The Benefits Of A Lifestyle Essay

The Benefits Of A Lifestyle Essay
The Benefits of a Mindful Lifestyle in Multiple Populations
According to Roger Walsh, a psychologist at the University of California, mental health
professionals are relying more and more on medication to treat mental disorders. Walsh argues,
however, that most mental disorders can be effectively treated by having a client make simple
changes to their lifestyle. Lifestyle medicine, the branch of medicine dealing with the treatment of
disorders by having a person change their way of living, focuses on how therapeutic lifestyle
changes (including exercise, diet, recreation, relaxation, and service to others, just to name a few)
affect psychopathology. In this setting, psychopathology refers to the collective features of clients'
mental health. Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) can be especially beneficial for clients who
engage in unhealthy habits that may factor into to mental disorders. In fact, unhealthy lifestyles
contribute to both poor mental health and poor physical health. Many serious, potentially deadly
diseases today, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some forms of cancer are strongly
impacted by a person's lifestyle choices. In this paper, however, the focus will be on the effects of
TLCs on mental health. In his article Lifestyles and Mental Health, Walsh mentions the benefits of
using TLCs in place of excessive medication or psychotherapy. Usually, TLCs are affordable and
accessible to most clients. Although some methods may require spending
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Role Playing In MBI Behavior
At the same time, one of the more interesting sources of MBI behavior results from a form of role–
playing that is commonly known as pseudologia fantastica, which refers to when an individual plays
out a series of dramatic by telling lies or stories that exasperate the truth of their given situation in
order to fulfill some kind of personal fantasy. The concept comes from an idea that some individuals
receive pleasure from acting out imaginary roles through their Internet persona. According to
Friedman (2016), most objectifications of pseudologia fantastica in MBI involve situations where
"dramatic lies" are "told by patients about their achievements, social connections, exploits, and so
on" (p. 226). This probably because the offender believes

Culture-Bound Syndromes Essay
Culture–Bound Syndromes By: Central Arkansas University Table of Contents Abstract Pg. 3
Introduction Pg. 4 – 8 Methodology Pg. 8 – 10 Analysis & Discussion Pg. 10 – 11 Conclusion
& Recommendations Pg. 11– 13 Bibliography Pg. 14 Abstract Mental Health as described by
LaVeist and Thomas (2005) is "a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in
productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and
cope with adversity" (p. 84). Mental health functioning is important regarding a person's well–being,
being able to interact with others in a healthy manner, and contributes many things to ... Show more
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Culture–bound syndromes as therefore comprised as several different illnesses and afflictions.
LaVeist and Thomas (2005) thoroughly expresses the dynamic nature of culture–bound syndromes
when they state: The symptoms of mental disorders are found in all nations and in all cultures; there
are recognizable symptoms that are common worldwide. Mental health researchers have not yet
been able to determine whether culture bound syndromes are indicative of one or more possibilities
that include distinct disorders that exist only in specific cultures, and reflect different ways in which
individuals from different cultures express mental illness, as well as reflecting different ways in
which the social and cultural environment interact with genes to produce disorders, or any
combination of these. (pp. 101) With the following information in mind, it should be noted that not
all disorders are considered pathological; some behaviors are seen as ways of expressing and
communicating distress to members of a certain culture and are seen as culturally accepted
responses (APA, 1994). In fact, cultures experience, express, and cope with feelings of distress in
various ways that may counter what Western societies see as common. Furthermore, at times these
cultural differences are

Substance Abuse And Its Effects On The United States
Thousands of years ago, humans first started drinking wine, then later on in around 4000 B.C.
narcotics were used, but during the 19th century is when the active substances in drugs were found.
Many of these substances were given over the counter and weren 't regulated, which meant that
people could easily obtain substances such as morphine, cocaine, landuam, and many others. During
the early 1900s, an estimate of about 250,000 people were abusing a substance within the United
States. Substance abuse is a serious problem which can affect one 's physical and psychological
capabilities, their relationships, and also their daily life overall. Overusing a substance may lead to
addiction, which can be hard to overcome, but it 's not impossible. ... Show more content on
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and contributing to the health problems and death of millions of Americans every year. Today,
substance abuse causes more deaths, illnesses, and disabilities than any other preventable health
condition" (8). These deaths are not only common for adults, but also for teens as they are
introduced to substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Once introduced to these substances,
they may start to use it more often, and eventually start abusing it which affects their health and may
lead to death. This is the leading cause of deaths compares to any other preventable disease in the
United States.
Abuse of a substance leads to a wide range of physical health problems, some of which can be
severe while others aren 't too serious. Some of the mild physical effects include changes in sleeping
patterns, appetite and one 's physical appearance. Clinical studies show that "the most common
health problems were gastrointestinal and liver disorders, but about a quarter of the sample had
cardiovascular or neurological problems. With regard to other diseases (e.g. liver disease,
pancreatitis, hypertension, central nervous system impairment) the effects of alcohol are well–
established" (Gossop, 194). These health problems are associated with the abuse of a substance,
particularly alcohol. They

Sociocultural Factors that Lead to Eating Disorders in...
Sociocultural Factors that Lead to Eating Disorders in Young Women According to the DSM–5,
anorexia nervosa is characterized by "distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to
severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat" while bulimia nervosa is characterized
by "frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors such as self–induced
vomiting to avoid weight gain" (DSM–5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These two
disorders most often affect adolescent girls and young women. There are many factors that can
cause body dysmorphia such as behavioral, genetic, and sociocultural. These factors can ultimately
onset eating disorders. According to a study by Emily A. Young, James R. Clopton, ... Show more
There are a few ways in which family members can contribute to eating disorders such as,
"communicating to young women that thinness is highly valued, modeling problematic eating
behaviors, and criticizing weight and body shape". Finally, Young concluded that "bulimic behavior
may be most pronounced in women who report both high levels of peer pressure to be thin and high
levels of socially prescribed perfectionism– belief one must meet the excessively high expectations
of others" (Young et al, 2004). A larger sample was used by The McKnight Investigators to assess
the risk factors for the onset of eating disorders in adolescent girls. This is a longitudinal study that
used 1,103 girls in school districts in California and Arizona. The girls started the study in sixth
grade and ended it in ninth grade. This was to measure risk associated with puberty and the change
from youth to early adolescence. Among interviews and height and weight measurements over a
course of four years, the girls were also given the McKnight Risk Factor Survey IV. This survey
consists of "103 questions that assess demographics, age at onset of menstrual period and dating,
appearance appraisal, effect of body changes, confidence, depressed mood, emotional eating, media
modeling, concern with weight/shape, parental and peer concern with thinness, teasing,

