Assignment 2 – Project Proposal Research into a .docx

Assignment 2 – Project Proposal: Research into a
Potential Project
Deliverables
1250 words (excluding reference list and title page).
Due date
Monday, August 19, 11:59pm. Start of Week 5
Value
30%
Marking criteria
See link in ‘Assessment Overview’ Page, in the CUC106
Learnline site.
Task overview
In this assignment, you are asked to present a project proposal
with two possible design solutions based on research. This is in
response to one of the Engineers Without Borders (EWB)
Challenge design areas for the Suco Holarua communities in
Timor-Leste. Your proposal should include background
information about the underlying issue and a summary of your
research informing your suggestion for two possible solutions.
Completion of this assignment will equip you to contribute well
informed ideas about the logistics of possible project options.
You will bring these ideas with you when forming a design team
in Week 5, which will assist you and your team to develop a
viable project.
Task details
Your assignment should contain the following:
· A title that describes the specifics of the project you are
exploring. It should contain: the area context of the design (e.g.
Soco Holarua communities, Timor-Leste), the issue being
addressed, and the scale of the project (e.g. household or village
level).
e.g. ‘Investigating innovative agriculture systems to mitigate
the impact of hot sun on household farms in Holarua, Timor-
Leste.’

· Background about the current situation and justification of the
need for the project. This includes information about the
community, the region, the way of life, and why improvements
are necessary.
· A summary of your research findings informing the
possibilities for the design. This is where you present a
summary of relevant information found in three credible sources
relating to your project. At least two of these sources must be
found using the CDU library databases.
· Two possible design solutions.
Outline/structure
Body of Assignment
Use the following guide to structure your assignment:
· Title Page
· Design project title
· Your name and student number
· Body of Assignment
· References
· Marking criteria
Your assignment should include the following sections which
should be numbered as indicated in report style.
1.0 Introduction
In one or two sentences describe the purpose of this assignment.
For example: This assignment will investigate a design response
to the management of faecal sludge in rural areas of Timor-
Leste. It will provide justification of and research informing the

project and two possible design ideas.
2.0 Project background and justification:
One or two paragraphs that set the scene for your project and
why it is necessary. This must contain a detailed description of
the issue or problem your design is looking to address. Make it
clear that you understand the current situation and the
requirements of the community. Describe who in the community
the design is for, and what they are doing currently with regard
to the issue/problem, and what needs to be improved and why.
You should include references to back this up. (NB Much of
your information for this section will be sourced from the EWB
Challenge design brief or website but you should also seek
further information elsewhere. Ensure you use in-text
referencing where required.)
3.0 Preliminary research:
Find three relevant, credible sources (at least 2 from the CDU
library database, and not including the EWB Challenge design
brief or website) that tell you more about the problem in one
design area, the community, or the region. Then summarise and
comment on each of the sources of information you have chosen
and present these in the form of an annotated bibliography, as
follows:
· A heading - consisting of the bibliographic details for the
source in APA format, in bold type
· A summary paragraph - which summarises the source’s main
points that relate to your design area, the community or the
region,
· A relevance paragraph - an explanation of how this
information relates to the development of a suitable design,
including why it is credible.
For each source you should write 200 words (not including the
heading).
(NB In-text referencing not required in this section.)
4.0 Design options
Identify two potential design solutions. These could be

solutions you have come across in your research that fit the
need, or solutions that you have observed elsewhere. The ideas
need not be fully developed at this stage.
4.1 Option 1 (Insert your first option here eg 4.1 Water purifier)
Give a brief overview and description of the design solution and
explain how it could solve the problem related to your design
project. (Recall, design projects are selected from the EWB
Challenge Design Brief). Include a simple sketch or diagram if
appropriate. Include in-text references where necessary.
For example: This design for a water purification system offers
a solution to improve water sanitation in the Holurua
communities.
The water purify consists of a simple clay cooking pot modified
to include a spout and materials for filtering the water, as
shown in Figure 1.
The filter materials consist of locally sourced charcoal and
sand. The spout made of bamboo is inserted into the bottom of
the pot as indicated. The lid consists of a heavy piece of cloth
(in-text reference).
By providing a water purifier for each individual household
water borne diseases in the community will be greatly reduced.
4.2 Option 2 (Insert your second option here)
Give a brief overview and description of the design solution and
explain how it could solve the problem related to your design
project.
4.3 Issues for further Investigation
List the main questions or issues that need to be investigated
further in order to develop your design ideas into appropriate
solutions. These could be economic, environmental, technical,
or cultural issues.
5.0 Conclusion
A conclusion should sum up the information you have provided
in this document.
References
Compile a reference list in APA format including your research

