Materi lengkap tentang macam-macam clauses dan sentences bahasa inggris. dilengkapi contoh yang membuat lebih memudahkan pemahaman. Materi presentasi ini diberikan oleh guru saya

1. SENTENCES
AND
CLAUSES

2. AA SSeenntteennccee iiss ddeeffiinneedd::
By Meaning, a sentence is a “complete
thought”
By Function, a sentence consists of a
subject and a predicate
Then…..
A Sentence is a full predication
containing a subject plus a
predicate with a finite verb.

3. CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff SSeenntteenncceess bbyy TTyyppeess
Declarative Sentences (Statements)
In a declarative sentence the subject and predicate
have normal word order. The sentence ends with a
period (called full stop in British English)
- The child ate his dinner.
- John blows a candle.

4. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)
In an interrogative sentence the subject
and the auxiliary are often reversed. The
sentence ends with a question mark in
writing. In spoken language, most Y/N
questions end with a rise pitch; most
interrogative-word questions end with a
fall pitch.
- Did the child eat his dinner?
- What does John blow?

5. Imperative Sentences (Command,
Request)
In an imperative sentence, only the
predicate is expressed. The simple form
of the verb is used, regardless of person
or tense. The imperative sentence ends
with period in writing.
- Eat your dinner.
- Fold the paper.

6. Exclamatory Sentences (Exclamations)
Such sentences begin with an exclamatory phrase
consisting of what or how plus a part of the predicate.
The exclamatory phrase is followed by the subject and
the balance of the predicate.
What is used when a noun terminates the
exclamatory phrase.
- What beautiful hair she has!
How is used when an adjective or adverb
terminates the exclamatory phrase.
- How beautiful she is!
- How beautifully she behaves!

7. CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff SSeenntteenncceess bbyy
NNuummbbeerr ooff FFuullll PPrreeddiiccaattiioonn
 SIMPLE SENTENCES
Such sentences have only one full predication in
the form of an independent clause.
- The man stole the jewelry.
COMPOUND SENTENCES
Such sentences have two or more full
predications in the form of independent clauses.
- The man stole the jewelry and he hid it in
his home.

8. COMPLEX SENTENCES
Such sentences also have two or more
full predications. One of these is an
independent clause (or main clause) that
is similar to the form of the simple
sentence, and one or more of these are
dependent clause (or subordinate clause)
- The man who stole the jewelry hid it in his
home.

9. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
It contains two or more independent
clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
- The man stole the jewelry and he hid it
in his home until he could safely get out
of town.
“The independent clause in all four classes of
sentences may take the form of statement,
question, request, or exclamation.”

10. CCLLAAUUSSEESS
A clause may be defined in the same way as a
sentence: It is a full predication that contains a
subject and a predicate with a finite verb.
There are two kinds of clauses, independent
and dependent.
The independent clause is a full predication that
may stand alone as a sentence.
The dependent clause has a special
introductory word that makes the predication
‘depend’ on an independent clause.

11. IInnddeeppeennddeenntt CCllaauusseess
((iinn ccoommppoouunndd sseenntteenncceess))
Full predications may be joined
coordinately by punctuation alone,
coordinate conjunction, or by conjunctive
adverb.
- John was sick; he didn’t come to school.
- John was sick, so he didn’t come to
school.
- John was sick; therefore, he didn’t come
to school.

12. DDeeppeennddeenntt CCllaauusseess
((iinn CCoommpplleexx SSeenntteenncceess))
In a dependent clause, the full predication is
altered in such a way that the clause must be
attached to another clause, an independent
clause. The alteration may be an added
introductory word (after, before, etc.) or a
change in the form of the subject or object
(who, that, etc.).
There are three types of dependent clauses,
named according to their function in the
sentence.

13. 11.. AAddvveerrbbiiaall CCllaauussee
Most types of adverbial clauses are considered
as modifying the verb of the main clause. A few
types, such as clauses of time or place are
sometimes interpreted as modifiers of the
entire sentences.
Like an adverb, the adverbial clause has three
possible position; initial position, mid position,
or final position.

14. TTyyppeess OOff AAddvveerrbbiiaall CCllaauusseess
aa.. CCllaauusseess ooff TTiimmee
Clauses of Time When(ever) You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
While/whilst While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
since They have become very snobbish since they moved
into their expensive apartment.
before Shut the window before you go out.
after After she finished dinner, she went right to bed.
until Until Mr. Smith got a promotion in our company, I
had never noticed him.
till We’ll do nothing further till we hear from you.
As As he was walking in the park, he noticed a very
pretty girl.
As soon as I’ll go to the post office as soon as I wrap this
package.
As long as You may keep my book as long as you need it.
Once Once she makes up her mind, she never changes it.

15. bb.. CCllaauusseess ooff PPllaaccee
A conjunction of place may consist of an
adverbial compound ending in –where or
–place, with or without ‘that’ following it.
- Repairs will be made wherever (they are)
necessary.
- She lives where the Jacksons used to live.
- They sat down wherever they could find
empty seats.

16. cc.. CCllaauusseess ooff CCoonnttrraasstt
There are two types of clauses of
contrast; concessive and adversative
Concessive clause offers a partial
contrast, it states a reservation that does
not invalidate the truth of the main
clause.
Adversative Clause makes a stronger
contrast that may range all the way to
complete opposition.