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Leading theories suggest a possible role for a hypersensitive central nervous system, immune
dysfunction and impaired detoxification by liver enzymes. However some medical professionals,
and even organizations, continue to insist that the syndrome is psychological in origin, even in the
face of a growing amount of evidence from studies that show clear abnormalities in people with
MCS on exposure to normally safe levels of chemicals. The expression 'multiple chemical
sensitivity' has been used to describe individuals with numerous troubling sensitivities that are
attributed to environmental factors. Wikipedia defines this phenomenon as "Multiple chemical
sensitivity (MCS) or idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI) –(A term The World Health
Organisation proposed in 1996) is a disputed chronic medical condition and syndrome characterized
by symptoms that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Randolph, M.D. (1906–1995), who asserted that patients had become ill from exposures to
substances at doses far below the levels normally considered safe. In the 1940s, he declared that
allergies cause fatigue, irritability, behavioural problems, depression, confusion, and nervous tension
in children. Despite MCS been discussed and debated for decades, the fact that individuals exhibit
different symptoms divides medical opinion. Some physicians are convinced of this phenomenon
whilst others are awaiting further conclusive evidence. The prevailing scientific viewpoint is that
although some people are sensitive to small amounts of one or a few specific chemicals, there is no
general hypersensitivity to chemicals. Scientifically oriented allergists, psychiatrists and
occupational health clinicians suspect that the majority of "MCS" (Multiple Chemical Sensitivity)
patients suffer from psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety reactions and somatization
(bodily reactions to stress). This opinion is being increasingly

Essay On Somatoform Disorders
Unlike many easily diagnosed psychological disorders, somatoform disorders are unique because
they are much more difficult to diagnose. Somatoform disorders are described as psychological
difficulties that take on a physical form, but there is no medical cause. While a person with a
somatoform disorder reports physical symptoms, no biological cause exists. In the middle ages,
somatoform disorders were believed to be a spiritual disorder of evil and demonic possession, and in
the 17th century, it was said that "hysteria could stimulate any medical disease. Freud explained the
syndrome of hysteria as "conversion of emotional distress into physical symptoms" Kallivayalil, R.
A., & Punnoose, V. P. (2010). While there is no definitive cause for most of the somatic symptom
disorders that have been established, "genetic and environmental influences appear to contribute to
somatization. Somatic symptom disorders have been linked to internalizing genetic risk factors and
share genetic overlap with other mental disorders, including eating disorders. Somatization may
involve abnormalities in tryptophan catabolism, resulting in lower serum tryptophan levels than
controls. This finding is limited to the research domain at present and is not a diagnostic test"
Somatic Symptom Disorders. (n.d.). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This pattern usually begins before a patient is 30 years old and their symptom history includes
various pain issues, gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea or vomiting, sexual symptoms such
as low libido, and symptoms that would suggest a neurological problem. Undifferentiated
Somatoform Disorder Similar to somatization disorder, except for the fact that a patient must
complain of one unexplainable symptom for at least six

Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in...
Review of APA Statistical Guidelines: "Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study
in Somatizing Patients"
The August 1999 article in the American Psychologist discusses proper statistical methods and how
they should be utilized in journal articles. Using some of the guidelines put forth in the article, I will
attempt to show the extent to which Bach & Bach (1995) follow these principles.
The article in question investigates the role of alexithymia as a predictor of persistent somatization.
The study was conducted over a two–year period with the consent of thirty patients exhibiting
somatoform and anxiety disorders. The personality trait of alexithymia is ... Show more content on
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No, not really, the population must be assumed by the subject matter. We are to assume that the
study is concerned with people who have a somatoform disorder or anxiety.
Sample
The sample is definitely outlined well in the article. The authors make it known to us that the
participants for the study were volunteers from a previous study about somatoform disorders. They
clearly state the age ranges, sex, and education of all the patients.
Assignment
For the purposes of this study, nonrandom assignment was used. This was not stated but rather an
obvious point. The procedure called for the participants to all receive the same treatment throughout
the study. A control group was not used so suspicions must be raised as to the validity of the
research.
Variables
In terms of variables, the study uses a simple approach to tackle this task. Each patient was grouped
by whether or not they exhibited a certain diagnostic disorder at the time of the testing. They were
either a yes or a no for five different types of disorders.
Instruments
As far as questionnaires, these are the only procedural devices used in the study. The authors make it
very clear as to what psychometric tests were used. They describe each one and its purpose. The
tests used were the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Whiteley Index, the Hopkins

Schizophrenia Essay
"My room was almost totally black. The window was covered by a sheet of steel with small holes
drilled in it, just enough to let light in. That sheet of steel got awfully damned hot, ... it just about
killed me. ... I started thinking ... we are going to have a tough time if we are here for any length of
time, because the problem is going to be a psychological problem"(Hunter). A veteran goes through
psychological torture and will need the proper treatment when they return home to help cope with
the disorders caused by fighting for our country. The amount of time Veterans fight or are held in
captivity affects how bad the psychological problems become. The victims are sheltered for so long,
which forces them to forget how to interact with one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People with Schizophrenia have hallucinations and delusions that can last longer than six months at
a time. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and speech, abnormal motor behavior, lacking
emotions, unable to make eye contact, and many more. This illness contains some of the same
symptoms as a bipolar disorder and the victims have depressed emotions. Schizophrenia is a lifelong
battle and almost impossible to treat, but with the help of family their is hope in improvement. One
in five patients will get better within five years of their first episode of schizophrenia, three in five
will get better, but will still have some symptoms, and one in five will continue to have troublesome
symptoms (Smith and Segal). There are many times when their symptoms will exheed what they
were before treatment. These rations show there is no guarantee that they will recover completely.
People with Schizophrenia set goals they want to achieve and work towards trying to control their
symptoms. Another common disorder veterans face is PTSD. PTSD is common in war prisoners and
veterans. These symptoms occur because of the traumatic events they live through and proper
treatment should be given to those with the disorder. PTSD is most likely to effect women and can
later run in

