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1. CARDIAC
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
REVIEW
QUESTIONS - ANSWERS

2. RReevviieeww:: HHeeaarrtt AAnnaattoommyy

3. RReevviieeww:: IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo tthhee HHeeaarrtt

4. Q1
What is the hardest working muscle in the human body?

5. A1
The heart is the hardest working muscle in the human body.

6. Q2
What is the function of the heart?

7. A2
Its primary function is to pump blood though all the blood vessels of
the body.

8. Q3
What body cavity is the heart located in?

9. A3
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, within the mediastinum.

10. Q4
What anatomical structures protect the heart?

11. A4
It is protected by the rib cage, vertebral column and sternum.

12. Q5
Where are the apex and base of the heart?

13. A5
The apex is located anteriorly, inferiorly.
The base is directed posteriorly, superiorly.

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15. Q6
What are the two body systems that supply oxygen to the body?

16. A6
The cardiovascular system functions together with the pulmonary
system to provide cells with a constant supply of oxygen.

17. Q7
How is de-oxygenated blood sent to the lungs?

18. A7
The heart pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs via the right and
left pulmonary arteries.

19. Q8
How is oxygenated blood sent to the heart?

20. A8
The lungs return oxygenated blood to the heart via the four
pulmonary veins: right & left inferior and right & left superior veins.

21. Q9
What is an unusual feature of the pulmonary arteries?

22. A9
The pulmonary arteries transport de-oxygenated blood.

23. Q10
What is an unusual feature of the pulmonary veins?

24. A10
The pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood.

25. Q11
Within the lungs, where does gas exchange occur?

26. A11
The gas exchange occurs in the alveoli sacs at the ends of
bronchioles.

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28. Q12
What are the names of the major blood vessels
that connect to the heart?

29. A12
The major blood vessels that connect to the heart are:
the Aorta, the Superior & Inferior Vena Cava and Pulmonary Artery

30. Q13
In what heart chamber is the aorta normally found?

31. A13
The aorta is normally found in the left ventricle, connected by the
aortic valve.

32. Q14
In what heart chamber are the superior and inferior vena cava
normally found?

33. A14
The IVC and the SVC are normally found in the right atrium.

34. Q15
What type of blood flows through
the inferior and superior vena cava?

35. A15
De-oxygenated blood flows through the IVC and SVC.

36. Q16
What type of blood flows through the aorta?
Where does this blood go?

37. A16
Oxygenated blood flows through the aorta.
This blood travels to all the body’s arteries.

38. Q17
What are the four main segments of the aorta?

39. A17
The four main segments of the aorta are:
Ascending Aorta; Aortic Arch; Thoracic Aorta; Abdominal Aorta

40. Q18
What are the first two branches of the aortic root?
What is their function?

41. A18
The first two branches are: Right Coronary & Left Coronary Arteries.
They supply blood for Coronary Circulation

42. Q19
What is coronary circulation?

43. A19
Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood within the blood
vessels of the myocardium.

44. Q20
What vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

45. A20
The coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the
myocardium.

46. Q21
What vessels remove de-oxygenated blood from the myocardium?

47. A21
The coronary veins remove de-oxygenated blood from the
myocardium.

48. Q22
What is another name for the coronary sulcus?

49. A22
The coronary sulcus is also called the coronary groove.

50. Q23
How many layers are in an artery?

51. A23
There are three layers in an artery.

52. Q24
What are the names of the three layers of an artery?

53. A24
The three layers of an artery are:
Tunica Intima , Tunica Media , Tunica Aventitia.

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55. Q25
How many chambers are in the heart?
What are they called?

56. A25
There are four chambers:
Left & Right Atrium and Left & Right Ventricles.

57. Q26
What chambers of the heart receive blood?

58. A26
The chambers of the heart that receive blood are the
Left and Right Atria.

59. Q27
What chambers of the heart send blood?

60. A27
The chambers of the heart that send blood are the
Left and Right Ventricles.

61. Q28
The right atrium receives blood from what sources?

62. A28
The right atrium receives blood from:
Inferior Vena Cava, Superior Vena Cava, & Coronary Sinus.

63. Q29
The left atrium receives blood from what sources?

64. A29
The left atrium receives blood from
the four pulmonary veins

65. Q30
Is the left atrium larger than the right atrium?

66. A30
Yes, the left atrium is larger than the right atrium.

67. Q31
What separates the left and right atrium?
What separates the left and right ventricle?

68. A31
The interatrial septum separates the left and right atrium.
The interventricular septum separates the left and right ventricle

69. Q32
What are the four valves of the heart?

70. A32
The four valves are:
Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic and Pulmonary Valves.

71. Q33
What are the Atrioventricular Valves? Name them.

72. A33
Atrioventricular Valves connect the atria and ventricles.
They are the Mitral Valve and Tricuspid Valve.

73. Q34
How many Semilunar Valves are there?
Name the Semilunar Valves.

74. A34
There are two Semilunar Valves.
They are the Pulmonary Valve and the Aortic Valve.

75. Q35
What are the names of the Mitral Valve leaflets?
How many are there?

76. A35
There are two Mitral Valve leaflets.
They are the Anterior and Posterior leaflets.

77. Q36
How many cusps are in the Pulmonary Valve?
What are their names?

78. A36
There are three cusps in the Pulmonary Valve.
They are the Anterior, Right Posterior and Left Posterior Cusps.

79. Q37
How many cusps are in the Aortic Valve?
What are their names?

80. A37
There are three cusps in the Aortic Valve.
They are the Non-Coronary, Right and Left Coronary Cusps.

81. Q38
When are the Semilunar Valves open?

82. A38
The Semilunar Valves open during ventricular systole.

83. Q39
When are the Atrioventricular Valves closed?

84. A39
The Atrioventricular Valves close during ventricular systole.

85. Q40
What are the three main layers of the heart wall?

86. A40
The three main layers of the heart wall are:
Endocardium, Myocardium, and Epicardium

87. Q40
What type of muscle is the myocardium?

88. A40
The myocardium is a type of involuntary striated muscle.

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90. Q41
Where is the Moderator Band found?

91. A41
The Moderator Band is found in the right ventricle.

92. Q42
Where is the Fossa Ovalis found?

93. A42
The Fossa Ovalis is found in the right atrium.

94. Q43
What muscular pouch is attached to the left atrium??

95. A43
The Left Atrial Appendage (or Left Auricle)
is attached to the left atrium.

96. Q44
What valve lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava
and the right atrium?

97. A44
The Eustachian Valve is known as the valve of the Inferior Vena Cava

98. Q45
What are the Chordae Tendineae?

99. A45
They are tendons within the ventricles that link the mitral and
tricuspid valves to papillary muscles.

100. Q46
How do the papillary muscles help to open the Atrioventricular
Valves?

101. A46
The contraction of the papillary muscles helps to open these valves

102. Q47
How do the papillary muscles help to close the Atrioventricular
Valves?

103. A47
The relaxation of the papillary muscles helps to close these valves.

104. Q48
What are some special features of cardiac muscle?

105. A48
Cardiac muscle is involuntary striated muscle that is highly resistant
to fatigue

106. Q49
Where does electrical activity begin in the heart?

107. A49
Electrical Activity is initiated within a group of specialized pacemaker
cells located in the Sinoatrial Node.

108. Q50
Where is the Sinoatrial Node located?

109. A50
The Sinoatrial Node is located in the Right Atrium

110. End –
Review Questions
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