Eilat Mazar, an Israeli archaeologist, claims that ancient fortifications recently excavated in Jerusalem date back to around 3,000 years ago to the time of King Solomon. If correct, this would support the biblical narrative of a strong centralized government and massive construction projects under Solomon. However, some archaeologists are skeptical and say evidence for a powerful monarchy in Jerusalem at that time remains limited. While debate continues over the accuracy of the biblical account, most agree there is likely some historic basis to the story of King David's kingdom.

1. For following two problems do the following:
Problem #20
Problem #54
*5 points for each equation to graph. Show all work for finding
points.
*Mention key points on graph, intercepts, vertex, start, end
points. Don’t list decimal values, stick to integer value points.
*Discuss general shape and location of each graph.
*State domain and range for each equation. Write them in
general notation.
*State whether each equation is a function or not, give reason
for answer.
*Select one graph and assume it has been shifted upward 3 units
and four to the left. Discuss how this transformation affects the
equation by rewriting the equation to incorporate those
numbers.
*Use bold fonts on following vocab words, don’t give definition
but use them appropriately when doing the problems
Function
Relation
Domain

2. Range
Transformation
The Seattle Times
Archaeologist sees proof for Bible in ancient wall
An Israeli archaeologist said Monday that ancient fortifications
recently excavated in Jerusalem date back 3,000 years to the
time of King Solomon and support the biblical narrative about
the era.
By MATTI FRIEDMAN
JERUSALEM —
An Israeli archaeologist said Monday that ancient fortifications
recently excavated in Jerusalem date back 3,000 years to the
time of King Solomon and support the biblical narrative about
the era.
If the age of the wall is correct, the finding would be an
indication that Jerusalem was home to a strong central
government that had the resources and manpower needed to
build massive fortifications in the 10th century B.C.
That's a key point of dispute among scholars, because it would
match the Bible's account that the Hebrew kings David and
Solomon ruled from Jerusalem around that time.
While some Holy Land archaeologists support that version of
history - including the archaeologist behind the dig, Eilat Mazar
- others posit that David's monarchy was largely mythical and

3. that there was no strong government to speak of in that era.
Speaking to reporters at the site Monday, Mazar, from the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, called her find "the most
significant construction we have from First Temple days in
Israel."
"It means that at that time, the 10th century, in Jerusalem there
was a regime capable of carrying out such construction," she
said.
Based on what she believes to be the age of the fortifications
and their location, she suggested it was built by Solomon,
David's son, and mentioned in the Book of Kings.
The fortifications, including a monumental gatehouse and a 77-
yard (70-meter) long section of an ancient wall, are located just
outside the present-day walls of Jerusalem's Old City, next to
the holy compound known to Jews as the Temple Mount and to
Muslims as the Noble Sanctuary. According to the Old
Testament, it was Solomon who built the first Jewish Temple on
the site.
That temple was destroyed by Babylonians, rebuilt, renovated
by King Herod 2,000 years ago and then destroyed again by
Roman legions in 70 A.D. The compound now houses two
important Islamic buildings, the golden-capped Dome of the
Rock and the Al-Aqsa mosque.
Archaeologists have excavated the fortifications in the past,
first in the 1860s and most recently in the 1980s. But Mazar
claimed her dig was the first complete excavation and the first
to turn up strong evidence for the wall's age: a large number of
pottery shards, which archaeologists often use to figure out the
age of findings.

4. Aren Maeir, an archaeology professor at Bar Ilan University
near Tel Aviv, said he has yet to see evidence that the
fortifications are as old as Mazar claims. There are remains
from the 10th century in Jerusalem, he said, but proof of a
strong, centralized kingdom at that time remains "tenuous."
While some see the biblical account of the kingdom of David
and Solomon as accurate and others reject it entirely, Maeir said
the truth was likely somewhere in the middle.
"There's a kernel of historicity in the story of the kingdom of
David," he said.
The Jerusalem Post
'J'lem city wall dates back to King Solomon' By BY ABE
SELIG
"It's the most significant construction we have from First
Temple days in Israel," says archeologist Eilat Mazar.
Ancient stone fortifications that were recently uncovered
outside the walls of Jerusalem's Old City date back some 3,000
years to the time of King Solomon and support the biblical
narrative about the era, according to archeologist Dr. Eilat
Mazar, who spoke to a group of reporters at the site on Monday.
If the age of the wall is correct, the finding would be an
indication that Jerusalem was home to a strong central
government that had the resources and manpower needed to
build massive fortifications in the 10th century BCE.
"It's the most significant construction we have from First
Temple days in Israel," Mazar said on Monday. "And it means
that at that time, the 10th century, in Jerusalem there was a
regime capable of carrying out such construction."