Depressed Patients
The popular Western conception of the depressed patient remains both culturally–pervasive and
largely homogenous. From Eeyore to Hugh Laurie's portrayal of Dr. House, pop–cultural depressive
symptomology oftentimes equates to images of despair, withdrawal, and an almost palpable air of
sadness. This understanding of depression, indeed, echoes in diagnostic criteria for depressive
disorders as recently published within the fifth edition of the DSM. Accordingly, the DSM–V
classifies those exhibiting either (1) depressed mood and/or (2) anhedonia in conjunction with at
least five of such other symptoms as "recurrent suicidal ideation" and "significant weight loss" for a
significant portion of two–weeks, as clinically diagnosable with suffering ... Show more content on
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Indeed, though each edition of the DSM seeks to maximize multicultural awareness and sensitivity,
several the still–existing symptom profiles of mental illness remain unrepresentative of sometimes–
large cultural clusters, as in the case of–for example–Caribbean Ataque phenomenology . Other
issues, such as the more–frequent diagnosis of schizophrenia amongst African–American patients
and the infrequency of mood disorder diagnosis in compared to their White counterparts, similarly
aggravate discussion on the validity of clinical judgement and diagnosis of those patients who
belong to marginalized groups (Neighbours et. al,

Somatoform Pain Disorder Research Paper
Somatoform disorders are conditions characterized by multiple, recurrent physical complaints for
which there are no organic basis. They are associated with significant psychological distress, poor
functioning and help seeking behaviours. They undergo multiple investigations and consultation
resulting significant burden on health resources. There has been limited research on quality of life in
somatoform disorders. A study in Germany examined 282 consecutive patients fulfilling the criteria
of somatoform pain disorders for presence of comorbid psychological disorders and its impact on
health related quality of life. SF–36 was used to determine the health–related quality of life. The
health–related physical and psychological quality of life was clearly impaired in patients with
somatization. [17] One hundred out–patients with somatoform pain disorder filled out the World
Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment–Bref (WHOQoL–Bref) and the Beck Depression
Inventory (BDI). Pain intensity (average pain, maximum pain, minimal pain) and disability (work,
leisure and family life) were assessed using visual analogue ... Show more content on
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A total of 60 patients were assessed with Short Form (36) health survey (SF–36) for QoL, medical
outcomes study pain measurement (MOSPM) for pain symptoms, Hamilton depression scale – 17
items (HAMD) for depression and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) for anxiety. Patients scored
significantly lower on all SF–36 subscales' scores apart from the mental health and vitality
subscales. PSPD patients with severe depression had significantly lower scores on SF–36 subscales'
scores .PSPD patients had a lower QoL as compared to general population. Pain, depression, and
anxiety were significantly correlated with QoL of PSPD patients while age, pain, and depression
were important factors influencing PCS and

Ptd Intervention
Assessment of the Client. The role of assessment is vital for case conceptualization and treatment
interventions (Briere and Scott, 2013). As such, signs and symptoms stemming from the episodes of
traumatic events cannot be precisely treated if there are not diagnosed. More so, this clinician's first
task will be to conduct a comprehensive and informed diagnosis evaluation, as this step will enable
this clinician in developing and formulating interventions that is best suited in addressing this
client's specific needs (Briere and Scoot, 2013). In assessing this client, during the intake
session/clinical interview questions such as present and/or past trauma history, dissociative disorder,
and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms where included. Likewise, the intake/clinical interview
was focused toward the client's imminent level of safety, psychological stability, and the client level
of readiness regarding future assessment and treatment (Briere and Scoot, 2013). More so, this
clinician followed the hierarchy of assessment in assessing this client ("is there risk of imminent
death, is the client in a state of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This clinician will also assess Kyle for complex trauma because he has flashed back memories about
the some childhood abuse. This clinician also used, The Clinician–Administered PTSD Scale
(CAPS) and The Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES). The CAPS and
SIDES scores the present and lifetime PTSD and DESNOS criteria, explores experiences related to
complex trauma, such as guilt, and disillusionment with authority, dissociation, affect dysregulation,
memory impairment, somatization, self– perception, homicidality, relationships with others,
depression, and feelings of being overwhelmed (Briere and Scoot, 2013). Likewise, scoring
alterations in attention or consciousness, hopelessness, and systems of

How Perfectionism Can Translate Into Eating Disorder...
This study was conducted in an ethical manner. The study had institutional approval, sponsored by
the National Institute of Mental Health, received informed consent from participants, and
publication credit (American Psychological Association, 2010). The next study subject studied how
perfectionism can translate into eating disorder pathology. The purpose of the article is to examine
the relationship of eating disorders with the role of body dissatisfaction (Boone, Soenens, & Luyten,
2014). The hypothesis of the study is that when someone is a perfectionist, and they do not like their
body, they are more likely to develop an eating disorder. The conclusion of the study is that there
should be programs that focus on both perfectionism and body dissatisfaction, because it it the two
of them combined that cause eating disorders (Boone, Soenens, & Luyten, 2014). The factors being
examined in this study is that perfectionism and body dissatisfaction can lead a person to develop an
eating disorder. It examines the role between personal standards, perfectionism and evaluative
concerns perfectionism. Yes, these variables, and the relationship between them have been studied
before. The studies have found that there is a relationship between the variables that will lead to an
eating disorder. This demonstrates there is historical significance. This study uses empirical,
longitudinal, and quantitative study as it's methodology. The research design was descriptive and

A Broad Spectrum Of Eating Disorders
There is a broad spectrum of eating disorders. Bulimia nervosa (BN), anorexia nervosa (AN) (two
basic types, restrictive (ANR) and binge–purge (ANBP)), and binge eating disorder (BED). People
with eating disorders often have a morphed perception of their body. Often they feel the need to be
perfect, and when they do not look perfect to themselves they feel great shame. Which in effect
causes suicide ideation, because they feel they do not deserve to live. It appears that eating disorders
may carry the highest suicide risk of any psychiatric disorder.
Recent studies show that BN has greater suicide rates than AN. In past studies it was the opposite.
BED still has the lowest suicide rate. Some argue as to whether or not one particular ED has a
greater risk of suicide than another, but all agree that those with an ED are at a risk of attempting
suicide. Research has found that ED may derive from traumatization, such as self–harm, depression,
impulsiveness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation, substance use, and somatization.
Previous studies consistently demonstrate that impulsive behaviors are more prevalent in ANBP
compared with ANR. Drug use, laxative abuse, and other impulsive behaviors have previously been
associated with suicidality in BN and ANBP participants. Binge–purging is linked with impulsivity,
which is linked with higher rates of suicide; therefore, most people with ED that have this, such as
BN or ANBP, might have a greater risk of attempting

