In the present prevailing social economical and environmental conditions, where pollution has been continuously raising we need to construct structures that contribute towards negative carbon footprint This project puts forth a method of construction where the building acts as a living breathing cell by fulfilling all the needs of its inhabitants through encounter from all the natural phenomena like sun, rain, wing, gravity, conduction, convection and many more. Hence a building becomes a breathing organism which take care of themselves and does not need fossil fuels. Such buildings are epitome of sustainable design and constructions where no part of sustainable living has been ignored.

1. RADIALLY SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES
AN ALTERNATE OPTION

2. INTRODUCTION
Architecture and construction today present a unique challenge in the field of sustainability.
Construction projects consume large amounts of materials, producing tons of waste, and often
involve weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical significance against the desire
for the development of newer, more modern designs.
The major element used for constructions today is concrete. A major component of concrete is
cement which has its own social and economical impacts. The cement industry is one of the
primary producers of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Concrete causes damage to most
fertile layer of the earth, the topsoil. Moreover, concrete is used to create hard surfaces which
contribute to surface runoff that may cause to soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Cement
manufactures causes environmental impacts at all stages of the process. These include emissions
of airborne pollution in the form of dust, gases, noise and vibrations while operating machinery
and during blasting in quarries and damage to countryside from quarrying. The cement industry
produces about 5%of global manmade CO2 emissions, of which 50%is from chemical process and
40% from burning fuel.
In the present prevailing social economical and environmental conditions, where pollution has
been continuously raising we need to construct structures that contribute towards negative carbon
footprint This project puts forth a method of construction where the building acts as a living
breathing cell by fulfilling all the needs of its inhabitants through encounter from all the natural
phenomena like sun, rain, wing, gravity, conduction, convection and many more. Hence a building
becomes a breathing organism which take care of themselves and does not need fossil fuels. Such
buildings are epitome of sustainable design and constructions where no part of sustainable living
has been ignored.
We need to construct homes that do three basic things: firstly, utilize sustainable architecture and
materials indigenous to the local area or recycled materials wherever possible; second, rely on
natural energy sources and be independent from the grid; thirdly, are feasible for a person with no
specialized construction skills to build.
The whole idea of such a house in one piece is
extremely successful because the easily
accessible materials do not require specific
skills and can be assembled by less skilled
labor. Such structures are all about, power,
water, sewage, food, recycled materials and
the resulting insignificant economy. It is about
learning to endure without being dependent on
any additional systems; political, economic or
utility. If nations brand their first priority
providing individuals with awareness of how
to provide for themselves in a sustainable
survival, then their livelihood will not lay
open to the ups and downs of an economy
A radially sustainable structure performs towards rising fully established structures, self-sustained
in terms of power, water, sewage, food, recycled materials and the resulting economy, having a

3. zero-carbon footprint impact on the planet. It is a building prototype that yields its own electricity
and water; contains and treats Its own sewage; and cools and heats itself devoid of fuel and
produces a noteworthy quantity of food.
The six basic principles which are followed for such constructions are:
 Building with recycled materials: Waste automobile tires are used which are jam-packed
with compacted earth in order to form rammed earth bricks encased in steel belted rubber.
The resulting bearing wall it forms is almost imperishable. Aluminum can walls make very
robust walls. These cans fashion a cement matrix which is very tough and easy to build.
Bottles can create lovely colored walls that light shines through.
 Passive temperature control: The resources used are dense and enormous which store
energy. The sun rays are absorbed by the mass thus keeping the interiors cool during the
day and releasing the heat inside in order to keep the house warm during the night thus
creating a building that is apposite for all climatic conditions. Greenhouse are provided in
the interiors and exteriors of the house along with an underground ventilation system in
order to keep the atmosphere fresh and cool. Insulation is provided in the roof and thermal
mass on order to control the temperature flow.
 Generate own electricity: Wind turbine, micro-hydro-turbine, bio diesel, natural gas and
photovoltaic cells are used for self-energy generation.
 Harvest own water: Even the most arid climates can provide enough water for daily use
through only a rain-harvesting system. Rainwater is used as the major source of usage of
water. Rainwater is filtered into wells which is further used. The water is reused for four
times before finally being disposed. Sun is used for heating of water.
 Contained sewage treatment: The water used primarily for drinking then goes to the
indoor greenhouse plans. This water is then used in the toilets from where the black water
is disposed into the septic tank outside and the storm water is further used for the outdoor
plants. There is no ground water pollution because of the storm water because the roots
clean the water.
 Own food production: Tropical used are grown indoors and permaculture is practiced
outdoors in order to meet the basic food requirements by the natives

4. CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES INVOLVED
A. TYRE WALL CONSTRUCTION
The basic element used for construction of the main bearing wall of the house are earth rammed
tires. Automobile tires come in sizes called 13, 14, 15 and 16. These sizes relate to the radius of
the tire in inches. The steps involved in the tire wall construction are:
1. The first course of tires of any tire wall must be leveled and dug into undisturbed soil free
of organic surface matter such as plants, tree roots or any other biodegradable substances
2. The first course of tires must be as large in diameter or large in diameter than any other tire
in the wall. No tire may appear in a wall that is larger in diameter than the tires on the
ground course of that wall.
The walls are really the only aspect of a tire building that is significantly unconventional. The roof and
floors use conventional materials. Therefore, a thorough presentation of the standards for bearing and
retaining walls made from automobile tire casings rammed with earth will be used as a guide to those
whose job it is to inspect tire buildings for structural integrity, safety and quality.
1. TIRE SIZES USED IN BEARING
AND RETAINING WALLS
Automobile tires come in sizes called 13,
14, 15 and 16. These sizes relate to the
radius of the tire in inches, #13 tires being
the smallest tires used in a bearing or a
retaining wall and #16 tires being the
largest. These sizes will be specified in
different parts of the structure as such.

5. 2. TIRE WALL AS FOUNDATION
In that a tire wall is already wider than its
required foundation, it becomes a monolith
which is both wall and foundation
The first course of tires of any tire wall must be
leveled and dug into undisturbed soil free of
organic surface matter such as plants, tree roots
or other biodegradable substances.
The first course of tires must be as large in
diameter or larger in diameter than any other
tire in the wall. No tire may appear in a wall
that is larger in diameter than the tires on the
ground course of that wall.
Tire walls over six courses high must have a
ground course of tires #15 or larger
exclusively.

6. 3. COURSING
All tire walls must use staggered running bond coursing.
Joints between tires on any given course must be aligned with the central area of all tires
on courses above and below. No joint between tires on any given course may align with
any joint on the courses above or below.
4. HALF TIRE TECHNIQUES
CONCRETE
HALF TIRES
Concrete half
tires must use a
mix of 3 parts
cement-4 parts
sand-5 parts
gravel with
engineering
fibers. All tires
adjacent to
concrete half
blocks must be
porcupined with
16dnails to lock
concrete to tires.
In that concrete
half tires are the
most substantial
half tiremethod,
they will be
specified in
some situations
by the architect.
All two-story
tire wall
applications will
use concrete half
tires.
RAMMED EARTH TIRES
Rammed earth half tires are made by cutting a
tire in half and leaving tabs on the sides to
screw into the adjacent tire. This half tire is
then pounded like a regular tire. Rammed earth
half tires can be used only in tire walls five
courses high or less and never at the end of a
wall.

7. 5. BEARING WALLS
All bearing walls built from earth rammed automobile tire casings must have a continuous bond beam of
wood or concrete
All bearing walls eight courses or higher for their entire length built from earth rammed automobile tire
casings must have a continuous bond beam that connects to a continuous bond beam on adjacent
nonbearing tire walls.
6. RETAINING WALLS
All retaining walls built from earth rammed automobile tire casings must be stepped back or lean into the
earth they are retaining.
Specifications and construction drawings certified by a licensed architect or engineer must appear in the
stamped construction drawings for the permitted building for all retaining walls built from earth rammed
automobile tire casings.
7. FREE STANDING WALLS
DEFINITION - Any wall not tied into the roof structure of a building.
All free-standing walls over 2 courses high built from earth rammed automobile tire casings must have
continuous arcs built into the design of the wall. These walls cannot be straight for any distance.
Free standing walls built of earth rammed automobile tire casings cannot be over 5 courses high unless
designed by an architect and certified specifications and construction drawings are provided for that wall.

8. 8. PLATES AND BOND BEAMS
All tire walls that are an
integral part of the roofed
building shall have a
continuous wood or concrete
bond beam. This bond beam
shall be anchored to the tire
wall with 1/2" anchor bolts set
in concrete every other tire or
1/2" rebar driven down
through three courses of tires
and bent over the top of the
wood plate or set in the
concrete bond beam.

