursuing perfect happiness
– Don’t understand the strength of our minds
• Greatest originals
– Not commentors- fall short
• Bacon creates a change everyone thinking not
blindly following orginals
– Not criticizing orginals but he wants all people to be
scientific
36. Bacon 3
• Not sense experience but rather sense
experimentation
– We must experiment
– God allows this not going against our nature
• Knowledge for the benefit and usefulness of life
and society
• Progress and Advancement
• Aristotle- Induction
– Experieced based learing
• Bacon is experimented based
37. Bacon 4
• Idols- dirupt experiments
– Some born in us
– Some experienced
– Tribe,Marketplace, cave, theater
• False kinds of experimentations and
understanding
– Tribe- family predjuice
– Cave- Emotions/characteristics
– Marketplace-judge things based off common
viewpoint
– Theater- philosophers predjiuced
38. Descartes-Discourse on Method Part 1
• Emphasizes reason
• Everyone has Rational
• Everyone has the same essential properties
• Same reason but people apply it differently
• Descartes applies it very well according to himself
• Elite education
• Doesn’t believe in knowledge
• Travels the world and learns that there are many
customs
• Begins to study himself
39. Discourse Part 2
• Served in the army
• Must follow reason alone not appetites of
others
• Descartes abandoned all of his former
opinions
• Follows 4 laws
– Evident, Split, simplest, review
• Studies Math first
40. Discourse Part 3
• Before going on his learning journey he adopts
four maxims
– First is to follow the rules and laws of his own
country
– Second- be decisive
– Third- Change himself not the world
– Fourth- find the perfect occupation
• Eventually settles in Holland after 9 year of
travel
41. Discourse Part 4
• Results
• Changes mind on being decisive- doesn't’t accept
anything that he has doubts about
• Had abandon anything his senses told him before this
experience
• His basis is that he can think therefore he exists
• Establishes God’s perfection and existence
– Imperfect being could not come up with the idea of God
– Geometry and triangles as well
• Can only perceive clearly and distinctly when we use
reason properly
42. Paper
• Aristotle’s 5 Intellectual virtues
• Wisdom, science, knowledge,techne, prudence
– KNOWLEDGE basic principles
– Science to deduce from these principles
– Contradiction- Proof
– Whole/Part-Proof
– Temporal/Changing
– Wisdom finds unchanging things (true characteristics
43. Paper
• Can go beyond changing (individual) to eternal
• Bacon says that intellecual doesn’t decipher but rather
as adding
– Aristotle said adding doesn’t make sense because things
change
• Hobbes discusses probability
• Appetites and desires determine what we seek
• Wisdom putting our intellect together
• Hobbes we don’t think beyond 2 0r 3 years because of
our desires
44. Paper
• Hobbes just chance experiences
• Bacon trying to change experiences
(experimentation)
• Modern imperialists
• Aristotle ancient imperalist
45. Descartes
• Clear and Distinct
• Use our reason
• His education
– La Flesh
– One of the best educations in all of Europe
• Studies philosophy but doesn’t find real knowledge
• Certitude in Mathematics and Geometry
• Theology no certitude
• Travels for a while
– unsatisfied
46. Descartes
• Model to learn
– One master/teacher not many
– Writes up a plan for certainty
– Decides to be the first architect
– Sets up certain principles
• Maxim 1- follow quiet good teachers
• Maxim 2- to be decisive
• Maxim 3- conquer myself rather than fortune
• Maxim 4- follow process to certitude such as
geometery
• Doubts everything but not a skeptic
47. Descartes
• Basis- I think therefore I exist
• Humans changing being
• God perfect unchanging being which
establishes certainty
• Rationalism- Reason is what exists
48. Descartes- Discourse Part 5
• He learns much about the physical world but
not much about the metaphysical world
• Publishes a book called the World
– Scientific study of the Earth
– Says about an imaginary planet to avoid
persecution
• Explains how physical human bodyies work
but also emphasizes the soul
49. Descartes Part 6
• Publishes his method and philosophical views
but not his physical views of the world
• Eventually does publish his works on the
physical world
50. Descartes
• Certainity in geometery
• Principles
– Do not accept anything unless certain because of
evidence
– Study things in parts
– Conduct things in an order
– Review
• First fundamentally was sure of his own existence
and then of Gods
– Perfect thing making imperfect tthings
• Connection between mind and body
51. Descartes