17. Concessive Clause
Conjunction: although,
though, even though
- Though he had
always preferred
blondes, he married
a brunette.
Adversative Clause
Conjunction: while,
where, whereas,
when
- While Roy is friendly
with everyone, his
brother makes very
few friends.

18. dd.. CCllaauusseess ooff CCaauussee
because They had to more because their building was to
be torn down.
since Since he couldn’t take his wife with him, he decided
not to go to the conference
as As he was in a hurry, he hailed the nearest cab
now (that) Now ( that ) he’s inherited his father’s money, he
doesn’t have to work any more
whereas
(formal)
Whereas a number of the conditions in the contract
have not been met, our company decided to cancel the
contract.
As long as As long as it’s raining, I won’t go out tonight.
On the ground (that) His application for the job was rejected on the ground
that he had falsified some of the information

19. ee.. CCllaauusseess ooff RReessuulltt
So … that
so – adjective – that
so – adverb – that
She is so emotional that every little thing
upsets her.
She behaved so emotionally that we knew
something terrible had upset her.
Such (a) … that
such a – singular
countable noun
such – plural countable
noun
such – noncountable
noun
This is such an ugly chair that I am going to give it
away.
These are such ugly chairs that I am going to give
them away.
This is such ugly furniture that I am going to give it
away.
So (that) They spent their vacation at the seashore, so
(that) when they came home they were quite tan.

20. ff.. CCllaauusseess ooff PPuurrppoosseess
Conjunction: so, in order that, in the
hope that, to the end that
- The flowers will be delivered at late in the evening so it
will be fresh in the next morning.
- He decided to take a trip around the world in order
that he wanted to learn other cultures.
- They are working night and day in the hope that they
can finish the building on time.
- To the end that justice may be served, the defendant
will be offered every opportunity to establish his
innocence.

21. gg.. CCllaauusseess ooff CCoonnddiittiioonn
if If I see him, I’ll invite him to our party.
Even if Even if I had known about the meeting I couldn’t have
come.
Unless (if … not) Unless it rains, we’ll go to the beach tomorrow.
In the event that In the event that the performance is called off, I’ll let you
know at once.
In case In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management
must be notified at once.
Provided that We will be glad to go with you to the theatre provided
that we can get a baby sitter.
On condition that The company will agree to arbitration on condition that
the strike is called off at once.
If only She would forgive her husband everything if only he would
come back to her.

22. hh.. CCllaauusseess ooff EExxcceeppttiioonn
Except that The building would have already been
finished except that a trucking strike had
delayed delivery of some materials.
But that But that his pistol failed to fire, he would surely be
dead now.
Save that Save that he lapsed into vulgarity every now and
then, he had great appeal to his genteel woman
readers.
Only that This antique vase is in very good condition, only
that there is little crack near the top.
Beyond that The police could get nothing out of the boy
beyond that he had become separated from his
mother in the crowd.
Other than (the
fact) that
Other than (the fact) that he is now in good
financial condition, I have no news to report.

23. ii.. CCllaauusseess ooff MMaannnneerr
As if They all treat him as if he were
a king.
As though He walked around as though he was
in a daze.
as She always does as her husband tells
her.

24. jj.. CCllaauusseess ooff DDeeggrreeee
CCoommppaarriissoonn
As + adj. or adv
…. as
The new machine is just as
efficient as the old one (was).
So + adj. or adv ….
as
The new machine works so
efficiently as the old one (did).
Adj. or adv + -er ….
than
More + adj. or
adv…. than
Less + adj. or adv ….
than
The new machine is more efficient
than the old one (was).

25. kk.. CCllaauusseess ooff PPrrooppoorrttiioonn oorr EExxtteenntt
as As he acquires more power, he becomes more
unscrupulous.
As …. so As you sow, so shall you reap. (proverb)
In proportion as … so In proportion as the value of land increased, so taxes
become higher.
To the extent that The project will succeed only to the extent that each
of us puts his best effort into it.
According as We can earn more or less according as the company
can gives us overtime work.
As (so) far as As (so) far as we can see, he appears satisfied with his
arrangement.
Insofar as Insofar as I understand modern art, I find it very
exciting.
In the degree that You will succeed in the degree that you apply
yourself dilligently.

26. EExxeerrcciissee 11
JJooiinn eeaacchh ooff tthhee ccllaauusseess iinn AA ttoo tthhee aapppprroopprriiaattee
ccllaauussee iinn BB..
A B
1. Come again a. As long as is necessary
2. Wait b. By the time they got back.
3. He went out again c. Just as he was ringing the bell
4. They must go home d. As soon as you can
5. There was nothing left e. After he had finished his dinner
6. He repaired our shoes for us f. Every time I meet her
7. I opened the door g. Since you went to live in London
8. I haven’t heard from you h. The moment he spoke
9. She asks after you i. Before they get too tired
10. I knew who it was j. While we waited.

27. EExxeerrcciissee 22..
CCoommpplleettee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg sseenntteenncceess
1. He was so kind that ….
2. Come a little nearer so that ….
3. I’ll give you some money in case ….
4. Even if things are bad, …..
5. They live such a long way that …
6. He hurriedly back in order that ….
7. I didn’t come any earlier for fear ….
8. He will give his wife more money on condition that
…
9. We’ll leave for our automobile trip tomorrow even if
….
10. Some newspaper have no advertising at all, whereas
….