1.  [kksiksyhpk bfrgkl 
fulZxkP;k dqf’kr olysys ,d NksVsls xko gksrs
R;kosGh R;k fBdk.kh [kksiVs gksrh- gGqgGq izxrh
gksr xsyh rls [ksM;kps ‘kgj >kys- rsFks tkLr ?kjs
uOgrh] dkj[kkus uOgrs] tkrh tekrhphs yksd uOgrs]
izokl dj.;klkBh ,l-Vh- cl fdaok xkM;k uOgR;k] ik;h izokl
djkok ykxr vls fdaok cSyxkMhus izokl djkok ykxr
vls- ,d fnol iq.kZ izoklkr tkr vls-
;k [kksiksyh xkoph ?kjs [kksiVs gksrh- rh [kksiVh
ygku ygku gksrh R;k yksdkaph [kksiVs lxG;kph
lkj[kh ,d ljG js”ksr fnlr gksrh- R;k [kksiV;kP;k ljG js”ksr
vl.;kyk rsOgkph yksd vkoGh Eg.kr- vkf.k rh [kksiVh
ljG js”ksr ikgr vlrkuk la/;kdkGP;k osGh izR;sd [kksiVkr
es.kcRrh isVysyh fnlyh dh] t.kq dk; vkRrkps fo|qr fnos
1

2. fnlr vlr vfr’k; lqanj fnlr gksrs- rsOgk R;k dkGph yksd
R;kyk vkoGh vl Eg.kr vlr-
R;k yksdkaP;k [kksiV;kaps [kksi o la/;kdkGP;k
R;k isVysY;k es.kcRR;kaP;k ykbZuhuhyk vkoGh
Eg.kr- Eg.kts [kksi o vkoGh] v’kh ukos gksr-
;k [kksi o vkoGh ;k nksu ‘kCnko:u [kksiksyh gs
uko r;kj >kys Eg.kts lk/; >kys-
rn~uarj gGwgGw dksG’kkoj pky.kkjh jsYos lq:
>kyh- iDds jLrs r;kj >kys- uarj eqacbZ&iq.ks ekxZ lq:
dj.;kr vkyk- R;kdkGh fczVh’k dkGkr ?kkVkoj
f’kaxjksck ukokpk jkg.kkjk ,d /kuxj gksrk- rks vkiyh
esa<j MksaxjkP;k dM;kdksi&;krqu pjk;yk ?ksoqu vkyk
gksrk o R;kus fczVh’k ljdkjyk ;s.;ktk.;kph okV nk[kfoyh
o rh okV /kuxjkauh nk[koY;kuarj vkiY;k yksdkauh
2

3. ¼Eg.kts R;k dkGP;k yksdkauh½ tk.koys dh gk /kuxj
fczVh’kkauk vk.k[khgh dkghgh [kk.kk[kq.kk nk[kohy
rsOgk R;k dkGP;k yksdkauh R;k /kuxjkyk ekjys o R;k
fBdk.kh lqanj eafnj cka/k.;kr vkys o R;k eafnjkyk
f’kaxjksckkps eafnj vls uko fnys-
[kksiksyh e/khy f’kGQkV;kP;k ‘kstkjhy eqGxko
;sFks ,d nxkZ vkgs- R;k nX;kZyk l¸;n xkth ukuk uko
gksrs- frFks ifgys yksd vxjcRrh isVok;ps exp iq<s
tk;ps- rlsp f’kGQkV;koj 1955 lkyh Lo;aHkq eqrhZ
ek:rhph gksrh- R;kps f’kYidkj xksihukFk ‘ksB lk[kjs]
nRrk=s; lk[kjs] vIik [kksis] Hkxoku’ksB ?kksyi gs
gksrs- R;kauh lqanj v’kh eqrhZ r;kj dsyh gksrh i.k rlsp
rsOgk [kksiksyh xkoke/;s guqeku eafnj lq/nk gksrs-
3

4. [kksiksyh uxjikyhdk gh ,dq.k 18 xkos feGqu lu
1972 lkyh LFkkiu >kyh vkgs- R;kP;k vk/kh [kksiksyh
uxjikyhdk gh ,d xzkeiapk;r gksrh R;k osGh ljiap ckcq
‘ksB eqYyk g;kaps oMhy gksrs-
Ukxjikyhdsps v/;{k rsOgk xksih’ksB rUuk o mik/;
{k cGhjke ‘ksB lk[kjs gksrs- rsOgk [kksiksyhph
yksdla[;k 15 rs 20 gtkj ,o<h gksrh- vkrk rh yksdla[;k
ok<yh vkgs-
18 xkokiSdh lktxko gs vls ,d xko gksrs dh rsFks
1960 lkyh rqdkjke egkjkt vkys gksrs rs frFks ,d=
O;kikj djk;ps rs fejphpk O;kikj djr vlrkuk ,ds fno’kh
jk=h fejph pks:u usyh rsOgk rqdkjke egkjkt cksack
ekjr lqVys Eg.kwu R;k eafnjkyk ckascY;k foBksck uko
4

5. iMys- rs lktxko eanhj vkrk [kqi eksBs cka/k.;kr vkys
vkgs o izfl/ngh >kys vkgs-
[kksiksyhe/;s izfl/n vlk ,d eB vkgs- xxuxhjh egkjkt
1968@69 lkyh xxuxhjh egkjkt [kksiksyhe/;s vkys
R;kauh rsFks ri’p;kZ dsyh o ri’p;kZ djr vlrkuk rs
ik.;ke/;s clys gksrs rs HkDrhr ,o<s eXu >kys gksrs dh]
R;kaps ik; ek’kkauh [kkYys rjh lq/nk R;kauk ekghr
uOgrs- R;kaph NksVhlh >ksiMh gksrh vkrk rks eB
,o<k eksBk cka/kyk; dh rks ikgrkp c?k.kk&;kps eu os/
kqu ?ksrks-
R;kP;kp ‘kstkjh ,d iwoZdkyhu eafnj vkgs- 1758
lkyh rs eafnj fpekth vIik ;kauh cka/kys vkgs- rs vtqugh
tlsP;k rls vkgs- R;kyk vktrksikosrks dkghgh >kysys
ukgh- 1970 lkyh f’kGQkV;koj f’kokth egkjktkaapk
5