• Didn’t publish his works about the physical world
till years later
• Nature of the body like machine
• Deseist perspectives
– God dropped the world and let it run
• Rational Soul (should be using the word mind)
– Enlivens the body
– Be souled body (Aristotle)
– Cant come from potency of matter must be from God
– Should ignore senses and deduce from in born
principles
52. Descartes
• Believes he has discovered new physical and
practical principles
• Says there is so much still to learn in medicine
• Must use my principles and methods to
achieve practical good such as health
53. Luther's Letter to Leo X
• Luther says that he is not criticizing the pope
• He says that he is criticizing the corrupt Roman
Catholic Church
• Luther says that no one can fix this even though
he admires Leo X
– He says that no one can fix the church
• Luther says that he had to leave the church
• Luther says he tried to go through the proper
channels but the popes servants were too corrupt
54. On Christian Liberty
• People don’t have to follow God’s laws but can
be fully willing to serve him
• Christian is only dutiful to God but should
serve others
• Justification by Faith in Christ alone not works
• However works do help keep us away from
carnal pleasures
55. Martin Luther
• Translated scripture into German
• Christian is perfectly free from duty
– And a perfect servants who does duties
• Starts Reformation
• Old man vs. New Man
– Paul (epical to the Galatians)
– Luther trying to get back to foundation in the Bible
– New man faith in Christ
– Old man faith in Church
– Luther promotes the new man
– Works alone will not save a man
– Faith can only save man
56. Luther 2
• Christ saves people
• People don’t save themselves
• People do works to impress others not to save themselves
• Old Testament- we are sinful people
• New Testament- faith in Christ will save us
• Priesthood- faith in Christ not human priests
– No robes
– Doesn’t grow our faith
– Only follow church laws
• Christ King and Priest
• Faith not merit
58. Pascal
• Ramblings of his thought
– Died before he could organize
– Must read between the lines
– Mathematician
– Criticizing the modernists criticize Hobbes and Descartes
– Trying to explain the limits of human knowing
– Need a heart to understand
– Attitude towards thinking more important than actual
thinking
– Feelings must more involved in thinking than you can
believe
59. Pascal 2
• Man cant do it on his own
– Need Natural Grace
– Man’s reason doesn’t know everything
– Criticizes senses and reason
• They deceive us
– Passions as well deceives us
– Because of all this our knowledge is extremely limited
• Man bow down to beasts
• Perpetual motion
• Tyranny trying to control others and everything
60. Pascal 3
• There is no justice
– Cant just follow customs of your country
– Saying local laws are just arbitrary
• Natural Laws are real but there are none in
existence because are reason is corrupted
– No law has ever been established on first principles
• Criticizes other philosophers who don’t worship
God
• Another route to truth than our reason
– Through our heart is how we learn first principles
61. Pascal 4
• Man is somewhat of a puzzle
– Part is our sinfulness
• Come from a God that is greater than us
– Religious tradition
• Greatness and smallness of man
• Don’t question basic instinct
– We know that the world is real
– Moon example
• About defining things
• Man is both good and bad
– Pascal wants us all to understand both
62. Pascal 5
• Cant figure out the center of our life exactly
– Elements always pull us in diff directions
• Center is God revealed through Christ
– Cant be proved to us we have to discover it
– Expectation of Greatness that we fall short of
• We must bet on whether or not there is a God
• Suggestions to get us toward God
63. 2nd Wave of Modernists
• 2nd modernists- reject modernists but also do
not accept ancients
– 1st wave- enlightenment
– 2nd wave- (Roussou) attacks this enlightenment
• Says 1st wave has corrupted human beings
64. Russo
• Man is loving not just looking out for himself
• Sympathy and taking care of the poor
65. Rousseau- Discourse on Art and
Science
• His criticism on the corrupting effects of Art,
Science and Civilization on society
• Man is naturally good
• However he is corrupted by institutions
• Praises the academy
• When man seeks glory he only brings about
his own misery
66. Rousseau- Discourse on the Orgins of
Inequality
• Society is imperfect it corrupts man and creates
inequality
• Two types of inequality- moral and natural
• Different from animals because of our rational
• Natural stem from physical things such as age