9. 9. TWO STORY
All two-story earth rammed tire structures shall be designed by
a licensed architect or engineer.
A continuous 9" deep x 2'-0" wide concrete bond beam must
occur at each floor level.
All tires on the first level must be #15 or larger.
All tires on the second level must be #14 or smaller.
All blocking must be concrete.
All void packing on the first-floor level walls must be
concrete.
10. LENGTH OF WALLS
There is no limit to the length of earth rammed tire walls, since
rammed earth tire walls are not made of a rigid material that is
sensitive to expansion/ contraction cracks.
11. HEIGHT OF WALLS
The maximum height for a straight earth rammed tire wall which is an integral part of a structure with a roof
or floor load is 10 feet. At this point a wood or concrete bond beam must be installed
The maximum height for a circular earth rammed tire wall which is an integral part of a structure with a roof
or floor load is 12 feet. At this point a wood or concrete bond beam must be installed
The maximum height for a free-standing earth rammed tire wall that is not a curved or a battered retaining
wall or otherwise structurally integrated into a building is 6 feet.
There is no maximum height for a battered retaining wall constructed from earth rammed tires. All battered
retaining walls must be engineered by a licensed architect or engineer.

10. 12. LOADING OF WALLS
Loading on earth rammed tire walls must be distributed loading only from joists, beams or rafters
setting on a continuous wood or concrete bond beam
No point or collected loading is possible on earth rammed tire walls unless special engineering is
provided by a licensed engineer or architect.
The limits of the evenly distributed load an earth rammed tire wall can accept are determined by
the bearing capacity of the soil that the earth rammed tire wall is setting on. In cases where an earth
rammed tire wall is setting on rock or a concrete foundation which is wider than the tire wall itself
and more than typical roof or second story loading is desired, the bearing capacity of the tire wall
will be determined by a licensed architect or engineer.
13. FILL OF WALLS
Earth rammed tires walls can be filled or rammed with any type of earth, clay, sand or rock fill.
All tire casings must be packed tight to 90% compaction with a 6# to 9# sledge hammer. Soft
spongy tire packing is not acceptable.
A cardboard larger than the size of the diameter of the tire should be places beneath each tire so
that the dirt retains within the tire and does not flow out.
A 1inch screw with a thread going all up the head should be pushed down on all four intersecting
sides of the tire in order to hold the adjacent tires firmly in place.
Each layer needs to be 1.5inch back from the previous layer so that the tire wall will lean back
firmly into the berm helping in the stability of the tire wall.

11. Fill the dirt in three layers into the tire. Put the earth towards the wall of the tire so that it adjusts
well with your hand for the first two layers. Use pick axe after the third layer to raise the tire edge
and push the dirt inside
Use the sludge hammer after filling in order do compact the soil so that all the voids are cleared.
Pound with the sludge hammer, little bit off the center towards the corner approximately at an angle
of 45` into the side wall. Use stones while tempering with the hammer so that the stones move
towards the side walls and keep the diet in place and also provides resistance against the vibrations.
14. LEVELLING
Each tire should be measured
horizontally from front, back
and center with respect to the
previous tire and vertically
within the tire with the help of
a levelling rod.
The first tire of each row
should be taken as the
reference tire.
Vent tubes which are installed
along with the second layer of
the tire should also be levelled
with the reference tire.

12. 15. EARTH CLIFFS
All Earth cliffs shall be 12" minimum from an earth rammed tire wall.
All earth cliffs shall be approved as a result of site and soil inspection by a licensed architect or engineer.
16. JOINTS
All joints and connections in earth rammed tire walls must be designed and assembled in such a way so
that no voids occur within the earth rammed tire wall. These voids must be filled with concrete or 90%
compacted earth contained in a double layer of metal lath or a rubber tire casing.
All joints and connections in earth rammed tire walls must employ over lapped tires and joining methods
so as not to result in stacked joints occurring over each other.
17. FINISHING
All the tires are porcupined with nails
so that the concrete has something to
stick to while finishing.
Concrete, adobe, mud fuska and
plasters can be used for plastering and
finishing the tires.
Finishing should be done carefully so
that all the joints are covered
completely. A thermal wrap is to be
provided behind the tire wall

