physics of sound

1. Sound waves

2. Attenuation of sound waves
 When sound travels through a medium, its intensity diminishes with distance. In
idealized materials, sound pressure (signal amplitude) is only reduced by the
spreading of the wave. Natural materials, however, all produce an effect which
further weakens the sound. This further weakening results from scattering and
absorption.
 Scattering is the reflection of the sound in directions other than its original direction
of propagation.
 Absorption is the conversion of the sound energy to other forms of energy. The
combined effect of scattering and absorption is called attenuation.
 Ultrasonic attenuation is the decay rate of the wave as it propagates through material.

5. Attenuation of ultrasound
 Attenuation is the gradual reduction in intensity of the ultrasonic beam once it left the
treatment head.
 Two major factors contribute to attenuation
Absorption
Scatter
Absorption
Ultrasound is absorbed by the tissues and converted to heat at that point.
Scatter
This occurs when the normally cylindrical ultrasonic beam is deflected from its path by reflection
at interferences,bubbles or particles in its path.