• Moral is formed by the convention or consent of
man
• Discusses the savage man unaffected by society
– Focuses on self-preservation
67. Rousseau- Discourse on the Orgins of
Inequality 2
• Man vs. Animals
– Degree of Perfectibility and Freedom
– Allows him to develop virtues and vices
• Man moving away from savage to “civilized or
“corrupted”
– Society creates inequality
– Would be no inequality between savage men
• Talks about the history of man
– Starts as savage
– Needs get more complicated
– Family develops- First Revolution
– Natural Disasters led to language
68. Rousseau- Discourse on the Orgins of
Inequality 3
• History of mankind continued
– Jealousy and inequality between men develop
– Metallurgy and agriculture- 2nd revolution
– Men tried to control one another
– Eventually leads to conflict and war
– Laws allow man to control one another without laws we would
revert back to our natural freedom
• Democracy closest to this freedom of man
• Corruption of man
– Laws
– Monachary
– Shift from arbitary powers to corrupt power
• Society corrupts Man
69. Discourse on Arts and Science
• Wins essay contest for this document
• Attack on the Enlightenment
– Weaken mans
– Arts and Science in the hands of the wrong people
corrupt
• Saying Enlightenment did not bring us out of
the dark ages
– Attacking writers of the enlightenment
– Arts and Science have weakened societies
70. Discourse on Arts and Science
• If focus is Arts and Science
– Weak
– People chose to be poets instead of warriors
– Example fall of great Egypt
• French between barbaric Germans and showy Italians
– French used to be rustic
• Rousseau cast out of thought academy is an outcast
• Goes to England taken under the wing of David Hume
– Suspicious of David Hume
• Uses inductive reasoning
• Talks of the fall of Egypt and Greece
• Strength of rustic Sparta
71. Discourse on Arts and Science
• Thinks of himself like Socrates
– Rustic society killed him
– Current French society would give him a worse
punishment would keep him alive and ridicule him
• Not Enlightened we believe we are learned
– However we are not we are just premunstrious
– Has made weaker
• Rousseau wants one strong leader
– Wealth have made weak artsy society
• Positive view of man over all
72. Rousseau
• Society corrupts man
• Governments like monarchy and aristocracy corrupt
• Writes history of man
– Says no one else has done it
• From Geneva thinks it is the closest to ideal
– Place of simplicity
– No place with governments can truly contain the state of nature
• Man is a sympathetic creature
• Have to get back to man’s fundemental nature
– Not selfish
• Man originally a loving animal
• Needs not seen as false needs
– Language and art for example are fake needs
73. Rousseau
• Means that we just need basic needs
– Food Water
– However creates many fake needs
• Government not outside the people
– The Government is us
– People in government just enforce the system we
create
– Government and majority don’t always know the
natural good
74. Rousseau- The Social Contract
• Man is born free
– Chained by society
– Slaved by society
• Argues against justified rule by king
– Says family structure does not justify rule of kings
– People should be independent
– Sociecty causes people to be dependent on others and
thus not truly free
• Sets up contrast between Hobbes and himself
• Don’t need to stay qith your family it is a choice
• Phrase “we obligate ourselves”
75. Rousseau- The Social Contract
• We chose to be obligated to all things we are not
forced
• Freedom chief right
• Subduing a multitude and ruling society
– Great difference
• Man is always about their own private desires
• Social Contract
– Commit yourself to whole community rather than just
yourself
– Creating a different self
– Go away from this lose civil freedom returns to natural
liberty
76. Rousseau- The Social Contract
• Gain from joining group not being subjected
under but rather joined in
• Geneva is the closest to gaining this or
achieving this
– Sovereignty vs. king
• Must actively participate rather than just
complain
• Emphasizes consent
77. Empiracism vs. Rationalism
• Empiracism focuses on the senses and adding on
our experiences- probabilty but not certainity
– Ex. Hobbes
– Ex. Aristotle
• Rationalist- think and come to certainity
– Must have some being to establish certainity
– Descartes
• Two types of knowledge- synthetic= contingent
and analytic= necessary
79. Kant
• Raises a new question can there be synthetic a
priori
– Senses must be spatial and temporal according to
Kant
• All things are spatial and temporal
• If things arent we cant understand them
• Intellectual: effect needs a cause
