course material

1. I have 2 discussions and 2 writing assignments due. No plagiarism. turnitin
Attached.Running Head: HEALTH SYSTEMS1BUILDING BLOCKS OF HEALTH
SYSTEMSStudent’s NameInstitutional AffiliationHEALTH SYSTEMS2Foundations of Health
systemsComparison of China, Turkey & Mozambique.The strength of healthcare systems
depends on the six foundational elements: servicedelivery, the workforce, access to
essential medication, financing, health information systems,leadership/ governance.
Nations that consider themselves successful in Healthcare haveadopted all these blocks, and
their systems have realized the significantly positive impact. This ispaper compares three
countries: China, Turkey, and Mozambique regarding their adoption andapplication of the
foundational units of healthcare systems.Health Service DeliveryThe Millennium
Development Goals related to healthcare can be achieved by strengtheningservice delivery,
which is an outcome of health systems, which include financing, procurement,and supplies
as well as health workforce. All the inputs anticipated by any country should yield
animproved delivery of health services and enhance access to healthcare services.
Increasing thisavailability to the level that meets the thresholds of the quality standard is
the key factor in thefunctions of the hospital Healthcare system. A sound service delivery
system is said by Swansonet al. (2010) to have several characteristics which include a
comprehensive range, highaccessibility, extensive coverage, continuity, high quality,
person-centeredness and coordinationamong healthcare centers and
professionals.Regarding health service delivery, China is undergoing several reforms. Until
2000,medical facilities in China have been typified by extended stays, low-bed occupancy
rate, excesshospital capacity, and underutilization of human and other resources which are
very expensive.HEALTH SYSTEMS3Some services are unnecessarily provided to the
patients, thus making the entire process expensiveyet in vain.Unlike in China, citizens of
Mozambique experience low access to health servicesprimarily for facility-based care.
Population-based care is characterized by inadequate quality andservice continuity.
Essential materials are limited to community-based programs. There is also awide disparity
in the sense that while the rich get direct access to health services, the poor stillsuffer from
low coverage.Of the three countries, Turkey has gone an extra mile in ensuring that her
citizens enjoyenhanced access to health services. They have demonstrated high-efficiency
production anddelivery of healthcare services to the in-and out-patients. Swanson et al.
(2010) claim that thegovernment of Turkey recognizes public facilities and gives them
greater autonomy in theirpractices while fully facilitating them.Financing Healthcare
systemsThe power of the healthcare systems to improve and maintain human welfare is

2. stronglydetermined by health financing. Without sufficient funds, it is hard for employee
health workersand purchase drugs as well as to promote healthcare. The role of healthcare
financing is to availfunds and set the best financial incentives to healthcare providers, and
thus ensure that all thepeople entitled have direct access to an ongoing personal and public
health care. Health workforcevaries from one country to another depending on their
policies.China is known to have a wide disparity between the rich and the poor which has,
in turn,extended marketization of the medical services. As a result, there is a decline in
equity and accessthe Healthcare. The 2000 report from the World Health Organization
(2010) showed that there isHEALTH SYSTEMS4inequality in financial contribution towards
meeting at the care needs of the Chinese. Thegovernment spends less than 20% of its
revenue financing health. Up to 60% of the totalexpenditure on servicing health comes from
consumers. Only 15% of the entire populationworking in public offices are recovered by
health insurance, while the majority of the urban andrural residents do not have covers.
Even though 95% of the health facilities are owned by thegovernment, up to the same
percentage of the operational funds are paid by the patients for theirmedical service.
Similarly, for the preventive health care services, 50% of the costs involved arepaid by
consumers. Therefore, China’s Healthcare coverage and equitable finance are minimal.Just
like in China, out-of-pocket expenditures are the primary source of finances tofacilitate
healthcare in Mozambique. Since 1997 curative outpatient services have relied on theuser
fee. With the current policy, Mozambicans have access to quality care at affordable
prices.Additionally, substantial financial support comes from the international community.
World HealthOrganization (2010) reports that the country relies on more than 50% of the
donor funds tofacilitate health care. Some of the active financial agencies in Mozambique
include the WorldBank Islamic Development Bank African Development Bank, WHO,
UNICEF, and UNFPA.Turkey is operating in the same manner as Mozambique. The Turkish
government hassince 2003 instituted healthcare transformation program which is aimed at
improvinghealth, enhancing fairness in the financing, and increasing health satisfaction for
her citizens. By2012, 98% of the Turkish population assessing and equitable health, with
over 50% reduction inmortality rates- from 26 to 12 for every 1000 births. Life expectancy
rose to 74 years. All thesewere possible because the government instituted several
programs, including the Healthtransformation program (HTP) and support from the World
Bank, which sourced funds to facilitateHEALTH SYSTEMS5health transformation. Currently,
Turkish systems are covered by public and private financingprograms….