summary sources as well as any other references that you have
used and cited in the document.
Formatting
Your document needs to be presented professionally, using the
following format (look up Microsoft ‘Help’ for formatting
instructions):
· Single document, MS Word.
· Margins: Top & Bottom (3.00cm), Left & Right (2.50cm)
· Body text: Times New Roman (or alternative legible and
professional font), 12pt size, left alignment with 1.5 line
spacing.
· Paragraph spacing: 0pt ‘before’ and 12pt ‘after’.
· A header and/or footer should be included, with details of the
unit code, Assignment number, and your name.
3
Running head: HEXACO MODEL
1
HEXACO MODEL 7
HEXACO Model
Student
Psychology
University
Professor
HEXACO Model
Introduction
Standardized tests are essential in providing a consistent

form of evaluation of the nature of mentality of different
individuals. The human psychology is linked to significant
issues in the current times. The situation necessitates the
utilization of various tests to gauge the state of affairs in the
psychological sector. The tests are effective in assessment of
different elements associated with the mental state. In unit 2 I
discussed one of the most important tests is the HEXACO
Model of Personality Structure. The test is integral in
psychology as it is able to sufficiently assess different aspects
of people including personality and attitudes
The HEXACO Model of Personality Structure was developed by
Ashton and Lee. The model is a based on the concept of
division of the personalities of human beings into six
dimensions. The model evaluates openness to experience
extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness emotionality and
honesty-humility. The personality test can be administered to
persons of different ages and health situations. The test is
especially important for people in their middle age years
Articles Review
De Vries R. E. (2013). 24-iten brief HEXACO Inventory (BHI).
Journal of Research in Personality 44:871-880
The article by de Vries (2013) focuses on the essence of
short personality instruments. The short personality scales are
mainly based on Big Five model despite the HEXACO model
basis on a 6-dimension personality scale. The details on the
reliability and validity provide better comprehension of factors
associated with measurement scales. The core focus is on
reliability of the test. The article also shows the aspects
involved in the reliability biasness validity and variance. De
Vries (2013) is able to display the different elements involved
in measurement of reliability and evidence of validity. He
shows how reliability is related to internal rater and temporal
consistencies. The two latter consistencies are deemed to
provide an unbiased systematic variance. It considers the test-
retest reliability or stability and self-other agreements. The
article displayed that the alpha reliabilities were low while test-

retest validity and self-other agreement. There were significant
levels of convergent validity with low levels of discriminant
validity.
Durand, G. (2017). Using the HEXACO Model of Personality to
Test the Validity of the Durand Adaptive Psychopathic Traits
Questionnaire.
Durand (2017) used the HEXACO model to gauge the
effectiveness of the DAPTQ. The main basis was on the
influence of the sixth element of HEXACO which is the
Honesty-Humility factor. DAPTQ has feasibly measured the
relationship with the Big Five elements which are the core
features of HEXACO model. It was also used to measure the
effect of the sixth element. The focus was on the validity of the
instrument. The study used a Confirmatory Factor Analysis to
affirm the findings of from application of DAPTQ aspects in
practice. The use of different tests is critical in providing
evidence of validity. The findings reflected remarkable internal
consistency and inter-correlation and test-retest validity. The
outcomes showed that HEXACO model and DAPTQ were
effective in assessment of adaptive personality traits. Gnambs
T. (2014).Facets of measurement error for scores of the Big
Five: Three reliability generalizations. Personality and
Individual Differences. Volume 84. Elsevier. The article
regards the Big Five measures of personality. The difference in
reliability coefficients displays varying aspects of measurement
errors. Reliability plays a huge role in the generalizability of
the measures associated with the Big Five. The article
implements the principles in the utilization of HEXACO model.
The core basis of the resource is the reliability index. This
article incorporates the main aspects of measurement error.
These errors influence up to about half the variance score. The
authors are able to display the impact of errors on the score.
The main facets are transient random and scale-specific errors.
There are different reliability coefficients which depict the
measurement error. The impact of validity is limited in the
consideration and the generalization of the measures. There are