• Trying to get to absolute truth but relatively can
only understand temporal and spatial
• Cant prove anything about god
– Need for moral order
80. Kant- Theory of history
• Choices arent entirely free
– Others influence our choices
• Ex compromise
• Humanity as a whole advancing not individual
people
81. Kant- Universal History
• Rational and Moral Autonomy will conquer
over individualism
• Kant looks forward to a future universal state
of living and government
• Calls Western Europe civilized but not moral
• Other European States are below this
• All moving towards this universal state slowly
though
82. Kant- Grounding for the Metaphysics
of Mortals 1
• Only thing that is inherently good is goodwill
• Qualities of character are not always good rather they
are good depending on how they are used
• Goal of humans is generally seen to be self
preservation and happiness
• Reason however brings about a higher purpose which
the good in itself
• 3 Propositions or duties
– Actions for the sake of duty alone
– According to maxim not specific purpose
• Must follow the moral law
83. Kant- Same Book Chap 2
• Only actions taken for duty alone are moral
however these actions are rare
• Hypothetical imperative
– Action necessary for own personal happiness
• Categorical Imperative
– Action necessary in of itself
– Rare
• In people internal fights between doing
subjective vs. objective action
84. Kant- Same Book Chap 2
• Cant be based on ends but rather must be
based on moral laws
• People are ends not means
• The perfect community should be referred to
as the kingdom of ends
• Must follow moral laws and duty
85. Kant- Same Book Chap 3
• Freedom does not come from our morality but
rather from our participation in the intelligible
world vvvvvv
• However in is grounded in the sensible which
is ruled by cause and effect which is why
people act in certain ways that do not follow
duty and will
• Largely restricted by conditions must follow
categorical imperative and duty
86. Kant
• Empiricist in the sense that all knowledge
starts with experiences
– Different in his method then Hobbes and Aristolte
• Hobbes- Adding
• Aristotle- shifting
– Kant says that they need to be temporal and
spacial to learn from them
– We try to become better humans
– Aristotle- studies repeating patterns
87. Universal History
• Interested in universal development
• Universal natural laws
• Development all persons reasons
– Must develop completely and in line with their end
• Human Race can eventually become perfect humans
cannot
• Oppisition helps to advance humans
– Some is good
• Advancing of humans getting better
• Huge difference in view of history
– Only how the human race itself is advancing matters
88. Kant- Metaphysics of Morals
• Looking for eternal principles of Morality
• People can grasp unchanging principles
• Need a good will
– Different from other goods
– Moral without qualification
– In itself is good
– Titles it under duty
• Act out of the sake of duty
– Particulars general effect the reason why people do things
• Divine will of God
• Maxim become a principle/universal law
89. Kant
• More talk about just doing the good
• Most peoople do things because of conditions
not because it is good/duty
– Hard to be sure of your motivations
• Good friends will root for each others well
being
• Hypothetical vs. Catergorical
90. Hegel- Introduction to to the
Philosophy of History 1
• Says that there are 3 types of history
– Original History
– Reflective History
– Philosophical history
• Original is a witness who acts as historian retelling the
events of his time
– Does not look at the bigger picture only reports the events
of his or her time
• Three time periods in original history
– Antiquity- statesmen
– Middle ages- monks
– Hegel’s time- everything reports
91. Section 1 Continued
• Reflective History Four Categories
– Universal history- reflecting on all history from a
certain time standpoint
– Pragmatic history- has a theory or ideology around it
– Critical history-tests the accuracy of accounts of
history
– Specialized history- one thread in history such as the
history of art
• Philosophic history prioritizes thought over
history
92. Hegel- History
• History whole not individuals
• Greco- Roman approach
– Some free
• Orienatal approach
– One free
• Germanic
– All free
• Concerned with big history of world not history of individual
• PRE hISOTRY – writing about times before
• Orginal- express what is going on around you like famous historians
do
– Nothing from folk tradtion or memory
93. Hegel-History
• Zyca gist- feelings at the time of the people
• Universal- looking back