Ptsd
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PTSD AND SOMATIZATION DISORDER Laura Bennett Belluvue
University I will look at some of the ways that PTSD and Somatization Disorder are alike. One
symptom that they have in common is musculoskeletal conditions. Another symptom that they have
in common is GI problems. Some of the treatments for both disorders that are the same are cognition
therapy and the use of antidepressant medications. I will now look at how each of these is different
and also will look at some of the different treatments for each. Somatization disorder is defined as a
psychiatric condition marked by multiple, medically unexplained physical or somatic symptoms. In
order to qualify for the diagnosis of somatization disorder, somatic ... Show more content on
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I will now discuss PTSD. Post–traumatic stress disorder is defined as being a mental health
condition that is triggered by a terrifying event. (Loeb, J., Stettler, E., Gavila, T., Stein, A., &
Chinitz, S., 2011) Some of the theories that can cause PTSD are when a person goes through, sees or
learns about an event that causes intense fear, helplessness, or horror. There are some researchers
that think that a person is more likely to develop PTSD than others when their risk of anxiety and
depression increases, a person's life experiences, a person's temperament and/or the way the brain
regulates the chemicals and hormones their body releases in response to stress. There are several
risk factors associated with PTSD. Some of them being female, experiencing intense or long lasting
trauma, having experienced other trauma earlier in life, having other mental health problems, and/or
lacking a good support system. PTSD can disrupt a person's everyday life–from their jobs to their
enjoyment of everyday activities. There are three groups of medications that may help someone with
PTSD–antipsychotics, antidepressants and antianxiety. There is one medication that has been shown
to decrease the nightmares of PTSD victims.–prazosin. There are two other types of therapy that
have been shown to help in the treatment of PTSD–exposure therapy–especially virtual exposure
therapy–where a person is virtually exposed to the situation that initially caused their PTSD–and eye
movement

Somatic Symptom Disorder Research Paper
Somatic Symptom Disorder is a disorder that involves a person having a significant focus on
physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, that results in major distress
and/or problems functioning. (https://www.psychiatry.org/patients–families/somatic–symptom–
disorder/what–is–somatic–symptom–disorder) With that being said, I believe that Martin may not
have been having these pains that he's said to be feeling and if he is having the pains they're not as
excruciating as he say they are. What are potential factors that may have led to the current
behaviors? I believe that Martin may have been stressed out on his job or anything in his personal
life that could have caused him to start experiencing the pains that he claimed to feel. Martin and his
wife may have been having problems with each other. In the article it stated that Martin would
cancel plans with his wife and friends because he didn't want to have an "attack" with his abdominal
pain again. Do the behaviors of the individual appear to be dysfunctional and/or distressing? What
criteria was used to make this determination? Martin's behavior is distressing because it caused him
to suffer daily with depression and worrying about why he was ... Show more content on
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Yes, Martin is experiencing Somatic symptom Disorder. "The symptoms tend to result in a person
seeking out treatment for them through multiple healthcare providers. The disorder also typically
results in significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning."
(https://psychcentral.com/disorders/somatization–disorder–symptoms/) While Martin was seeking
treatment from a therapist and his primary physician the article stated that Martin started to feel
better and his social life started to get better as well. Once Martin felt like he was getting the help
that he needed it caused his pain to feel more

Trauma And Stressor Related Disorder
In the DSM–5, PTSD is listed under Trauma– and Stressor– Related Disorders. In order for a person
to be diagnosed with PTSD, they must meet a number of criterion– the first one being exposure to
actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. If the person does not meet this
criterion, they are automatically exempt from being diagnosed with PTSD. This alone is incredibly
restrictive, ignoring many groups of traumatized victims including those with psychiatric diagnosis,
or those being removed from their home. Though many people can benefit from the treatments
associated with PTSD, its two–dimensionality, or lack of reference to ongoing exposure has created
a want for a new diagnosis in the trauma realm. Herman's response to ... Show more content on
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In creating the opportunity for more individuals to be diagnosed with a post–traumatic syndrome,
C–PTSD creates a dignified title for individuals who have already endured so much. Victims of
childhood trauma account for a portion of this group. Abused children have to undergo a series of
adaptations in order to experience self–preservation. The three major forms of adaptation include
elaboration of dissociative defenses, development of fragmented identity, and pathological
regulation of emotional states. When a child falls prey to an abuser, they cannot form inner
representations of safety. Not only do they become attached to strangers, but they also cling to their
abusers. During this time, Herman refers to fragmentation as "becoming the central principle of
personality organization". Normal regulations of emotional states are also disrupted, resulting in
dysphoria, chronic anxiety, and chronic depression– which can last into adulthood. Normal
regulations of emotional states are also affected by the elaboration of dissociative defenses. When an
individual becomes too accustomed to using dissociation as a defense mechanism, they can
experience something referred to as "annihilation panic". When annihilation panic ensues, only
extreme shocks to the system (such as self–mutilation) can help them separate themselves from
dissociation. Though these adaptations are crucial for

Kessler Ad Mcleod's
Husband and Wife have different emotions when it comes to dealing with stressful life events.
A combined analysis of data from five independent studies showed that women were more
psychologically distressed than men due to negative life events. According to the findings from
Kessler ad McLeod's (1984) women did indicate a larger number of crisis in social status. Women
are disadvantaged by the lower social status they often experience and by role overload or the
multiple role demands made of them. The social status approach to gender differences in
vulnerability suggests that fewer social resources increase the risk of distress, in contrast to life
event models which hypothesizes that greater exposure to specific life crisis accounts for male ...
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Responses range from no discomfort to extreme discomfort. The scores were summed to determine
the level of symptomology. The higher the score on a measure the greater the feeling of distress. The
somatization subscale (twelve items) includes bodily complaints such as headaches or nausea that
are known to be correlated with anxiety and depression (Mirowsky and Ross 1989). The thirteenth
symptoms (e.g. feeling blue) were known as the depression measure, ten in the anxiety measure
(e.g., "feeling fearful"), and six in the hostility subscale "having urges to break things"). The sample
tested .67 wives hostility to .87 husband and wives

Mental Illness And Psychiatric Analysis
The popular Western conception of the depressed patient remains both culturally–pervasive and
largely homogenous. From Eeyore to Hugh Laurie's portrayal of Dr. House, pop–cultural depressive
symptomology oftentimes equates to images of despair, withdrawal, and an almost palpable air of
sadness. This understanding of depression, indeed, too echoes in diagnostic criteria for depressive
disorders as recently published within the fifth edition of the DSM. Accordingly, for example, the
DSM–V classifies those exhibiting either (1) depressed mood and/or (2) anhedonia in conjunction
with at least five of such other symptoms as "recurrent suicidal ideation" and "significant weight
loss" for a significant portion of two–weeks, as clinically diagnosable with suffering from a "Major
Depressive Episode." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, such loosely defined symptom categories result in an ostensible failure to recognize and
adequately attend to the sociocultural nuances inherent in non–Western depressive presentations.
That is to say–as one's culture irrevocably intertwines with one's socio–cognitive perspective and,
hence, relationships both intra– and interpersonal–discrepancies regularly arise in the
symptomologies mandated by the DSM and manifestations of comparable illnesses in non–Western