no indications of biasness or unfair treatment. The elements
observed featured the test-retest reliability. There are no major
implications on validity of the scale. The reliability
generalization presented significant outcomes the test scores.
Husbands, A., Rodgerson, M. J., Dowell, J., & Patterson, F.
(2015). Evaluating the validity of an integrity-based situational
judgement test for medical school admissions. BMC medical
education, 15(1), 144.The article is built on the admissions to
medical school with use of tests that gauge the qualification of
the specific students. The tests provide significant psychometric
evidence on the subject and show huge potential for
administration of the tests in large scale. The article is
established on measurement of the reliability of the tests
administered to students. It uses the HEXACO personality
inventory in determining the findings of the study. The authors
base the research on a specific aspect of personality. The focus
is on integrity which limits the potential errors in assessment of
general personality of individuals thus ensure more accuracy. It
utilized the Cronbach’s alpha reliability. The basis of the tests
on the integrity of specific individuals ascertains the nature of
fairness in the process. The study used test-retest type of
reliability. There was significant correlation between the tests
integrity and other relevant aspects of personality. Međedović,
J., Čolović, P., Dinić, B. M., & Smederevac, S. (2019). The
HEXACO personality inventory: Validation and psychometric
properties in the Serbian language. Journal of personality
assessment, 101(1), 25-31.The article is established on the need
to validate the influence of the HEXACO model in a situation
involving people of Serbian language. The methodology uses
psychometric evaluation of the items provided under the model
to reach conclusive outcomes. The article is mainly based on the
psychometric validation of the items that are incorporated in the
HEXACO model. The validity of the article is the core point of
focus. The nature of questionnaires included in this article
reflected features of evidence of validity. The source includes
the Big Five elements. This article is built on the basis of

developing and enhancing the nature of association between
people. Reliability does not play a major role in this process.
The article addressed the working of HEXACO-PI-R in Serbia
but also featured the model in Croatian sample which helpful in
overcoming potential errors. This is useful in addressing
possible variance issues. The authors utilize predictive validity
to affirm the outcomes of the research. The use of the Serbian
language provides validation of the application of the HEXACO
model in different settings. Oostrom, J. K., de Vries, R. E., &
de Wit, M. (2019). Development and validation of a HEXACO
situational judgment test. Human performance, 32(1), 1-29.The
article was established on the effectiveness of the use of the six
dimension structure with a situational judgment test. The
validity of the six-dimension situational judgment tests are
compared to the validity of criterion-related self-reports. The
resources mainly addresses validity factor. The study used a
substantial sample which helped limit the effect of errors on the
final outcome. It incorporated different populations in
compilation of the research. The evidence of validity is in the
comparison of the six-dimension scale and the judgment tests
associated with the criterion. The article covered four studies
that comprised different employees. This was essential in
cutting down any bias. Test-retest coefficients were essential in
the test. The results showed that the situational judgment tests
are able to provide an effective assessment instrument for
human resources personnel.
Wakabayashi, A. (2014). A sixth personality domain that is
independent of the B ig F ive domains: The psychometric
properties of the HEXACO P ersonality I nventory in a J
apanese sample. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(3), 211-
223.
Wakabayashi (2014) set his research on the evaluation of
the reliability of the HEXACO Personality Inventory with use
of International Personality ItemPool and NEO Five-Factor
Inventory. The core feature of the study was investigation of
reliability. The amountof participants was significant enough to

offset possible errors in variance. The reliability was gauged
from the outcomes of the NEO and IPIP tests which showed
relativity in the domains involved in all tests include in the
study. The test-retest reliability was applied in this case. The
different tests involved displayed similar outcomes as relates to
personality of people. The psychometric aspects of the
HEXACO tests were deemed satisfactory.
Conclusion
The HEXACO model has been applied in different levels
and settings across the articles that have been included in this
study. The findings are reflective of the feasibility of the use of
the standardized test. The resources that have displayed
reliability have shown that the application of the test has
resulted in consistent outcomes across varied platforms. The
findings have proven to be repeatable in different
circumstances. The validity displayed in the other sources show
that the elements in the model provide the measurement of the
aspects that are supposed to be estimated. Then findings from
the studies show high level of accuracy. This research has
indicated that the HEXACO is very effective in evaluation of
personality of people. The test is appropriate for application in
the field.
References
De Vries R. E. (2013). 24-iten brief HEXACO Inventory (BHI).
Journal of Research in Personality 44:871-880
Durand, G. (2017). Using the HEXACO Model of Personality to
Test the Validity of the Durand Adaptive Psychopathic Traits
Questionnaire.Gnambs T. (2014).Facets of measurement error