13. The best things about building with such tires is:
Tires being waste materials are easily available in approximately no cost. Such waste materials
reduce the energy consumptions required for manufacturing other conventional building materials.
The waste which is being utilized is helping in efficient reduction of waste.
Tires and cans have a really good resale value and can be reused again and again if degraded but if
the conventional building materials like concrete n bricks if degraded due to some reason will not
only effect the life of the structure but also cannot be used potentially again.
The soil which is used to fill the tires does not require extensive tests and analysis. The dry soil
which is available on the site can be simply used to fill the tires and compact it with simple
equipments like a temper.
Such constructions are slightly time consuming but have high workability and do not require
especially skilled labor.
Earthquakes are an issue in many parts of the world. Any method of building must relate to this
potential threat. Since earthquakes involve a horizontal movement or shaking of the structure, this
suggests a material with resilience or capacity to move with this shaking. Brittle materials like
concrete, break, crack and fracture. The ideal structural material for dealing with this kind of
situation would have a 'rubbery' or resilient quality to it. This kind of material would allow
movement without failure.
A. THERMAL WRAP
The materials that surround the spaces of as such homes are dense and massive in order to store
the temperatures required to provide a habitable environment for humans and plants.

14. Such structures rely on a balance
between the solar heat gain and the
ability of the tire walls and subsoil to
transport and store heat. They are
designed to use the properties of
thermal mass and with the intent that
the exterior earth rammed tire walls
provide thermal mass that will soak up
heat during the day and radiate during
the night, keeping the interior climate
relatively comfortable all day. In
addition to the exterior tire wall, some
homes can sink into the earth to take the
advantage of earth-sheltering to reduce
temperature fluctuations. The thermal
wrap is provided in the form of a 4inch
thick fine insulation which is placed at
a distance of about 4feet from the tire
wall.
A 6feet wide plastic sheet is placed on the ground between the thermal wrap and tire wall which acts as a
vapor barrier to keep the moisture coming out of the earth into the wrap barrier. This area is finally filled
with the dirt available on site in order to create a solid thermal mass which finally provides protection from
the temperature fluctuations prevailing in the exterior of the wrap and the interior of the home thus
maintaining an approximately constant and soothing temperature throughout.
B. COOLING TUBES
The main purpose for providing cooling tubes which
extend from the interior of the house under the berm,
cools the air by the time it gets to the comfort zone. As
the hot air rises, the system creates a steady airflow of
cooler air coming in and warmer air blowing out through
a smaller vented window in the greenhouse. These
cooling tubes are 40feet long tubes of 10inch diameter
made out of galvanized coper which run from the interior
of the house through the thermal mass directly to the other
end. A channeled space is firstly excavated to that this
pipe can be laid along the course of tires. The tube is
usually levelled with the second course of the tires. The
excavated area is finally filled with the thermal mass with
is usually the dirt available on site such that this tube is
well covered with thermal mass. This mass helps the air
to cool as it flows through the tube into the comfort zone

15. C. ROOF
Above the final layer of the wall a bond beam is made. A bond beam is laid over the final layer of tires by
adjusting cans with cement into continuous layers filling concrete in between the layers and reinforcing
it.
The bond beam is bolted in top and a layer of 2/6 trex is places over it. Trex is a plastic like material which
takes the place of wood and does not get rot over time. This is usually used over the bond bean since wood
can rot due the moisture present in the concrete. EPDM rubber is places over the trex where the wooden
beams are to be places till the end of the wooden beams so that no moisture enters the wooden beams in
order to detoriate it. The EPDM rubber is sandwiches between the two trex plates which makes a really
tight pressure seal. Once the wooden beams are all set, they are levelled at one level.

16. Over the bond beam plating the
wooden beams are places over shims
which are usually trex pieces. It is
further drilled through the wooden
beams into the shims till the plating
and into the bond beam. A rebar is sent
down through the drilled hole ad is
hammered from top tapering it, so that
it sets tightly. Once that wooden beams
are fixed and screwed with shims, the
ends of the wooden beams are all cut
into one level so that they flush with
one another.
DECKING: After the bond beans are placed a 1/8inch decking is places over it in order to receive the
final roofing layers. The decking is finished on all four sides by nailing.
Now, a waterproof asphalt seal is places on top of the deck
which is nailed with a staple gun. The mail purpose of
using asphalt is that it is a water resistant material and
does not allow any water to penetrate into the decking into
the bond beams which can ultimately destroy the whole
roof.