– Prejudice to your own error
• Reflective looking back
– First type is universal
• Reflective third type
– Universal-
– Pragmatic
– Critical
94. Hegel
– Critical history- focuses on how historians
potrayed history
– Specialized history- history of one specific thing
through time
Pihilisophical history third type
his type
Whats happening to world spirit
95. Hegel
• To understand God have to look at him from the
viewpoint of reason
• Everything that happens God is in it
– People don’t view world as this
– rationally as we should
• How we must viiew the worl
• People too focused on their particulars or abstract
• People are biased in writing history
• Emphasizes reason
• Abstract vs. concrete universals
– Ideal vs. our abstract idea
96. Hegel
• Everything that happens is rational and
providental
– Everything that happens is inevitable
• Is not anti religious
– Rational that there is a God
• Past age not as good we are advancing
97. Hegel
• God determines everything
– Even if we judge something as bad
– Most look rationally
• Different stuff clashing together to move
forward
• Having freedom depends on where you live
– A lot of ppl do not have freedom
• True religion worshiping God within alll of us
• We all effect each other
98. Communist Manifesto
• Written in England
• Oppressors and the Oppressed
– The oppressed revolt against their oppressors
• Today there is the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
• Industrialists are the Bourgeoisie
• Bourgeoisie is currently fighting amongst itself
• Proletariat consists of workers and merchants
that are oppressed
99. Communist Manifesto
• The point of Communists is to organize the
proletariat against the Bourgeoisie
• Does not want to get rid of culture just class
culture
• Communist plan (already know) laid out
• Only can be satisfied by revolutions that
rework the social order
100. Marx
• Writing against Hegel
• Hegel- below
• Battle to get out of oppression
– Fighting to get freedom
• Marching toward time when every man’s reason
is free
• Marx pushing for economic freedom and equality
• Modern age
• Trying refute criticism of communism
101. Marx
• Change in society to the focus being on cities
during this time
– No longer a feudal world
• Specialized production of things
• Buswasee can suck my dick (in charge)
– Change from feudal to city I think
• Preliterate disagrees with Buswassee
102. Kierkegaard
• Attacks Hegel and Kant
– Writes an extensive criticism of Hegel in Concluding of Scientific Post Script
• Doesn’t really believe in God or his perfection
• Philisophically proving an improving God’s existence
– Like Hegels 3 stages below but involves an either/or decision
• Thesis
• Anthesis
• Synethis
• Also fights against Lutheran Church
• Beginner of extocencialism
– On individual/ concrete
• Aesthetic- through senses
– Choice to be different from the crowd
– Don Juan
103. Kirkagaard
• Ethical after aesthetical
– Moral living
– Moral reason
– Socrates
• 3rd is religious
– Abraham
– Faith willing to die for it
• Calls Hegel a thought philosophy not a real philosophy
• Says people go to Church for selfish reasons not religious
reasons
– Same idea fort the other 2
• Marriage is a moral commitment
104. Kierkegaard
• Engaged to Regina Olson
• Then he feels a calling to be a religious
• 3 WAYS OF living
105. Kierkegaard- Fear and Trembling Part 1
• Question 1- is there a theological suspension of the
ethical
• Ethical applies to all and is the end goal of all
• Individuals must aspire to reach the ethical
• Criticizes Hegel
• Criticizes Abraham and Isaac acted outside of ethical
– Praises others who sacrificed there daughters for ethical
reasons
• Faith outside of ethical
– Unites people though
106. Kierkegaard- Fear and Trembling Part 2
• Second Question is there an absolute duty to
God
• Following God follows the universal
– However no direct relationship with God
• Inner is more important than the outer
– Duty to Universal and God not oneself
• Knight of faith and tragic hero
107. Kierkegaard- Fear and Trembling Part 3
• Third Question- Was it ethically defensible for Abraham to hide his
undertaking from his family
• Disclosure- Ethical
– Agomonen telling daughter he will sacrifice her
– human
• Hidden- Unethical
– Secret love affair
– Also religious
• Honestly whole hidden and disclosed shit doesn’t make any sense
• I think knight of faith inner
• Aesthtic hero – ethical
• Gives several more examples of hidden vs. disclosed
• Some cases necessary to deceive for the universal
108. Kierkegaard
• 1st Question- is there teleological suspension then the
ethical
– Is there anything higher than the ethical?