for scores of the Big Five: Three reliability generalizations.
Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 84.
Elsevier.Husbands, A., Rodgerson, M. J., Dowell, J., &
Patterson, F. (2015). Evaluating the validity of an integrity-
based situational judgement test for medical school
admissions. BMC medical education, 15(1), 144Međedović, J.,
Čolović, P., Dinić, B. M., & Smederevac, S. (2019). The
HEXACO personality inventory: Validation and psychometric
properties in the Serbian language. Journal of personality
assessment, 101(1), 25-31.Oostrom, J. K., de Vries, R. E., & de
Wit, M. (2019). Development and validation of a HEXACO
situational judgment test. Human performance, 32(1), 1-29.
Wakabayashi, A. (2014). A sixth personality domain that is
independent of the B ig F ive domains: The psychometric
properties of the HEXACO P ersonality I nventory in a J
apanese sample. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(3), 211-
223.
Running head: STANDARDIZED TESTS
1
STANDARDIZED TESTS 8
Standardized Tests
Capella University
Standardized Tests

Introduction
Psychology tests are techniques of accurately measuring
the aspects associated with people’s problems. There are
different types of tests available in psychology profession.
These tests determine the psychological construct of the
individuals. The instruments assess different factors including
the interests, mental conditions such as anxiety, attitudes,
intelligence, aptitude, achievement and personality. This
representation considers a specific category of tests and
examples of tools used in the case. The focus lies in
personality. The tests involved are Revised NEO Personality
Inventory, HEXACO Model of Personality Structure and
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). These
tools are compared and contrasted across the paper.
Element 1
The Revised NEO Personality (NEO-PI-R) is an instrument
developed to measure the big five personality traits as outlined
in the five factor model. The traits include conscientiousness,
extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism and
agreeableness. Each of the traits has six subcategories. The
inventory has a total of 240 items and is useful for both adults
and children. The test can be used by doctors, educators,
counselors, psychiatrists and psychologists in evaluation of
mental state of individuals (Buros Center, 2019).
The HEXACO model evaluates personality dimensions and
theoretical interpretations. It measures six personality
dimensions which are emotionality, openness to experience,
agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness and honesty-
humility. The inventory has sets of 60, 100 and 200 questions.
The test can be self-administered through accessing and filling
out the questionnaire (Revolvy, 2019). MMPI is utilized in
assessment of adult psychopathology and personality. The
instrument bases the testing across ten scales. These are
depression hysteria, hypochondriasis, psychopathic deviate,
paranoia, masculinity or femininity, psychastenia schizophrenia,
hypomania and social introversion. The test is comprised of 567

questions which are developed on true-false basis. There is a
shorter version consisting of 338 questions in the same
structure. This inventory is mainly used in the diagnosis and
treatment of mental disorders. It is also used to assess the
mental stability of people joining critical professions (Mental
Help, 2019).
Element 2
NEO-PI-R examines the five core personality traits which make
it essential in assessing psychological state of individuals. The
subcategories and the items included in the test ascertain that
important facets of captured. The test is highly reliable and has
significant internal consistency therefore it is quite suitable for
the purpose. The aspects tested are basic parts of mental state
evaluation which means the tool is well equipped to serve its
objective. This revised version has made it more applicable in
psychology. The aspects involved in the test ensure that it is
appropriate for children, adults, persons with learning problems
or employees (Big Five, 2019).
HEXACO model covers the same features as NEO-PI-R thus
they display similar suitability in the psychological tests. The
difference is in the addition of honesty-humility factor. This
provides an extra dimension that provides basis of assessing the
personality of individuals. The ease of administration of the test
is vital in usability of the instrument (HEXACO, 2019). MMPI
covers several elements of mental issues which puts the tool in
a position to effectively assess psychological problems. It is
very useful due to the high clinical reference that the
methodology has. The fact that it is effective in dealing with
mental illness and also in workplace situations means that is
highly reliable (MMPI, 2019).
Element 3
NEO-PI-R uses 240 items and three other validity items which
is extensive. The simplicity of the test is important to its
effectiveness as children from 6th grade and above are able to
discern the questions. Use of different forms helps in reaching
more definitive test outcomes. It mainly uses self-reports for

