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Uss module 4 chpt 4 Electrcity
1.
Module 4: Gadgets Work
Wonders (II) Chapter 4 Electricity 1© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
2.
Chapter 4 Electricity 4.1
How can electric circuit symbols be used to draw circuit diagrams? 4.2 How are current, voltage and resistance measured? 4.3 What are the differences between series and parallel circuits? 4.4 What are the applications of series and parallel circuits in daily life? 4.5 How do we use electricity safely? 4.6 How can information on electric power be used? 2© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
3.
Objectives Draw simple
series and parallel circuits for daily applications (e.g. table lamps use series circuits, ceiling lamps use parallel circuits) Label and interpret circuit diagrams which include cells, switches, resistors (fixed and variable), voltmeters, ammeters, bells, bulbs, lamps and fuses 3© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
4.
What are circuit
diagrams? Circuit diagrams show how electrical components are connected together. In circuit diagrams, electrical components are drawn using symbols. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 4 a circuit diagram
5.
Circuit symbols © Copyright
Star Publishing Pte Ltd 5
6.
Circuit symbols © Copyright
Star Publishing Pte Ltd 6
7.
Circuits and their
circuit diagrams © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 7
8.
Circuits and their
circuit diagrams © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 8 Activity Book Link Activity 4.1 Using Circuit Symbols
9.
Chapter 4 Electricity 4.1
How can electric circuit symbols be used to draw circuit diagrams? 4.2 How are current, voltage and resistance measured? 4.3 What are the differences between series and parallel circuits? 4.4 What are the applications of series and parallel circuits in daily life? 4.5 How do we use electricity safely? 4.6 How can information on electric power be used? 9© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
10.
Objectives Measure current,
voltage and resistance using a multimeter State that a voltage is required to cause a current flow State that the effective resistance increases when in series circuits State that the effective resistance decreases when in parallel circuit 10© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
11.
Current In the
circuit, the bulb lights up because there is an electric current flowing in the closed circuit. Conventionally, current is described as flowing from the positive terminal of a battery to the negative terminal. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 11 current flows in a closed circuit
12.
What is current?
Electric current is due to tiny electric charges flowing in the circuit. When the electric charges are flowing at a fast rate, the current will be big. Therefore, current is the rate of flow of electric charge. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 12
13.
Symbol and SI
unit of current The symbol for current is I. The SI unit of current is the ampere (A). A current of 2 amperes is written as I = 2 A. A smaller unit of current is the milliampere (mA) where: © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 13
14.
How do we
measure current? Current can be measured using an ammeter connected in series. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 14 current can be measured using an ammeter circuit diagram
15.
Measuring current Besides
the conventional type of ammeter, another instrument called the multimeter can be used as an ammeter to measure current. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 15 a multimeter
16.
How to use
a multimeter as an ammeter To use a multimeter as an ammeter, (a) insert the black lead into the 'com' terminal, (b) insert the red lead into the 'A' terminal, (c) turn the knob to 'A'. The value of the current will be displayed on the LCD panel. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 16 using a multimeter as an ammeter circuit diagram Activity Book Link Activity 4.2 Measuring Electric Current Using a Multimeter
17.
What is Voltage?
Voltage is needed for current to flow. The dry cell provides the voltage, therefore there is a current. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 17
18.
What is Potential
Difference? When we measure voltage across two points, we measure the energy needed to move one unit of electric charge between the two points. The voltage across these two points is also known as potential difference. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 18
19.
SI unit of
voltage The symbol for voltage is V. The SI unit of voltage is the volt (V). A voltage of 3 volts is written as V = 3 V. A smaller unit of voltage is the millivolt (mV) where © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 19
20.
How do we
measure voltage? Voltage can be measured using a voltmeter connected in parallel. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 20 measuring voltage across a bulb with a voltmeter circuit diagram
21.
How to use
a multimeter as a voltmeter To use a multimeter as an ammeter: (a) insert the black lead into the 'com' terminal, (b) insert the red lead into the 'V.Ω' terminal, (c) turn the knob to 'V'. The value of the voltage will be displayed on the LCD panel. When a multimeter is used as a voltmeter, its symbol will be © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 21 measuring voltage using a multimeter circuit diagram Activity Book Link Activity 4.3 Measuring Voltage Using a Multimeter
22.