6. iqrGk mHkkj.;kr vkyk o rlsp MkW- ckcklkgsc
vkacsMdjkapk iqrGk lq/nk R;kauh cka/kyk-
f’kGQkV;koj 1986 lkyh Hkkth ekdsZV lq: dsys
[kksiksyhe/;s v’kh dkgh Bjkohd yksd vkgsr R;kaps ,d
eaMG vkgs- R;kaps uko guqeku fe= eaMG gs
gkWyhckWyP;k Li/kkZ ?kMowu vk.krkr rlsp njo”khZ
xksjxjhckauk og;k okVi djrkr-
1989 lkyh tkaHkqGikM;kyk egkiwj vkyk gksrk-
rsFkhy yksdkaph [kqi fcdV voLFkk gksrh- rsOgk
[kksiksyhps guqeku fe= eaMG lokZr vxksnj
tkaHkqGikM;kP;k yksdkaP;k enrhl /kkoys- R;kauk
vUu/kkU; diM;kalg iqjohys-
uxjikyhdk gnn~hr o`/nkJe ns[khy LFkkiu >kys
vkgs- [kksiksyh e/;s ifgyh yksdkaph voLFkk [qki fcdV
6

7. gksrh- dkj.k eksBs vls mn;ksx /kans uOgrs R;keqGs
R;kaP;kdMs iSlk uOgrk tlk ek.klkP;k gkrkr iSlk ;sÅ
ykxyk rls gGq gGq ek.klkr izxrh gksr xsyh- NksV;k
[ksM;kaps eksBs ‘kgj >kys-
 [kksiksyhrhy tkrh tekrh 
[kksiksyh xko ifgys ,dne NksVs gksrs- o R;kr tkrh
tekrhps yksd tkLr jgkr uOgrs- fganq eqLyhe o
ekjokMh yksd gksrh i.k tkLr [kksiksyh xkokps ‘kgj
>kys eksBs mn;ksx /kans >kys R;keqGs ckgsj xkoph
yksd ;sÅu rsFks mn;ksx /kan;klkBh vkyh vkf.k rsFksp
LFkkfud >kyh vkf.k vkrk loZ tkrhps yksd jkgrkr-
7

8. R;ke/;s ejkBh] iatkch] eqLyhe] f[kz’pu] xqtjkrh
pkaHkkj] lksukj] yksgkj] ckS/n cyqrsnkj v’kk vusd
tkrhps yksd jkgrkr Eg.kts 20 rs 25 tkrhps yksd jkgrkr-
 [kksiksyhph yksdla[;k 
[kksiksyhph ighyh yksdla[;k 15 rs 20 gtkj gksrh- dkj.k
rsFks tkLr oLrh uOgrh vkrk [kksiksyhph yksdla[;k
58]644 ,o<h vkgs-
 [kksiksyhrhy lkekthd laLFkk

jksVjh Dyc] yk;Ul DYc] buojy Dyc] rlsp [kkykiwj
rkyqdk f’k{k.k izlkjd eaMG] ;’koar gk;dlZ ;k laLFkk
8

9. vkgsr- ek/;fed ‘kkGk 1957 lkyh lq: dj.;kr vkyh o T;qfuvj
dkWyst 1976 lkyh lq: dj.;kr vkys-
 [kksiksyhrhy m|ksx o
dkj[kkus 
[kksiksyh e/;s ifgys vls m|ksx uOgrs] dkj[kkus
uOgrs NksVs&eksBs m|ksx/kans gksrs- eksBs m|ksx
gk;dks] isIdks vkf.k VkVk ikWoj daiU;k gksR;k vkrk
l/;k vkB daiU;k pkyq vkgsr- vk;-,l-ckj] egsanz ;qftu
LVhy] VkVk ikWoj] vk;-vks-lh] okWVZf’kyk] vYVk
yWcksjsVjh] >sfuFk bR;knh daiU;k vkrk pkyq vkgsr-
okVZflyk o] vk;vkslh] eLdks g;k daiU;k 1950 lkyh
9

10. LFkkiu >kY;k vkgsr- vYVk o gk;dks daiU;k 1970 lkyh
lqq: >kY;k- [kksiksyhe/;s ifgys mn;ksx /kans Eg.kts
Lokehy Eg.kts ykdMkps oLrq r;kj dsys tkr vls-
[kksiksyhpk [kjks[kjp bfrgkl igko rj [kqip osxGk
vkgs- vls okVrs rs vftckr r;kjp gks.kkj ukgh R;kdkGh
yksdkauk okVr gksrs i.k vkt igk;yk xsyks rj [kksiksyh
gs ‘kgjkaP;k x.krhr ekuys tkrs- vkrk [kksiksyh gs ‘kgj
[kqi eksB;k izek.kkr mn;ksx /kans] dkj[kkus] cktkjisB]
gkWVsy vls osxosxGs mn;ksx R;k fBdk.kh pkyq
vkgs- o [kksiksyh gs eqacbZ iq.kk gk;os gh ykxqu tkrs
R;keqGs vkt [kksiksyh gh izfl/n [kksiksyh Eg.kqu
ekuyh tkr vkgs-
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