Explain The Etiological Models Of Schizophrenia Essay
Explain the etiological models of Schizophrenia.
Genetic o Schizophrenia runs in families – higher rates in 1st degree relatives, especially if both
parents schizophrenic, but those who suffer from schizophrenia are unlikely to reproduce o
Heritability determined by concordance rates in twins, about 28% in monozygotic twins but only
6% dizygotic twins o Adoption studies confirm likely genetic component and show higher rates of
schizophrenia in biological families o These family studies show that although there is a genetic
component, other factors influence schizophrenia as well o Chromosomal/gene mapping has not
been able to identify a specific gene or chromosome for schizophrenia o May be linked to
chromosome 6
Physiological o Eye movement dysfunction
 Eye tracking dysfunction frequently seen in schizophrenic patients
 Poor smooth–pursuit eye tracking most common dysfunction, (instead of smoothly following the
track of moving objects, schizophrenics exhibit jerky eye movements)
 Represents genetic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia o Inhibition of event related
potentials
 P50 phenomenon related to responses to auditory stimuli seen in many schizophrenics and their
blood relatives
 Inability to inhibit certain responses may be source of various schizophrenic symptoms
(distractibility, confusion, hallucinations)
 High P50 abnormality patients have larger deficits in attention and score more severely on
assessment of negative symptoms
 May be linked to

Comparing Two Treatments For Bipolar Disorder
Comparing Two Treatments for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mental health issue that
affects millions of people worldwide. It is typically treated with a combination of mood stabilizers
and antidepressants. It can take a patient and their doctor a long time to find the right combination of
medications to effectively treat their bipolar disorder. Some individuals do not find much comfort in
any level of the traditional medications and continue to struggle with their depression. Recently,
scientists have been looking into newer ways to help treat bipolar disorder. Two of these new
treatments for helping people suffering from bipolar depression are the use of ketamine and
olanzapine. Ionescu et al. (2015) examined the use of ketamine to treat bipolar depression. Ketamine
is an anesthetic drug. Lately, there has been a lot of research into possible treatment of several
psychological disorders using sub–anesthetic levels of ketamine. Recent research has shown
ketamine to be effective at treating depression in patients with treatment resistant bipolar I and
bipolar II. Ionescu et al. (2015) examined if the antidepressant effects of ketamine in bipolar
patients, was lessened if they had comorbid anxiety. This study was part of a larger, double blind,
placebo controlled study, which examined the safety of using ketamine with mood stabilizers. The
participants in this study were split into two groups, those with comorbid anxiety, and those without.
All participants received

Hysteria And Its Effects On Society
Hysteria, as stated by Dinwiddie, has been traced back to the Hippocratic School of medicine,
perhaps even as far back as ancient Egypt. Hysteria is when psychological conflict is turned into
physical symptoms, such as when a patient complains of symptoms for which no clear physical
cause. Somatization disorder has often been linked with hysteria in the same ways that
hypochondriasis has, however these two diseases are not the same. In the past hypochondriasis was
thought to be a somatization disorder, but has since been re–classified as an anxiety disorder by the
DSM–IV (Ehrlich, 2013). A somatization disorder is a chronic condition in which a person has
physical symptoms involving multiple body parts that have no physical cause, it is currently one of
the hardest diseases to diagnose. To be diagnosed with somatization disorder, a person must have
four pain symptoms, two gastrointestinal symptoms, one sexual symptoms, and one
psuedoneurological symptom (Medina). Diagnostic criteria states that a person must exhibit these
symptoms for at least six months, however these symptoms do not have to occur throughout the
entire duration. Along with these symptoms a diagnosis must adhere to one of the following. After
investigation the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, and when there is a
related medical condition, the symptoms must exceed what is to be expected from laboratory
findings (Dinwiddie, 2013). To understand what contributes to a diagnosis, one

Understanding The Concept Of Global Health Development
In order to understand the concept of global health development, there are many concepts to start
with, such as different kinds of illness, diseases challenges our health care system today, some
groups of people still struggle for their treatment. Global health is a global context with the goal of
improves health care, reduce the inequality to the access to health care. As mentioned, health
consisted by different kinds of concept. Two major category of health problem are physical health
and mental health. This paper will focus on the development of mental health care and introduce the
problems it has that exist in the society. Mental health is one of the elements that play a significant
role in global health. The major point has brought up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To start with the primary problem that mental health has, first is the fact that people with mental
disorders are not receiving equal health services as other people with physical illness do have also
been brought up as a social and health service issue. Such issue relates to mental health also affect
the health care system in the society. Because is necessary for a society to promote its mental health
service, as part of the health system and there should no inequality of the treatment for mental health
and physical health.
Definition of Mental Health
It is important to define mental health first in order to understand its role in the development of
global health. The World Health Organization has given a definition of "a state of well being in
which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can
work productivity and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community"(WHO
2001a, 1). As it means, mental health is the foundation for well–being and effective functioning for
an individual and for a community (Herrman ect al. 13). The issues of mental health exist in every
society, and it has already become a global issue that people should pay attention on. Even though
there are differences in values across countries, cultures, classes, and genders can appear to allow a
consensus on a definition (WHO 2001b), mental health still can be conceptualized without
restricting

Conversion Disorder
Conversion disorder is a medical condition where its sufferers present neurological symptoms such
as paralysis, numbness, blindness or fits without a known neurological trigger. Conversion disorder,
formerly known as hysteria is considered a psychiatric disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, which classifies it as a somatoform disorder. Contrary, World Health
Organization's International Classification of Diseases
(ICD–10) classifies it as a dissociative disorder.
The diagnosis of this neurological disorder has been problematic in the past, since doctors have
conceptually and practically differentiated its symptoms from those of neurological diseases for
which it is known to be. Most psychologists have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diagnosis of conversion disorder involves three elements all of which present some degree of
controversy. These three elements are: the exclusion of neurological disease, feigning and finally the
determination of a psychological mechanism. During the first stage, conversion disorder may
resemble neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, stroke or epilepsy therefore they must be
carefully excluded through appropriate examinations. In rare cases, patients with neurological
disease may also have conversion disorder, which further complicates the determination of the
degree of the conversion disorder in the patient. Exclusion of conscious simulation is only possible
where a patient confesses or is caught out in a broader deception. Lastly, establishment of a
psychological mechanism is the most difficult aspect of conversion disorder diagnosis. DSM–IV
recommends that clinicians assume preceding stressors to be associated with the progress of the
disorder which is still a subject of debate.
Notably, cultural influences have been noted to affect the somatoform disorders. Cultures such as
the Puerto Rican and the Greek are known to report higher rates of somatization disorders among
the men than is the case in the United States. In addition, cases of somatization disorders are less
common among persons with higher levels of education compared to the less educated. According
to Robert (2002), rates are higher outside of the west, which can be attributed to