17. Over this waterproofing layer, an 8inch polyiso insulation is provided which is again provided for greater
insulation properties. The final covering is given by 1/4inch purlins which are screwed with iso screws
through into the bond beams. The final covering has channels made in its design so the rainwater can easily
flow through the roof into the cisterns installed behind the wall.
PERFORMANCES OF SYSTEMS INSTALLED IN THE HOUSE
A. WATER
The water from clouds is
captured on the roof and
channeled through gravel
filters and silt captures so
that when it reaches the
cistern it is clean. A total of
four cisterns having a
capacity of 1700gal each
made out of plastic are
installed behind the tire wall
into the thermal wrap. The
water from cisterns is then
gravity fed into a water
organizing module. The
pump then filters the water
into a pressure tank for
consumption and household
usage.

18. B. SEWAGE
Every time we wash something or flush
the toilet, we create waste water. Waste
water from sinks, showers, baths,
kitchen and washing machines is called
grey water. Usually gray water will
contain chemicals like soaps and
detergents and easily degradable
organic materials like fat and oils.
These detergents contain nitrogen and
phosphorous which are utilized for
plant growth. Consequently, this grey
water is channeled through filter or
digester in order to absorb the greasing
particle and then sent to in indoor
botanical call.

19. A botanical cell in a buildup soil ecosystem which contains various soil layers. The first layer is composed
of gravel which allows water to flow and provides good aeration or oxygenation preventing nasty smalls.
At the top of the botanical cell, plants absorb water by the process of transpiration, enabling water to be
absorbed by the roots. When the nearby root soil dries out, the water at the bottom slowly flows towards
the dry soil nearing the plant. This flow of water allows the phosphates and household chemicals to be
completely absorbed and thus filtered. The peat moss provides additional filtering, efficiently eliminating
the heavy metals if any. At the end of the botanical cell, there is a grey water organizing module which
pumps the treated water to the toilets. Once the toilets are flushed, wahet now contains fetal substances
and lots of organic material. This is called the black water. This water then goes to the septic tank where
the liquids are separated from the solids. This treated water is then channeled for exterior landscaping
purposes.
In short, earthship makes vary
efficient use of water by making it use
four times:
1. By using it for washing and bathing
purposes,
2. Then by using it to water in indoor
plants,
3. Then to flush the toilet, and
4. Finally, by using it to water the
outdoor plants.

20. A. FOOD PRODUCTION
In order to grow, survive and reproduce, plants need water, sunlight carbon dioxide, oxygen and nutrients
like, phosphorous and nitrogen. All of these can be easily found inside such a house allowing many plant
options to grow round the year in the botanical cell. In short, such structures can grow food year round
by providing sunlight round the year, protection of plants from extreme weather conditions, an automatic
watering system, a good soil composition and nutrients from grey water like nitrogen and phosphorous.
B. THERMAL SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING
The outer few feet of the earth heats up and cools off in response to surface weather. However, deeper in
the earth, about four feet and beyond, the temperature is more constant (around 58 degrees). Here, the
earth can be used to both cool and stabilize temperature if the home is appropriately designed. Such
structures are thermal mass homes first, passive solar homes second. Therefore, their layout and designs
can be completely customized to look like any conventional home, and still be sustainable. The "generic"
designs are what works the best, both in terms of economics and energy efficiency. Because of the way
these structures interact with the sun and the earth, little to no fossil fuels are required to maintain a
comfortable, stable temperature in any climate.

21. A. WARMTH
If you want heat, you admit the sun.
The sun heats the mass, the mass
stores the heat and the insulation
won't let it escape. The more mass,
the more storage capacity. When
there is no sun, the heat stored in
the mass radiates into the space, for
heat travels to the cooler direction.
B. COOLNESS
If you want coolness, you admit the
cooler earth temperature and block the
sun. The cool mass of the earth
connects with the mass of the shelter, is
absorbed into the shelter mass and
leaks into the
living space. This is like hooking a big battery (the earth) up to a smaller battery (the shelter).
The thermal mass of both the earth and shelter is a storage battery for temperature.
C. INSULATION & THERMAL MASS
In recent years’ humans have recognized the fact that insulation can help keep temperature in a
shelter. Insulation, however, neither collects nor stores temperature. It simply blocks the passage of
temperature from inside to out and vice versa.
Good insulation has millions of tiny air
spaces. The presence of air spaces
tends to slow up the movement of
temperature by causing it to pass from
air space to air space as opposed to
moving easily through unobstructed
dense mass.
Dense mass both collects and stores
temperature like a jar holds marbles.
Examples of dense mass are stone,
water, compacted earth, or concrete.
There is a major difference between
mass and insulation and this difference
is not very clearly understood. Dense
means no voids or air spaces. The
denser the mass the more temperature
it holds. This density actually acts as
a conduit for temperature.