What is Resistance?
Resistance opposes the flow of current. The higher the resistance, the smaller the current. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 22
23.
SI unit of
resistance The symbol of resistance is R. The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω). A resistance of 5 ohms is written as R = 5 Ω. All electrical components have resistance. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 23
24.
What are resistors?
Resistors are electrical components that provide resistance. There are two types of resistors: (a) Fixed resistor: The resistance of a fixed resistor is fixed and cannot be changed. (b) Variable resistor: The resistance of a variable resistor can be adjusted, usually by turning a knob or moving a slider. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 24
25.
Types of resistors ©
Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 25
26.
Resistors in series
When resistors are connected in series, the effective resistance becomes bigger. For example, when two10 Ω resistors are connected in series, the effective resistance becomes 20 Ω. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 26
27.
Resistors in parallel
When resistors are connected in parallel, the effective resistance becomes smaller. For example, when two 10 Ω resistors are connected in parallel, the effective resistance becomes 5 Ω. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 27
28.
How to use
a multimeter as an ohmmeter To use a multimeter as an ohmmeter: (a) insert the black lead into the 'com' terminal, (b) insert the red lead into the 'V.Ω' terminal, (c) turn the knob to 'Ω'. The value of the resistance will be displayed on the LCD panel. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 28 measuring resistance of a bulb using a multimeter Activity Book Link Activity 4.4 Measuring Resistance Using a Multimeter
29.
Chapter 4 Electricity 4.1
How can electric circuit symbols be used to draw circuit diagrams? 4.2 How are current, voltage and resistance measured? 4.3 What are the differences between series and parallel circuits? 4.4 What are the applications of series and parallel circuits in daily life? 4.5 How do we use electricity safely? 4.6 How can information on electric power be used? 29© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
30.
Objectives Identify situations
in which series and parallel circuits are used in daily electrical circuitry systems 30© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
31.
Identifying Series and
Parallel Circuits We use electrical gadgets ( e.g. torch lights and calculators ) at home every day. These electrical gadgets may be connected as series or parallel circuits. (a) The diagram below shows the connection of the batteries, switch and light bulb in a torchlight. We know that this is a series circuit because there is only one path for current to flow. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 31
32.
Identifying Series and
Parallel Circuits (b) The figure shows a simplified diagram of the circuitry used in homes for lighting. We know that this is a parallel circuit because there is more than one path for current to flow. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 32
33.
Chapter 4 Electricity 4.1
How can electric circuit symbols be used to draw circuit diagrams? 4.2 How are current, voltage and resistance measured? 4.3 What are the differences between series and parallel circuits? 4.4 What are the applications of series and parallel circuits in daily life? 4.5 How do we use electricity safely? 4.6 How can information on electric power be used? 33© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
34.
Objectives Identify the
potential dangers in the use of electricity at home, such as (i) damaged insulation (ii) overheating of cables (iii) poor or loose connections State precautions to be taken for safe electrical use at home, such as (i) use of fuses (ii) earthing metal casings (iii) double insulating wires (iv) use of circuit breakers 34© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
35.
Electrical Hazards Electricity
is very useful but if it is not used properly and correctly, electrical hazards (dangers) can happen. Two common electrical hazards are: (a) electric shock/electrocution (b) electrical fire © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 35 warning of electric shock
36.
What is an
electric shock? An electric shock happens when an electric current flows through the body of a person. Electrocution is death as a result of electric shock. A current of about 0.1 A may be enough to kill a person. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 36
37.
Causes of Electrical
Hazards Electric shock and electrical fire can be caused by: (a) damaged insulation (b) overheating of cables (c) damp conditions (d) poor or loose connections © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 37
38.
Damaged Insulation To
prevent people from touching bare wires, a layer of insulation is used to cover the wires. When the insulation is damaged, the wires will be exposed. A person touching the exposed wires may get an electric shock or be electrocuted. For safety, damaged insulation should be replaced immediately by a qualified electrician. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 38 damaged insulation
39.