Hypochondriasis Research Papers
Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that cause unexplainable physical
symptoms. The DSM IV lists the symptoms as weakness, seizures, or abnormal movements that are
not attributable to a general medical condition or to feigning and that are judged to be associated
with psychological factors. Hypochondriasis is defined as "an overwhelming fear that you have a
serious disease, even though health care providers can find no evidence of illness" (University of
Maryland Medical Center). Although it is widely believed to be a stable and chronic condition with
a low remission rate, studies show that patients exhibit significant declines in symptoms yet
continue to meet the DSM's diagnostic criteria over an extended time period. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This new DSM–V term focuses on basing diagnosis on positive symptoms, rather than the absence
of a medical explanation of somatic symptoms. "While DSM–IV was organized centrally around the
concept of medically unexplained symptoms, DSM–5 criteria instead emphasize the degree to which
a patient's thoughts, feelings and behaviors about their somatic symptoms are disproportionate or
excessive " (American Psychological Association). The DSM–V now defines conversion disorder as
functional neurological symptom disorder due to overlapping symptoms and lack of medical
evidence. Another key change in the DSM–V criteria is that while medically unexplained symptoms
were a key feature for many of the disorders in DSM–IV, a somatic symptom disorder diagnosis
does not require that the symptoms are medically unexplained. The criteria for conversion disorder
has been modified to underscore the the essential importance of the neurological examination and in
recognition that relevant psychological factors may not be demonstrable at the time of

Smartphone Addiction
Is Smartphone Addiction Killing Today's Teens? "The arrival of the smartphones had radically
changed every aspect of teenagers' lives, from the nature of their social interactions to their mental
health" (Twenge 60). Smartphones are easy–to–carry mobile devices that almost have the functions
of a computer like internet access, video games, social networks, and of course calls and text
messages. In 2014 in the USA almost 60% of the population owned a smartphone (Cheever, et al.
291). The percentage of people that own a smartphone has been increasing fast since then, especially
in young people who overuse their mobile devices. Excessive use of smartphones is associated with
the addiction to these devices and other psychological imbalances that can lead to death.
Smartphone addiction is changing the behavior and attitudes of today's teenagers which can lead to
serious psychological issues. Excessive use of smartphones can lead to addiction, which can cause
radical behavioral changes, sleep deprivation and serious physical and psychological problems over
time. For people who use their smartphones more on a daily basis, it becomes harder for them to live
without these mobile devices (Cheever 290). Smartphone and internet addiction is a compulsive
usage of Internet or smartphone in an excessive and immoderate way (Yildiz 66). Some teens and
young college students feel the need to be connected to their smartphones all the time (Chisholm 77)
to maintain certain status among their

Somatization Disorder
Somatization disorder is define as a mental condition with medically unexplained physical,
symptoms. The minor symptoms will consist of nausea, bloating, diarrhea, headaches, pain in the
back or joints, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and urinary retention. The worst of the physical
symptoms can disable a patient completely such as seizures, problems with coordination, balance, or
paralysis. Many studies have shown that patients with panic disorders are more aware to the changes
in their breathing and heartbeats. There are different levels of somatoform such as Catastrophizing
Thinking. A patient with a headache will then associate it to having a tumor, or shortness of breath
would indicate asthma. Many patients then seek medical treatment

George Kimball Mental Illness
The movie Send Me No Flowers is centered around George Kimball, a man that constantly thinks he
is becoming ill and ignores any person that tells him different. When at the doctor's office because
of a "worrisome" chest pain, George overheard the doctor speak on the phone about a patient that
was dying. Due to a misinterpretation, George automatically assumed that he was the patient being
discussed. When reviewing his behavior, it is evident that George has the somatoform disorder,
hypochondriasis. Symptoms of this disorder are interpreting normal sensations (headaches, chest
pain, stomach aches, etc.,) as symptoms of a deadly disease and ignoring physician reassurances that
they do not reflect a serious illness. Since hypochondriacs doubt ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This concern later ripples into a series of important events that allow the plot to develop, such as
picking his wife's second husband for when he dies and buying cemetery plots for the three of them.
George does all of this without notifying his wife of what he believes to be his imminent death.
When he eventually does tell his wife that he thinks he is dying, she takes care of him and he
progressively seems to "get worse" with each passing day. It is clear that the sympathy he received
encouraged his complaints and led to the self–induced illusion that his body was slowly dying. In
the end, they both find out in different ways that George's chest pain had been due to indigestion and
the confusion is cleared up. The entire situation showed George that he was overreacting. The
audience can tell that he has overcome his hypochondria because the movie finalizes with a picture
of his entire medicine cabinet being empty. In reality, hypochondria is an illness that persists for
several years but can normally be cured with persistent therapy. George receives no remedial
treatment in the movie but an effective form of therapy, based on research, would be cognitive–
behavioral

Dissociative Disorders
The Dissociative Disorders category of the DSM–IV–TR, is characterized by a disruption in the
functions of perception, identity, consciousness, or memory. The disorders in the Dissociative
Disorders category include Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID), Depersonalization Disorder and Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.
All of the disorders in the Dissociative Disorders category need to be distinguished from conditions
which are due to a General Medical Condition or the use of a Substance. Moreover, Dissociative
Amnesia is within the diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder,
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder and Somatization Disorder; ... Show more
If a person describes a pathological trance or possession trance of external spirits or entities taking
control over his body, then he would get a diagnosis of Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise
Specified instead of DID. DID resembles other disorders such as Schizophrenia, other Psychotic
Disorders, Bipolar Disorder with Rapid Cycling, Anxiety Disorders, Somatization Disorders and
Personality Disorders; however, DID can be distinguished from the aforementioned disorders by the
presence of clear–cut dissociative symptomology. Additionally, DID is differentiated from
Malingering when a person seeks forensic or financial gain. Lastly, DID is distinguished from
Factitious Disorder which is when there may be a pattern of help–seeking behavior.
Another disorder in the Dissociative Disorder category is Depersonalization Disorder, which should
be differentiated from Acute Intoxication or Withdrawal. Dissociative Disorder should not be
diagnosed in conjunction with Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or
Acute Stress Disorder when the depersonalization symptomology occurs exclusively during the
presence of a Panic Attack. Furthermore, Depersonalization Disorder is distinguished from
Schizophrenia because people with Depersonalization Disorder have an intact reality. A person with
Depersonalization Disorder may complain of a feeling of numbness which might appear to be