• Kant and Socrates serve as example of the ethical
• Either do what is ethical or what is for the individual
• Relationship with God higher but isolated
– Life of faith is higher
– Religion and faith are individual
– How do we get to a true relationship in God
– Demands thing that no one can understand but it is higher
if you are in a true relationship with God
– Only in this case is the individual above the universal
109. Kierkegaard
• Can we suspend the ethical if God tells us to
– We can if we are following God’s will
– We cant if its just for our individual desire
• 2nd question- Is there an absolute duty to God
– Depends on how people chose to live
• People have watered down scripture
110. On Religion
• Essay why do the cultured despise religion
– By neglect
– Too focused on culture
– Says that they should be focused on religion too
because it is also cultural
• Message to his Congregation
• Must make religion concrete and alive
• To focused on their own problems
• 2nd Force- can feel something larger than yourself
(divine)
111. 0n Religion 2
• We need a new priesthood
• If God created scripture we must believe all of it
• People must grow from personal to universal
things
• Fear of God can be used to manipulate
• We turn to religion when something is out of our
control
• God led him through his search
112. Nietzsche-On the Advantages and
Disadvantages of History for Life
• Says that the past shapes modernity because people
feel an attachment to the past
• People of Germany experience this affect
– Linked with historical conscious rather than new born
modern identity
– To fix this problem Nietzsche advises against the historical
education of the nations youth
– Wants children to more educated towards art and religion
• Must use principles learned from the past to move
forward
• However we can not just relay on history itslef
113. Nietzsche-On the Advantages and
Disadvantages of History for Life 2
• Man must be able to forget the past and look
forward
• Monumental view- looking at major successes
from the past to see that success can be attained
• antiquarian view- reminds man that he was made
with a purpose
• Critical view to gain knowledge about the past
• Too much history can make man think that he is
in the wrong age and really just crazy
114. Nietzsche
• Focus on the individual not the universal
• Individual must forget history
– Cant be too tied to the past
• Blames Hegel
– Making individual feel worthless when he should feel in powered by himself
• Need for art and religion
• Animals can teach us a lot
– Mainly to focus on the present
• Focus on definite goals rather then tons of things
• Cant be held back by the past
– Can use it to be inspired though
– Inspired by great figures who over came challenges
• Monumental discussed above
• Monument and Antiquarian and Critical
115. Nietzsche
• Section 5- extra history harmful in 5 respects
the rest of the sections
• Excess of history leads to a weaken personality
– Has lost reason and his instinct
• Emphasizes doing
• Would criticize our taking philosophy
• Man too focused on inner
116. Nietzsche
• 2nd problem with an excess history
– Is that people feel above history
– Must do it objectively but not possible
– Just looking out if from our perspective of ,making
history
• Hopefully learning from past
• Only take history from the rarest mind
117. Freud Childhood –University
• Learn about Friendship and Sibling Relationships
• Scholarly as a child
• Psychoanalysis
• Focused on sex
• All just focused on how Freud developed
• Quit being a researcher in order to make money by working in a
hospital
– Eventually does psychiatry research in the hospital
– Cocaine Research- Killed Friend
• Private Practice
• Hyseteria
• Marries Martha
• Experiments with hyponesis
118. Freud Neurologist
• Quit being a researcher in order to make
money by working in a hospital
– Eventually does psychiatry research in the hospital
– Cocaine Research- Killed Friend
• Private Practice
• Hyseteria
• Marries Martha
• Experiments with hyponesis
119. Freud
• Humans very focused on escaping pain
• Use God as an escape
• Civilization and Technology further mans
unhappiness
• Sex drive plays a big role but society restricts it
• Mans instinct is to be aggressive not loving
• Fear of authority and super ego
• Aggression to gain things while trying to destroy
oneself
120. Nietzsche
• Morality
• Most be compassionate
– Should help the poor
– Except people don’t
• Criticizes several philosophers for causing this
121. Freud
• Humans seeking fulfillment
– Especially sexually
• Frustrated by civilization and our nature
• We face many problems that we try to fix
122. Barth
• Essay 1 no where to be found
• Essay 2- Humanity of God
– We have a relationship with God through Jesus(his
humanity)
– God chooses to have a relationship with us
• Both grace and judgement
– Emphasizes through human nature
123. Barth Essay
• Written to Protestants
• Protestants focused on modern time not living
in past
• Theoanthropology
– God in relation to man
124. Lumen Fidei
• Pope Francis first encyclical
• Calls for a year of faith
• Chap 1-faith in God
• Chap 2-link between truth, love and faith
• Chap 3- focused on evangelicalism
– Sacraments
• Chap 4- faith is good for society