Overheating of Cables
When many appliances are plugged into a single mains socket, the current flowing out of the socket will become large. This may lead to overheating of the cables which may in turn lead to electrical fire. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 39 overloaded power socket
40.
Overheating of Cables
Overheating can also occur if a cable is used to carry a current larger than its current rating. The current rating of a cable is the maximum current that the cable is meant to carry, e.g. a cable with a current rating of 12 A is meant to carry a current of up to 12 A. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 40 fire caused by overheating
41.
Damp Conditions Water
is a conductor of electricity. When a person uses an electrical appliance with wet hands, the water may connect him to high voltage. When this happens, the person will get an electric shock. Wet skin reduces the resistance of the human body. If a person accidentally touches a high voltage when his skin is wet, a large current will flow through his body, causing severe injury or© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 41 touching a switch with wet hands can cause electric shock
42.
Poor or Loose
Connections Poor or loose connections can also cause overheating, especially when exposed wires touch each other (short circuit). Sparks may also be produced at the points of loose connections. Both overheating and sparks can lead to electrical fires. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 42 badly wired plug Activity Book Link Activity 4.7 Home Circuitry & Safety Precautions
43.
Safe Use of
Electricity There are a number of safety features and devices used to protect us against electrical hazards. Examples of such safety features and devices are: (a) fuse (b) circuit breaker (c) earth wire (d) double insulating wire © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 43 fuses melt and break the circuit when current exceeds their rating
44.
Fuse A fuse
is a safety device which prevents an overly large current from flowing. It is usually made up of a thin piece of copper wire housed in a case. The rating of a fuse is the largest current that can flow through it without melting the fuse wire. When the current becomes larger than the fuse rating, the fuse wire will melt and the circuit will be opened. For example, a fuse rated 5 A will melt when a 6 A current flows through it. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 44
45.
What is the
correct fuse to use? The correct fuse to use is one with a rating just higher than the current that an electrical appliance normally uses. For example, if a rice cooker uses a current of 4 A, a suitable fuse will be one that is rated 5 A and not one rated 10 A. In home circuitry, the fuse should be placed along the live wire. In this way, the appliance will be disconnected from high voltage when the fuse is blown. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 45
46.
Circuit Breaker Another
safety device found in all houses in Singapore is the circuit breaker. The circuit breakers prevent an overly big current from flowing. When the current through a circuit breaker becomes higher than its rating, the circuit breaker will ‘trip’ and cut off the electricity supply. When the circuit breaker ‘trips’, electricity to some or all parts of the house will be cut off. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 46 resetting a circuit breaker that has tripped
47.
Earth Wire Many
electrical appliances have metal casings. If a fault occurs causing the live wire to touch the metal casing, the metal casing will have a high voltage. If a person touches the metal casing, he or she will get an electric shock. To prevent this, a safety feature called earth © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 47 earthing an electrical appliance
48.
The earth wire
is connected to the metal casing to protect users © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 48
49.
Double Insulating Wire
Double insulating wires are wires with two layers of insulation. The extra layer acts as a safety feature in case one layer of insulation is damaged. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 49 double insulating wires as safety feature
50.
Chapter 4 Electricity 4.1
How can electric circuit symbols be used to draw circuit diagrams? 4.2 How are current, voltage and resistance measured? 4.3 What are the differences between series and parallel circuits? 4.4 What are the applications of series and parallel circuits in daily life? 4.5 How do we use electricity safely? 4.6 How can information on electric power be used? 50© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
51.
Objectives Relate power
to energy transferred and time taken, using appropriate example, and the equation: Power = Use information on a label of electrical appliance to determine its power consumption Give examples of ways to reduce electrical energy wastage at home Use the equations Power, P = V x I, Energy, E = P x t Calculate the cost of using electrical appliance where the energy unit is kWh Understand and use information of electrical bills 51© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd Time Energy
52.