generalized anxiety disorder Essay
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic and often disabling condition that is associated
with uncontrollable worry and tension. The vicious cycle of anxiety and worry interferes with
relationships, careers, and education, and often leads to depression. This disorder is much more than
the normal anxiety that everyone experiences from time to time, and can be crippling in its severity.
GAD is unlikely to disappear without proper treatment, and often worsens over time.
Physical manifestations of GAD often include headaches, trembling, twitching, fatigue, irritability,
frustration, muscle tension, and inability to concentrate. Sleep disturbances may also occur.
Individuals suffering from this disorder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
6. The disturbances is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse,
a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g. hyperthyroidism) and does not occur exclusively
during a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Treatment of GAD:
Medications:
Benzodiazepines– Medications such as Klonopin, Ativan, Valium, and Xanax often bring quick
relief from the symptoms of anxiety. They are generally used while waiting for other medications to
begin working, as addiction and tolerance is possible.
Antidepressants– Antidepressants can be useful in managing

Childhood Somatization Essay
Somatization is the manifestation of psychological distress as physical symptoms such as headaches,
stomachaches, body aches, dizziness, and fatigue (Mai, 2004; Taylor, Szatmari, Boyle, & Offord,
1996). These somatic complaints generally cannot be traced to any diagnosable medical conditions,
however they are not fictitious and may be explained by biological mechanisms involved in the
stress response as well as by changes in individuals' perception of pain (Garber, Walker, & Zeman,
1991; Mai, 2004; Rief, Hennings, Riemer, & Euteneuer, 2010). Somatic disorders account for more
productivity loss, unemployment, and healthcare usage than any other psychiatric disorder,
indicating the need for further research into its many predictors and causes (Mai, 2004; Poikolainen,
Aalto–Setala, Marttunen, Tuulio–Henricksson, & Lonnqvist, 2000; Rief & Auer, 2000). Among ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Somatic symptom disorders among children are especially common in low socioeconomic status
(SES) communities, non–White ethnicities, and victims of childhood trauma or victimization,
(Bailey, 2005; Reynolds, O'Koon, Papademetriou, Szczygiel, & Grant, 2001; White & Farrell,
2006), though there may be important differences in the types of symptoms reported by different
racial and ethnic groups (Kingery, Ginsburg, & Alfano, 2007). For example, Rhee (2003) notes that
rates of headache, body ache, and dizziness are higher in Caucasian populations, whereas urinary
dysfunction, cold sweat, overheating, and chest pain are more common among African Americans.
Rhee (2005) proposes that the ethnic disparity associated with these symptoms can, at least in part,
be attributed to lower SES and higher rates of depressive symptoms among racial minorities,
whereas, other symptoms may occur regardless of SES or comorbid

Psy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders
Anxiety, Mood, and Dissociative Disorder Matrix Abnormal Psychology Disorders | DSM–IV–TR
Criteria | Examination of Classifications and Symptoms | A. Anxiety Disorders: | | | 1. Generalized
Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about two (or
more) domains of activities or events (for example, domains like family, health, finances, and
school/work difficulties)B. The excessive anxiety and worry occur on more days than not for three
months or more (APA, 2000) Examination of Classifications and SymptomsC. The anxiety and
worry are associated with one or more of the following symptoms: 1. Restlessness or feeling keyed
up or on edge2. Being easily fatigued3. Difficulty concentrating or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Persistent concern about having additional attacksb. Worry about the implications of the attack or its
consequences(e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, "going crazy")c. A significant change in
behavior related to the attacksB. The presence (or absence) of Agoraphobia.C. The Panic Attacks are
not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a
general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).D. The Panic Attacks are not better accounted for
by another mental disorder, such as Social Phobia (e.g., occurring on exposure to feared social
situations), Specific Phobia (e.g., on exposure to a specific phobic situation), Obsessive–Compulsive
Disorder (e.g., on exposure to dirt in someone with an obsession about contamination),
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (e.g., in response to stimuli associated with a severe stressor), or
Separation Anxiety Disorder (e.g., in response to being away from home or close relatives).(APA,
2000) | Lifetime Estimated Prevalence of Anxiety disorders in the population Phobias = 9–24%
Population(Hansell & Damour, 2008) | 4. Obsessive–compulsive Disorder | A. Either
obsessions or compulsions:Obsessions as defined by (1), (2), (3), and (4):1. Recurrent and persistent
thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive
and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress2. The thoughts, impulses, or images

Symptoms And Treatment Of Psychiatric Disorders
Among the world of mental health there exists many unexplained disorders. Most of these
psychiatric disorders occur for no reason and without conscious control. However, in the section of
somatic symptom disorders there exists diagnoses of people with factitious disorder whom
intentionally pretend illness in order to fulfill their emotional needs. For the FD client, there is a
strong urge to assume the role of "patient." The disorders one witnesses are actually the client
feigning symptoms of sickness. Thus the word factitious translates in Latin to artificial or contrived.
The patient may feel an internal need to keep faking the role of being sick. They also often have a
history of lying uncontrollably and can be portrayed as good ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Various scientific studies suggest that it is more common to see FD in woman than in men, but men
oftentimes portray a more chronic FD. With the FD client being such a great liar it is hard to study
their health history and find a cause for their perceived diagnosis. One theory states that during
childhood, the child might have been exposed to traumatic events such as abuse or neglect which
lead to multiple hospitalizations. In this situation the child finds comfort being at a hospital. They
also might substitute the neglected parent–child bond with a staff–patient bond. In a different theory
the person may have been exposed to severe illness as a child and this led to the discovery of the
attention they received associated with their sick role (Ferrara et al., 2012). Description In order to
have a proper understanding of FD one must have knowledge on somatic symptom disorders.
People with somatic symptom disorders show their psychological problems though physical
symptoms. Somatic disorders show intricate mind–body interactions that cause real physical
distress. The distress can be so destructive that it portrays negatively in the clients activities of daily
life; meaning the client is unable to survive with said disorder due to lack of functional impairment.
The reason why FD falls under the section of somatic symptom disorders is because of the client's
physical sign and symptoms. However the two disorders differ because clients with FD intentionally
fake

