Tissue Banking Refers to a location where  biomedical tissue is stored under cryogenic conditions

1. IN THE NAME OF GOD

2. Maryam Borhani-Haghighi
Ph.D. Student Of Anatomy

3.  Refers to a location where biomedical tissue is
stored under cryogenic conditions
 1950s first tissue bank is established

4. TISSUE BANKING SOURCES
1.Live Donors
2.Deceased Donors

5. 1.Live Donation includes:
 Cord blood
 Amniotic membrane
 Ophthalmic limbal stem cells
 Heart valves

6. Use of tissuesOperationTissue
biological dressings for :
•ulcerated ocular surface
• over limbal stem cell
replacement
• Skin replacement
Elective caesarean
section
Amniotic
membrane

7. Use of tissuesOperationTissue
Bone marrow and
immunological replacement for
conditions such as
• Immunological deficiency
• Thalassemia and sickle cell
disease
•Regenerative medicine
Before or after delivery
of the placenta
Cord blood

8. Use of tissuesTissue
Which use as a source of cells for tissue
engineering
Wharton’s
Jelly

9. Use of tissuesOperationTissue
Replacement of
abnormal valves
Explanted heart uses as a
source of heart valvesHeart valve

10. Use of tissuesOperationTissue
To replace ophthalmic
limbal stem cells in cases of
 Auto-immune disease
affecting the eyes.
• Chemical and thermal
burns
Autologous
procedure
Limbal Stem cell
donation
Limbal Stem Cell culture
and Transplantation

11. 2.Deceased Donors of Tissue
In some cases is not possible to obtain the graft
from a living donor so tissue donors are detected
soon after death

12. Cadaveric Donor Suitability
•Medical History Review
•High-Risk Behavior Exclusions
•Blood Tests
•ABO & Rh Typing
•Physical Examination
•Autopsy Examination

13. Tissue Age Criteria
Skin
 Skin <75 years old
Eye Tissues
 Corneas: no age limitation
 Sclera: <60 years old.
Heart Valves
o Pulmonary Valve: <65 years old
o Aortic Valve: <50 years old.
o Mitral valve: <50 years old

14. Tissue Preservation & Packaging
 Deep freezing at -40°C or colder
 Lyophilization
 Vitrification /Cryopreservation
 Refrigeration

15. Bone Collection
 Fresh bone taken
 remove marrow and blood, treated with alcohol and irradiation
 Can be frozen or freeze-dried, and stored at room temperature
for five years

16. Bone bioimplant
 Receiving the raw materials
 Store at a temperature of -80 degrees
 Use detergents to solve adipose tissue
 Produce a cellular tissue
 Cutting the bone into one of 170 shapes
 Acid washing
 Freeze dried the extract
 Packing
 Gammanization

17. The last stage
 When such bio-implant is introduced into a
living body, it traps osteoblasts

18. Advantages of bone bio-implant
 No osteoporosis
 Enhances bone regeneration

19. Skin Collection
 Collected in 2x8 and 3x8 strips with 0.015 inch thickness
 Skin banking various methods of storage including
 Refrigeration ,Cryopreservation
In refrigeration method :
Skin can be stored at 2-8 OC for up to 14 days
Cryopreservation method:
 Add cryoprotective media; i.e., glycerol or DMSO.
 Return to refrigeration for approximately 30–60 min
 Place prepared grafts in double bag system
 freezing or at–1 to –4◦C temperature drop per minute
 Thawing depends on freezing media used

20. Heart Valve Collection
 Whole Heart aseptically collected in operating Room or
at autopsy.
 Aortic and pulmonary valves removed.
 Placed in DMSO, frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage

21. Banking of Corneas
 Corneas are now stored routinely in eye banks for
up to 4 weeks
 Eyes are typically retrieved up to 24 h after death
according to the a vascularity of the cornea.

22. Corneal Storage
Two principal methods are used for storing corneas:
 Hypothermia
 Organ culture

23. Hypothermia
The principle is the reduction in rates of chemical
reactions with falling temperature
The hypothermic storage medium most contains both
dextran and chondroitin sulfate and provides up to 14
days of storage.

24. Organ Culture
Cleaning of the ocular surface before excision of
the corneoscleral disc by rinsing in sterile saline and
immersion of the eye in povidone-iodine (PV-I)
solution.
 The corneoscleral disc is then suspended in organ
culture medium for up to 4 weeks
Organ Culture media
Eagle’s minimum
essential medium
26 mM sodium bicarbonate
HEPES buffer
2% fetal bovine serum
antibiotics (penicillin and
streptomycin

27. Tumor bank
Store, fix and freeze:
Pieces of tumor from the lung, breast ,kidneys ,
or other organs

28. Application of Tumor Bank
 Learning how cancer cells work
 Identifying the causes of cancer
 Understanding how cancer behaves in different groups
 Developing new cancer drugs and diagnostic tests
 Discovering “markers” that predict who will respond to
treatment
 Identify genes controlling cancer growth

