Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. Local anesthetics block the nerves that connect a particular body part or region to the brain, preventing the nerves from carrying pain signals to your brain. Examples include novocaine shots, which dentists use to numb the nerves in your mouth during a root canal, and epidurals, which allow for a (relatively) painless childbirth by blocking the nerves that originate at the base of the spinal cord and serve the pelvic region. For serious surgeries that require a patient to be completely unaware, doctors turn to general anesthesia. This renders patients unconscious with no perception or memory of the surgery (though pain from the surgical procedure will be apparent once you wake up). It also limits the physiological responses to surgical cuts, keeping blood pressure, stress hormone release and heart rate constant during the procedure.

2. THE NERVE
A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells
called neurons.
Neurons carry electrical messages called impulses
throughout the body.

3. impulse in a neuron
muscle
tissue
TYPICAL MOTOR
NEURON
Axon
dendrite
synapse
cell body

4. ANESTHESIA
Presented by
Mr B kalyankumar
Msc(N) Dept of MSN

5. INTRODUCTION
 The word Anesthesia is coined from Greek word. Throughout
their lives, most people will undergo anesthesia either during the
birth of their baby or for a surgical procedure.

6. DEFINITION
 Anesthesia is an artificially induced state of partial or total loss
of sensation, occurring with or without loss of consciousness.

7. Selection of Anesthesia depends on many variables.
 Age and physical condition of the patient
 Type , location and duration of the surgery
 Previous Anesthetic history
 Personal preference and judgement of the Anesthesiologist.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF ANETHESIA
GeneralGeneral
anesthesiaanesthesia RegionalRegional
anesthesiaanesthesia

9. 1. General anesthesia: General anesthetics are used to produce
loss of consciousness before and after surgery. The medication is
either inhaled through a breathing mask, tube or intravenous route.
General anesthesia is best suited for surgery of head, neck,
prolonged surgical procedures.

10. STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
 Stage I : This is also known as induction, it is the period
between the administration of induction agents and loss of
consciousness.
 Stage II: It is known as excitement stage, it is from loss of
consciousness to loss of eyelid reflexes. During this stage
patients respiration and heart rate may become irregular.
 Stage III: It is known as Surgical anesthesia, respiratory
depression, skeletal muscle relax occurs.
 Stage IV: It also known as Over dose, occur when too much
anesthetic medication given. Resulting in cessation of
respiratory and potential cardiovascular collapse.

11. TYPES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Intravenous anesthesia: When anesthesia is administered
intravenously, client experiences unconsciousness about 30
seconds after induction. Most commonly used drugs are
Thiopental sodium, ketomine, Etomide and Propofol.

12. Inhalation anesthesia: It is a mixture of volatile liquids or vapors
or nitrous oxide and oxygen. The vapors are administerd through a
mask or an endotracheal tube inserted directly into trachea. The
most commonly used inhalations are Halothane, Isoflurane and
nitrous oxide.

13. Muscle relaxant: Muscle relaxants are administered
intravenously and usually given to facilitate intubation. It block
transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles. Common drugs
Succinylcholine, Atracurium.

14. 2. Regional anesthesia: Used for local effects. These agents block
the conduction of impulses in nerve fibers without depolarizing all
the membrane. Sometimes Epinephrine is added for prolonged
effect.

15. TYPES OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
Topical
Anesthesia
Infiltration
Anesthesia
Peripheral
nerve block
Anesthesia
Spinal
Anesthesia
Epidural
Anesthesia

16. TOPICAL ANESTHESIA
 This is directly applied to an area or on the skin to block nerve
impulses at a particular area. These may be in the form of
solution, ointment, gel, cream. It is used in minor procedures
such as mouth or before a bronchoscopic examination to
desensitize the bronchi. Most commonly used drug is Cocaine.

17.  Infiltration anesthesia: It blocks only the peripheral nerves
around the area of incision. It involves the injection of
anesthetic agent such as Lidocaine into the skin.

18.  Spinal anesthesia:Anesthesia introduced into the subarachnoid
space at the lumbar level, usually between L4 and L5.

19.  Epidural anesthesia: It is achieved by injecting local anesthetic
agent into epidural space. Needle inserted at the thoracic, lumbar,
sacral. It blocks sensory and motor function.

20. COMPLICATIONS OF ANESTHESIA
 Nausea and vomiting
 Hypotension
 Headache
 Respiratory paralysis
 Neurological complications
 Severe numbness

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