Dissociative Disorders Chapter 7 Analysis
Chapter 7 covers the fundamentals of somatoform disorders and dissociative disorders. After
reading this chapter, I became really interested in somatoform disorders. Somatoform disorder is
physical pain due to psychosocial reasons and often misdiagnosed. Just like the story in the
beginning of the chapter described the man who was paralyzed but did not have any physical
wounds. This a strong example of how powerful the mind. This was discussed briefly in previous
chapters, but I better understand the concept of this somatoform disorders. People with hysterical
somatoform disorder have changes in their physical functioning. Conversion disorder is a
psychosocial conflict that affects the voluntary motor and sensory functioning. Somatization
disorders have a long lasting physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disorder focuses insecurities and imagined/minor defects in their appearance that negatively
impact their life. These insecurities can range from wrinkles, size of nose, and body odor. I can
definitely relate to this disorder. In the book, it states that this disorder begin in adolescence years
and that is where it started with me. When I was in middle school, I became very self–conscious of
my appearance. The size of my head was my biggest insecurities. Even though I learned to love
myself unconditionally and understand that kids can be cruel, it was a horrible experience. I used to
get picked on daily for my head size and started to believe it was true. I would cry myself to sleep
and try to google how to make my head smaller. I prayed every night for the ideal look I wanted. I
even wore hairstyles that covered my face. It really did take a toll on me. I remember thinking about
suicide. After my mother found that out, she took the initiative to remind me I am beautiful every
day and I got my features from my family. Luckily, I grew out of it and accepted me for me. I
realized the girls who tortured were jealous of

Somatoform Disorder Research Paper
Somatization Somatoform Disorders Definition: According to WebMD, "somatic symptom
disorder(SSD), formally known as somatization disorder is a form of mental illness that causes one
or more bodily symptoms, including pain. These symptoms may or may not be traceable to a
physical cause including general medical conditions, other mental conditions, or substance abuse.
But regardless, they cause excessive and disproportionate levels of distress." The symptoms can
involve one or more different organs and organ systems. Possible Causes: UNKNOWN Risk
Factors: Anxiety or depression Medical condition or recovering from one Being at risk of
developing a medical condition Experiencing stressful life events, trauma, or violence

Hypochondriasis Essay example
Hypochondriasis is a mental illness wherein an individual is preoccupied with the fear of having or
the idea of having a serious disease. It involves the misunderstanding of bodily symptoms. The
sensations of most hypochondriacs are intense and disturbing, leading to incorrectly connecting the
symptoms to a serious disease. It said that hypochondria is caused by a patients excessive worrying
with having or developing a disease. Often these patients seek medical attention, but a doctor's
reassurance does not help the situation. Hypochondriacs will still think they are sick no matter what
the do. Generally, patients who suffer from hypochondriasis also suffer from anxiety. There are
many effective treatments for hypochondriacs such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They often seek medical assistance, but a Doctor's reassurance has no merit for the patient. A
patient, who is preoccupied with bodily sensations for less than six months, are classified as having
a somatic disorder. If the complaints persist, the patient is then labeled as a hypochondriac.
There are many causes for a patient to be a hypochondriac. When a hypochondria learns of a new
disease and its symptoms, he/she excessively worries that they have or developing the disease.
Attention can intensify a bodily sensation. By watching medical shows, a person can connect bodily
sensations felt with a disease described on the show. The misinterpretation of the bodily sensations
is what causes a patient to be a hypochondriac. Hypochondriasis might also be caused by anger deep
within a person. Rather than letting their anger out towards people, a person turns their anger into
physical symptoms. The life of a hypochondriac is usually unhappy and depressive. A
hypochondriac will fell hopeless and have a lack of interest in life. Lastly, hypochondria can be
triggered by a previous illness experienced or by a relative's sickness. Someone who was treated
with cancer might be more preoccupied with bodily sensations and will connect them to a disease.
Hypochondriacs have a fear. They fear that they will be struck with an illness. There are many
causes why a person becomes a hypochondriac and most being psychological.
Many

Transgender Case Study
Transgender individuals who experience discrimination, violence, or interpersonal rejection are at
risk for developing symptoms of depression. Studies reported significantly higher levels of anxiety
(26–38%) and depression (48–62%) within this community (Pflum, Testa, Balsam, Goldblum,
Bongar, 2015). Different ethnic groups have varying experiences related to social support, gender–
based stressors, and health outcomes. Racial outlook presents additional risk of prejudice and
discrimination for transgender individuals. Researchers noted that Caucasian and Latina Trans
women reported significantly higher needs for social support than participants of other ethnic
groups, whereas African American and Asian/Pacific Islander Trans women received ... Show more
(2016) demonstrated a longitudinal study conducted on 248 LGBT youths to examine the effects of
victimization on mental disorders. They recruited participants from the Chicago, Illinois, area
through e–mail advertisements, cards, and flyers posted in spaces serving large numbers of LGBT
youths. The age range was from 16 to 20 years old. Data collection began in April 2007 and
participants completed their seventh wave of data 4 years after their baseline visit. They collected
data every 6 months within these 4 years. They administered a frequently used 10–item measure of
LGBT–specific victimization. Participants used a 4–point scale to identify the frequency with which
they experienced verbal and physical threats or assault. They conducted the Computerized
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV (C–DISC–IV) at baseline and the
Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version IV (C–DIS–IV) at the 48–month

Dissociative Identity Disorder Summary
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Felicia Brooks, Molly Davis, Sabrina Fields, and Veronica Graham– Roireau
PSYCH/650
June 29, 2015
Professor Stacey Lederberg
Executive Summary
"Dissociative identity disorder is a condition in which a person manifests at least two or more
distinct identities or personality states that alternate in some way in taking control of behavior"
(Butcher, 2013, p. 285). Dissociative identity disorder has taken the place of the term "multiple
personality's disorder" because they needed a more accurate name for the disorder due to the fact
that "the alternate identities are now seen as fragments of a single personality like a mirror broken
into shards sometime in childhood." (Lost in the mirror: Women with multiple

What Is Compassion Fatigue?
Compassion fatigue like any condition comes with its own assortment of signs and symptoms,
subsequently making it vital to identify these signs to properly address the condition in the health
care personnel suffering it. According to the website "Tend", co–developed by a clinical
psychologist/trauma specialist and a psychotherapist/compassion fatigue specialist, Dr. Partricia
Fisher and Francoise Mathieu, the symptoms of compassion fatigue come in three forms, physical
behavioral, and psychological. The physical signs of compassion fatigue are exhaustion, feeling
tired at the beginning of a shift or "coming back to work after a weekend off and still feeling
physically drained." (Fisher and Mathieu), insomnia, susceptibility to illness, and

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