What is Electrical
Power? Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy. The SI unit of electrical power is the watt (W). larger unit of power is the kilowatt (kW). An electrical appliance with a power of 800 W will convert 800 J of electrical energy to other forms of energy every second. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 52
53.
Electrical power Electrical
power can be calculated using the formula: where P = power (in W) E = energy converted (in J) t = time (in s) © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 53
54.
Worked Example An
electric hot plate uses 8000 J of energy in 4 s. Calculate the power. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 54 P = t E = 2000 W 4s 8000J=
55.
How do we
calculate energy? To calculate energy, the formula can also be rewritten as: A hairdryer with a power of 1 kW is used for 30 s. Calculate the electrical energy needed © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 55 P = E × t = 30 000 J = 1000 × 30
56.
Using Information on
Labels of Electrical Appliances Electrical appliances usually come with a label that provides important information. The: (a) voltage that the appliance should be used with, (b) power rating of the appliance. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 56 the label on an rice cooker tells us that it should be used with a voltage between 230 V and 240 V and that the power rating is 630 W
57.
Using Information on
Labels of Electrical Appliances An appliance with high power rating can help us get things done faster. E.g. An electric kettle with a power rating of 2000W can boil the same amount of water in a shorter time compared to an electrical kettle with a power rating of 800 W. When used for the same period of time, an appliance with high power rating will consume more electrical energy and result in higher utility cost. E.g. Using a 1000 W air-conditioner will consume 10 times more electrical energy than using a 100 W fan. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 57
58.
Energy efficiency labels
From 2008, it became a must for some electrical appliances (air- conditioners, refrigerators and clothes dryers) to carry an energy label. The number of ticks on the label tells us the energy efficiency rating of the appliance. Choosing appliances with high energy efficiency helps to reduce energy usage. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 58 energy efficiency labels give consumers clear information on appliances that save energy
59.
The number of
ticks indicates how energy efficient an applicance is. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 59
60.
Energy saving lamps
The power rating of the energy saving lamp is 26 W but the amount of light it can give out is the same as a 150 W incandescent bulb. Therefore, another way to reduce energy usage is to use energy saving lamps instead of incandescent bulb. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 60 an energy saving lamp
61.
Calculating Power Electrical
power can be calculated using the formula below: where P = power (in W), V = voltage (in V), I = current (in A). © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 61
62.
Calculating Energy Combining
E = P × t and P = V × I, the following formula for energy is obtained: where E = energy (in J) V = voltage (in V) I = current (in A) t = time (in s) © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 62
63.
Worked Example 1
A light bulb is connected as shown. Calculate (a) the power of the bulb, (b) the electrical energy used by the bulb in 20 seconds. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 63 Solution: (a) Power = V × I = 9 × 2 = 18 W Solution: (b) Electrical energy = V × I × t = 9 × 2 × 20 = 360 J
64.
Worked Example 2
The kettle is connected to the 240 V mains supply. Calculate the energy used when the kettle is switched on for 10 minutes. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 64 Solution: E = P × t = 800 × (10 × 60) = 480 000 J
65.
Calculating Electrical Consumption
Although the SI unit of energy is the joule (J), electrical energy is sold in a more convenient unit called the kilowatt- hour (kWh). Electrical energy in kWh can be calculated by substituting the power in kW and the time in h into the formula E = P x t. If the cost of 1 kWh of electrical energy is known, the cost of using an appliance can be calculated. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 65
66.
Worked Example A
2 kW air-conditioner is switched on for 8 h. (a) Calculate the energy used in kWh. (b) If electricity is sold at 20 cents per kWh, calculate the cost of using the air-conditioner for 8 h. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 66 Solution: (a) E = P × t = 2 kW x 8 h = 16 kWh Solution: (b) Cost = 16 × $0.20 = $3.20
67.
Example The figure
below shows the utility bill of a household. The household used 396 kWh of electricity in the month. At a cost of $0.2628 per kWh, the total cost of electricity will be 396 x $0.2628 = $104.07. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 67 Activity Book Link Activity 4.8 Reading Energy Labels and Utility Bills
68.
© Copyright Star
Publishing Pte Ltd 68
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