22. D. SOLAR ELECTRICISTY
Photovoltaic cells are made using semiconductors which are mainly silicon. Pdosphorous atoms bonded with
silicon, leaves one electron not bonded, resulting in negative silicon because of the prevailing electron. On
the other side of the solar cell boron is added. Atoms are also bonded but in this case one free opening is
available for an electron, making positive silicon. When these two sides are put together, a mad rush of
electrons flow to the positive side. Eventually equilibrium is reached and an electric field is created. This
conducts electric current in only one direction. When light in the form of photons hit the solar cell, it excides
the electrons and the field sends the electrons to the negative side. The metal contacts on the top and bottom
draws current off streaming towards another cell and so forth creating a cell or module. When packed into a
frame, a solar panel is created. This can provide electricity clean and quietly for the next thirty years
Fast moving wind is a really good source of generating green energy which can be utilized in order to
light the house and also for many other purposes. Such natural methods not only help the structure survive
but also maintaining a green and healthy atmosphere around and help reducing the public energy needs
to a great extent. Apart from providing energy to the house, such methods can also help provide energy
around the house just like for street lights. As air partials collide against an object, each of them pushes
with an amount of energy. The wind blades capture wind energy and start moving. They spin a shaft that
leads the rotor to a generator where a magnet spins. The conductor which surrounds these magnets indices
a current which drives out through the power lines.

23. This is all about transferring green energy from one medium to another. The power generated by
all sources go to the power organizing module. This distributes energy to the battery. When fully
charged, it stops charging and sends the current for household usage. It also prevents overloading
of batteries, making them last longer.
ENIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Such radially sustainable structures generate beneficial contributions to the environment issues
like:
1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Fossil fuels supply about 90% of the world’s commercial energy. This has to stop. Such structures
reduce energy need to a minimum by:

24. Not needing central heating and air conditioning.
By generating their own green energy, they contribute to minimize global warming.
2. SEWAGE
The sewage systems in most of the places around the world are inefficient. Normally we don’t separate
gray water from black water and in most places, there ant any water treatment plants, so the potential
grey water which can be further reused within the house is mixed along the black water and is directly
dispatched into the rivers or lakes etc. hence polluting them. Such structures use water in such an efficient
manner that there is no actual discharge of water from the house and so all the water which is being
consumed within the house for various purposes stays inside the house.
3. FOOD CONSUMPTION
Global agriculture uses 60% of the total fresh water in the world. Food production today has to be
technified in order to meet the large demand, resulting in burning fossil fuels, chemicals and pesticides
therefore, emitting greenhouse gases, polluting soil, water and product itself. Moreover, food is regulated
by the economical market making it vulnerable to shifts in market and availability. Such structures
produce food year round reducing expenses in family economy, health risks associated because of
pesticides and contaminants where the food is grown, carbon dioxide emissions by fuel consumption, for
example, transportation of food from long distances.
4. WASTE
Everything we consume is a
potential waste because nothing is
used forever. Some materials no
longer used don’t degrade, but
occupy space and contaminate the
environment in several other ways,
for example, tires. Such materials
when used for construction help to
reduce pollution and also is an
extremely efficient way of
utilizing a potential waste.