5. The section of the city wall revealed, which is 70 meters long
and six meters high, is located in the area known as the Ophel,
between the City of David and the southern wall of the Temple
Mount.
An inner gatehouse for access into the royal quarter of the city
was uncovered in the city wall complex, along with a royal
structure adjacent to the gatehouse and a corner tower that
overlooks a substantial section of the adjacent Kidron Valley.
The excavations in the Ophel area were carried out over a three-
month period under the auspices of Hebrew University and with
funding provided by Daniel Mintz and Meredith Berkman, a
New York couple interested in biblical archeology.
The excavations were carried out in cooperation with the Israel
Antiquities Authority, the Israel Nature and Parks Authority,
and the Company for the Development of East Jerusalem.
Archeology students from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
as well as volunteer students from the Herbert W. Armstrong
College in Edmond, Oklahoma and hired workers all
participated in the excavation work.
"The city wall that has been uncovered testifies to a ruling
presence," Mazar said. "Its strength and form of construction
indicate a high level of engineering, and the city wall is at the
eastern end of the Ophel area in a high, strategic location atop
the western slope of the Kidron Valley.
"A comparison of this latest finding with city walls and gates
from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at
the site, enable us to postulate, with a great degree of assurance,
that the wall that has been revealed is that which was built by
King Solomon in Jerusalem in the latter part of the tenth
century BCE," she continued.

6. "This is the first time that a structure from that time has been
found that may correlate with written descriptions of Solomon's
building in Jerusalem," she added.
"The Bible tells us that Solomon built - with the assistance of
the Phoenicians, who were outstanding builders - the Temple
and his new palace and surrounded them with a city, most
probably connected to the more ancient wall of the City of
David."
Mazar specifically cited the third chapter of Kings I, which
includes the words "until he [Solomon] had made an end of
building his own house, and the house of the Lord, and the wall
of Jerusalem round about."
The six-meter-high gatehouse of the uncovered city wall
complex is built in a style typical of those from the period of
the First Temple, like Megiddo, Beersheba and Ashdod. It has a
symmetrical plan of four identical small rooms, two on each
side of the main passageway.
A large, adjacent tower also stood at the site, covering an area
of 24 by 18 meters, where it served as a watchtower to protect
entry to the city. Today the tower is located under the nearby
road and still needs to be excavated.
Pottery shards discovered within the fill of the lowest floor of
the royal building near the gatehouse also testify to the 10th-
century-BCE dating of the complex. On the floor, excavators
found remnants of large storage jars that survived destruction
by fire and that were found in rooms that apparently served as
storage areas on the ground floor of the building. One of the
jars shows a partial inscription in ancient Hebrew indicating it
belonged to a high-level government official.

7. "The jars that were found are the largest ever found in
Jerusalem," said Mazar, adding that "the inscription found on
one of them shows that it belonged to a government official,
apparently the person responsible for overseeing the provision
of baked goods to the royal court."
In addition to the pottery shards, cult figurines were also found
in the area, as were seal impressions on jar handles with the
word "to the king," testifying to their usage within the
monarchy. Also found were seal impressions (bullae) with
Hebrew names, indicating the royal nature of the structure.
Nonetheless, other archeologists posit that the biblical narrative
reflecting the existence of a powerful monarchy in Jerusalem is
largely mythical and that there was no strong government to
speak of in that era.
Aren Maeir, an archeology professor at Bar Ilan University, said
he has yet to see evidence that the fortifications are as old as
Mazar claims. There are remains from the 10th century in
Jerusalem, he said, but proof of a strong, centralized kingdom at
that time remains "tenuous."
While some see the biblical account of the kingdoms of David
and Solomon as accurate and others reject it entirely, Maeir said
the truth was likely somewhere in the middle.
"There's a kernel of historicity in the story of the kingdom of
David," he said.
AP contributed to this report