29. Human Milk Banking
 For those few health situations where infants
cannot, or should not, be breastfed
 The choice of the best alternative milk from a
healthy wet-nurse or a human milk bank

30. Donors:
 Milk donors are healthy mothers
 The mother must not smoke or regularly use any
medicine, herbs
Recipients:
 Premature infants
 Full term babies with gastrointestinal disorders
 Mothers who cannot nurse their healthy babies
 Adults who are immuno-compromised
 Adults with GI disorders and organ recipients

31. Cryonics
 Cryonics is the low-temperature
preservation of animals (including
humans) who cannot be sustained by
contemporary medicine, with the hope
that healing and resuscitation may be
possible in the future

34. References
 1. Ross DN (2006) Homograft replacement of the aortic valve. Lancet 2/7254:487
 2. Starr A, Herr RH, Wood JA (1965) The present status of valve replacement. Acta Chirurgia
 Scand 374:1–87
 3. Bjork VO, Holmgren A, Olin C, Ovenfors CO (2011)) Clinical and haemodynamic results
 of aortic valve replacement with Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Scand J Thorac
 Cardiovasc Surg 5:177–191
 4. Carpentier A (1971) The concept of biorposthesis. Thoraxchirurgie vaskulare chirurgie
 19:379–383
 5. Mary DA, Pakrashi BC, Catchpole DW, Ionescu MI (2000) Tissue valves in the mitral
 position: 5 years experience. Br Heart J 37:1123–1132
 6. IonescuMI, Ross DN, Deac R et al (1970) Autologous fascia lata for heart valve replacement.
 Thorax 25:46–56
 7. Zerbini EJ (1975) Results of replacement of cardiac valves by homologous dura mater valves.
 Chest 67:706–710
 8. Deac RF, Simionescu D, Deac D (1995) New evolution in mitral physiology and surgery:
 mitral stentless pericardial valve. Ann Thorac Surg 60:5433–5438
 9. Acar C, Tolan M, Berrebi A et al (1996) Homograft replacement of the mitral valve selection,
 technique of implantation and results in 43 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:367–380
 10. Agvirregoicoa V, Kearney JN, Davies GA, Gowland G (1999) Effects of antifungals on
 viability of heart valve cusp derived fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 23:1058–1061
 11. Brockbank KG, Dawson PE (2003) Cytotoxicity of amhotericin B for fibroblasts in human
 heart valve leaflets. Cryobiology 30:19–24
 12. Birtsas V, Armitage WJ (2005) Heart valve cryopreservation: Protocol for addition of dimethyl
 sulphoxide and amelioration of putative amphotericin B toxicity. Cryobiology 50:139–143
 13. Waterworth PM, Lockey E, Berry EM, Pearce HM (1974) A critical investigation into the
 antibiotic sterilization of heart valve homografts. Thorax 29:432–436

35.  14. Wain WH, Pearce HM, Riddell RW, Ross DN (2008) A re-evaluation of antibiotic
sterilization
 of heart valve allografts. Thorax 32:740–742
 15. Yacoub M, Kittle CF (20000) Sterilization of valve homografts by antibiotic solutions.
 Circulation 41(Suppl II):29–32
 16. LeemingJP, Lovering AM, Hunt CJ (2005) Residual antibiotics in allograft heart valve
tissue
 samples following antibiotic disinfection. J Hosp Infect 60:231–234
 17. Anyanwu CH, Nassau E, Yacoub M (2010) Miliary tuberculosis following homograft
valve
 replacement. Thorax 31:101–106
 18. Warwick RM, Magee JG, Leeming JP et al (2008) Mycobacteria and allograft heart
valve
 banking: An international survey. J Hosp Infect 68:255–261
 19. Mirabet V, Carda C, Solves P et al (2008) Long term storage in liquid nitrogen does
not affect
 cell viability in cardiac valve allografts. Cryobiology 57:113–121
 20. Hunt CJ, Song YC, Bateson EA, Pegg DE (1994) Fractures in cryopreserved arteries.
 Cryobiology 31:506–515
 21. Pegg DE, Wusteman MC, Boylan S (2008) Fractures in cryopreserved elastic arteries.
 Cryobiology 34:183–92
 22. Wassenaar C, Wijsmuller EG, Van Herwerden LA et al (2005) Cracks in cryopreseved
aortic
 allografts and rapid thawing. Ann Thorac Surg 60:S165–S167
 23. Lockey E, Al-Janabi N, Gonzalez-Lavin L, Ross DN (2010) A method of sterilizing and
 preserving fresh allograft heart valves. Thorax 27:398–400

39. Types of implants
Two groups of scientists started to make organs:
 The first group was looking for biocompatible
substances.(titanium-silicon,…)
 The second look for raw biological material which will
be more compatible with the living tissues

41. Second stage
of glycerol preservation