adults men and women but there are also observer reports which
supplement the self-reported information. The 5-likert scale
provides feasible outcomes from measurement of psychological
factors. The questionnaire provides an effective way of
collecting information. T scores are calculated from normative
data collected (Maples-Keller et al, 2019)
HEXACO model has each domain with specific scales for
measurement of the scores for the different dimensions. The
HEXACO-60 scales show low correlations between scales and
have high internal consistency levels. Self-reports and observer
reports show high correlation which proves the reliability of the
tests. The elements in HEXACO enhance the understanding of
specific phenomena beyond the 5-factor model. The test
encompasses all core factors impacting mental health in a
comprehensive manner (De Vries et al, 2016)
The use of true-false questions presents a simple format in
application of MMPI. The questions cover all areas imaginable
on issues of mental capacity in relation to personality.. MMPI
utilizes different forms of the test which expands the scope of
the tool. Each of the scales used features distinct questions
which are user-oriented. Validity scales provide an instrument
for gauging the representativeness of the test results as they
evaluate the accuracy and honesty (Sellbom, 2019).
Element 4
The revised NEO test a self-report which does not require skills
apart from having the capacity to read and understand the
questions. There is no qualification in this case. The observer
report however requires expertise. The user-qualification
depends on the specific professional putting the tool to practice.
Self-report users can access the questions through online
administration which uses easy questions. The level of
qualification is A for the self-reported tests. This contains
guidelines for children participation and also provides basic
intervention guide and materials. The observer reports require
level C qualification which entails graduate level training. This
level of education gives the professionals the appropriate skills

to apply in practice of using NEO tests (Maples-Keller et al,
2019)
The HEXACO model uses the same methods and elements as the
revised NEO tests thus they share details in consideration of
levels of skills knowledge and training. HEXACO has self-
reports and observer reports. The latter does not require training
while the observer reports require training. The administration
of the MMPI tests requires knowledge on the appropriate use of
the tests selection administration and interpretation of results.
The participants in the test only need to understand the
questions which places the group in Level A user qualification.
The experts in administration require training and certification
which qualifies for Level C (Sellbom, 2019; De Vries et al,
2016)
Comparison
All the tests incorporated use of series of questions to construct
the psychological profiles of individuals. Each had different
number of questions which were established according to the
dimensions of the specific tests. The components of MMPI
entailed close-ended questionnaires while HEXACO model and
NEO tests included open-ended questions. HEXACO and NEO
are more aligned as they feature components of five factor
model. Differences exist in the subcategories that are developed
for the tests and the inclusion of honesty-humility in HEXACO
(Sellbom, 2019; De Vries et al, 2016)
Important aspect of the tests is that they are generally self
administered even though professional administration is at times
used. NEO and HEXACO both have self-reports and observer
reports. There are significant similarities between these two
tests. MMPI is applied in different forms which include MMPI-
2 for adults and mmPI-2-RF. All of these tests have the
complete version with all the necessary components and shorter
versions with fewer questions and shorter period of completion.
All the tests have been developed to adequately assess the

mental state of people. Evaluation of the tests has show that
they are very suitable in checking the psychological properties
of people’s personality. NEO and HEXACO are defined by
related user qualification levels given that they share some of
the main parts of psychological testing. MMPI stands alone in
terms of the process and elements of the implementation of the
test (Maples-Keller et al 2019; De Vries et al, 2016)
The test of choice is HEXACO. This has advantages of being
able to assess and predict some phenomena which are available
in the big-five model. The addition of honesty-humility makes it
more complete compared to the revised NEO tests. HEXACO
tests are more prominent in their use therefore it presents the
suitable focus for the project. The way that the test is used
promotes evaluation of personality variables which other tools
have failed to effectively do. The tests are an interesting
assessment instrument to cover.
References
Big Five. (2019). BigFive personality test. Retrieved from
https://bigfive-test.com/
Buros Center. (2019). The reviewed in the Mental Measurement
Yearbook series. Retrieved from https://buros.org/tests-

reviewed-mental-measurements-yearbook-series
De Vries, R. E., Tybur, J. M., Pollet, T. V., & van Vugt, M.
(2016). Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO
model of personality. Evolution and human behavior, 37(5),
407-421.
HEXACO. (2019). The HEXACO Personality Inventory-
Revised. Retrieved fron http://hexaco.org/hexaco-online
Maples-Keller, J. L., Williamson, R. L., Sleep, C. E., Carter, N.
T., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2019). Using item
response theory to develop a 60-item representation of the NEO
PI–R using the international personality item pool:
Development of the IPIP–NEO–60. Journal of personality
assessment, 101(1), 4-15.
Mental Help. (2019). Psychology testing: Minnesota multiphasic
personality inventory. Retrieved from
https://www.mentalhelp.net/psychological-testing/minnesota-
multiphasic-personality-inventory/
MMPI. (2019). MMPI Practice test online. Retrieved from
https://www.mmpionline.com/the-mmpi-questions/
Revolvy. (2019). Psychological testing. Retrieved from
https://www.revolvy.com/folder/Psychological-testing/161434
Sellbom, M. (2019). The MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-
RF): Assessment of personality and psychopathology in the
twenty-first century. Annual review of clinical psychology, 15,
149-177.

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