25. PROTOTYPE STUDY
Following are the details of a small scaled prototype which I attempted to make at my institute by
using waste cycle tires.
A final prototype of a radially sustainable structure was created by our group. The site area was taken to
be approximately 95 sq. Feet. the building blocks were taken to be waste cycle tires. Each waste tire was
cut into four parts and then stitched up to make them into proper tires of a smaller dimension. Each resulting
tire turned up to be of …mm diameter.
The base for the prototype was made out of bricks so that the model comes up to the eye level. A thick
earth layer was laid up and the foundation for the prototype was set up. The best thing about such structures
is that even in the real-life constructions, intensive soil testing are not requires and one can just simplystart
the construction work by just laying a simple 2-3-layer tire foundation. A cardboard was placed within
each tire and the earth was filled into it in layers and tempered perfectly so that the soil gets well compacted.
Eight tires were places at the back of the house and six at each side. The front of the house was left open
were a wooden frame supporting the roof was placed at the end. Tires were further placed alternatively
over each other so that no center of the tire will coincide with another. A wooden plank representing the
poly-iso thermal insulation sheet was placed approximately 10inch behind the tire wall. The tire wall was
externally binded with the help of the on-site available soil, so that a perfect thermal insulation wrap is
created and a constant temperature is maintained throughout. Twelve such tire layers were placed in order
to complete the wall and a representative can wall was placed over it in order to receive and support the
roof frame.
A partition wall was created inside the structure. Such partitions in a real-time structure are actually utilized
to receive and further circulate all the water from the cistern placed in the backfill into the structure. All
the plumbing works which are carried out of 2inch PVC piper are situated within this partition and the
transmit water throughout the structure to kitchen and bathroom and in any other place required except for
the WC. All the utilized water also known as grey water is again collected with the help of these 2inch
PVC pipes and then send to the indoor botanical cell which is situate in the front façade. The potassium
and nitrates which are present in the gray water are useful for the plant growth and hence are absorbed by
the roots of the plants growing over this botanical cell. The water from this botanical sell the further sent
to the WC with the help of a 3inch PVC pipe located the one end of the botanical cell. The water which
becomes black after flushing is then sent to a septic tank which is situated outside the house where the
solids and liquids are separated and all the left-over water is then used for water in all the outdoor plants.
All the water is completely utilized in this manner and thus no water is waster. All the water which comes
into the property stays within the property itself. Practicing of permaculture both inside and outside the
house makes the environment more serene and lively and also remarkably helps in pollution control.
CHALLENGES FACED
The main issues faced are listed as follows:
 Enough space for construction was not available due to which we had to take up a smaller size for the
prototype and hence we thought of cycle tires.
 The soil had to be transported to the site which was a difficult task due to lack of labor.

26. SECTIONAL MODEL OF THE PROTOTYPE

27. CONCLUSION
Today we are simply adapting our needs to the already existing activities of the planet. Why pipe water
long distances from a centralized community water system, or from an expensive well that needs significant
electrical power, depletes aquifers and lowers the water table, when water fall from the sky? Why have a
corporate or political "middle man" between us and our energy needs? our vessel (home) must be designed
to sail with the forces that exist beyond human control and exploitation.
An understanding of mechanical systems for most humans is limited to what is within reach of their
fingertips. It is understood that when you flip a switch on the wall, a light comes on. when you turn on the
faucet, hot water comes out. When you pull the handle on the toilet, it flushes. Little though is given to
where the electricity comes from or what kind of nuclear waste was produced to generate it. How many of
us even know where the power plant is that supplies our power? Few people ever wonder which water table
is depleted to bring them water and what chemicals have been added to it. Where does the sewage go after
it is flushed and which rivers and lakes are polluted by it?
Humans need comfortable temperatures, light, electricity, hot water, food, sewage treatment, etc. These
necessities are all available within the framework of a certain "rhythm" in such structures. The more we
are able to align our priorities and needs with the prevailing rhythms of the planet, the easier and less
expensive (both in terms of economics and ecology) they will be to obtain.
If our lifestyles can conform more to the patterns of the planet than to our socioeconomic system, we can reduce
the stress on both ourselves and the planet. This is easier said than done due to the "reality" and the "gravity"
of mortgage payments, utility bills and the generally high cost of eating and living. Most of us have no choice.
We have to be places at certain times looking certain ways in order to make the money needed to make those
payments. However, such radially sustainable structures have the ability to produce food round the year
resulting in a great saving in the amount spend in purchasing natural or packed, processed food and also saves
from the negative nutritional impacts generated by them in the present environmental and other conditions.
The condition of our planet tells us we must now begin to take responsibility for what happens beyond the
reach of our fingertips. We must begin to reconsider the source of these utilities, our access to them, and
how we dispose of the waste produced. The mechanical systems of the such radially sustainable structures
confront these issues directly. We call this direct living. Source, access and destination are all contained
within the home, within the reach of our fingertips. There is no mystery involved in the electricity being
received by generation on its own. There is no unknown source of water. There is no magical black hole
that sucks up all our sewage. Instead, we work in harmony with the earth to deal with these issues - taking
what it has to give us directly and giving back what it wants to receive. With this harmony ringing in our
minds we evolve the sustainable Systems.

28. In conclusion, such radially sustainable structures can help our economy and can be beneficial for local,
regional and global problems.