IDEAL Ph.D. SEMINAR VIVA PPT- CHEMISTRY

Team Pristyn Research Solution
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND STUDY OF ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF
CONDUCTING POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH FLY ASH
- A Ph.D. PRE SUBMISSION SEMINAR-
info@pristynresearch.com
pristynresearch.com
9028839789 9607709586
BY: PRISTYN RESEARCH SOLUTIONS

RESEARCH TITLE:
“SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND STUDY OF ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF
CONDUCTING POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH FLY ASH”
- A Ph.D. PRE SUBMISSION SEMINAR-
ON
DAT
E
25
JAN
2020
SATTURDAY
DAY
TEAM PRISTYN RESEARCH SOLUTIONS,

INTRODUCTION
With Fly Ash.
What
?
WHAT IS FLY ASH?
Fly ash is the finely divided residue
that results from the combustion
of pulverized coal and is
transported from the combustion
chamber by exhaust gases.
 Fly ash is produced by coal-fired electric
and steam generating plants.
WHAT ARE USES OF FLY ASH
There are number of the field
where Fly Ash is utilized like In
construction for production of
Cement , Concrete ,Ceramics.
 Some other applications include in:
 Agricultural Applications
 In waste management
 Biotechnological Applications
 Geotechnical Applications
 Environmental rehabilitation
 Miscellaneous applications
Applicatio
ns
COMPOSITI
ONS
GENERA
TION
PROCES
S
WHAT ARE COMPOSITIONS OF FLY ASH?
Fly Ash is composed of some Elemental
Compositions like SiO2 ,Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO,
MgO ,Na2O, K2O, SO3, P2O5, TiO2. Also some
common compositions like minerals,
elements, glass etc.
HOW FLY ASH IS GENERATED?
Fly ash is produced by coal-fired electric and steam
generating plants. Typically, coal is pulverized and
blown with air into the boiler's combustion
chamber where it immediately ignites, generating
heat and producing a molten mineral residue.
Fly
Ash Production
Process
A DETAIL PRODUCTION PROCES

INTRODUCTION
Synthesis,CharacterizationAndStudyOfElectricalConductivityAnd
ThermogravimetricAnalysisOfConductingPolymerComposites
WithFlyAsh.
AshgeneratIonproceses
Pulverized coal particle containing two or
more mineral matters show some degree
of coalscence during burnout of charge
particles, this coalescence will cause an
increase in size during the transformation
from mineral to ash particle. Coalescence
will modify the mineral chemical
distribution by producing ash particles .
Pyrite, calcite, ankerite and gypsum are the minerals in
power station coals, that loses volatile components as
they transform. This volatile loss changes the chemical
composition and reduces both the mass and the size of
the resulting ash particles.
The main effect of fusion is change in shape from
irregular coal minerals to spherical ash particles. As
fused material separates from the mass of mineral
matter, will result in formation of small ash particles.
The slightly higher K2O and Na2O
concentrations in the ashes probably
result from the capture by ash particles of
alkalis volatilized from burning char
particles, and slightly lower CaO
concentrations probably result from the
loss of some carbonate mineral matter to
Coalescence
Volatile loss
Fusion
Vaporization
and
Condensation

FLY ASH PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION:
WORLDWIDE
About 120 power plants in India depending on coal are generating
112 million tons of fly ash per year this makes India a leading fly ash
production country.
China is the only country, after India to produce fly ash in huge
amount. The overall production and use of fly ash in different
countries is shown in the graph above display.
112
MT
INDIA
UTILIZATION
38%
INTRODUCTION
With Fly Ash.

FLY ASH PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION:
INDIA
India is the leading country in fly ash production, every year it is expanding.
This is because about 155 thermal power plants based on coal are
producing more than 170 MT fly ash in a year.
 Since 1995, in India the manufacturing of fly ash is increasing every year
and it is anticipated to more than 140 MT before 2020.
140
MT
INDIAIN2020
THERMAL
POWERPLANTS
155
INTRODUCTION
With Fly Ash.

Polyaniline is a conducting polymer
It is a polymer of the semi-flexible rod polymer family.
 This polymer has attractive processing properties. Because of its rich
chemistry, polyaniline is one of the most studied conducting polymers
of the past 50 years
INTRODUCTION
With Fly Ash.
Conducting polymers are the organic polymers that conduct electricity,
these are now regarded as an essential class of electronic materials
because of their possible and wide applications in optoelectronic devices,
energy storage systems, sensors for hazardous gases and toxic fumes,
organic light-emitting diodes.
Like polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene.
 Polyaniline.
 Polypyrrole.
 Polythiophene.
Polypyrrole is a type of organic polymer
It is formed by the polymerization of pyrrole.
 PPy and related conductive polymers have two main application in
electronic devices and for chemical sensors. It is yellow but darken in air
due to some oxidation.
Polythiophene is polymerized thiophenes
PTs become conductive when oxidized. The electrical
conductivity results from the delocalization of electrons along
the polymer backbone.
 They are white solids with the formula (C4H2S)n.
0
1
POLYANILINE
0
3
POLYTHIOPHENE
POLYPYRROLE
0
2

AIM & OBJECTIVES
Synthesis, Characterization And Study Of Electrical
Conductivity And Thermogravimetric Analysis Of Conducting
Polymer Composites With Fly Ash.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE
To synthesis of new polymer composites of with fly
ash and to give society recent and new spectral data
on synthesize material.
PROCUREMENT & EVALUATIONS OF
RESEARCH MOLECULE
The study aims includes procurement of Fly
Ash for present research from a Thermal
Power Station (CTPS) and to evaluate for
various characterizations for the
determination of its purity.
PROCUREMENT & EVALUATIONS OF POLYMERS
Where study objective also included systematic
structural study of polyaniline, polypyrrole, and
polythiophene for purity with the help of spectral
methods.
FURTHER STUDY OBJECTIVE IS TO
Determine the IR spectra, XRD and
fluorescence. Thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA),
as well as electrical conductance study of
polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene in
solid states.
ENHANCED INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
After characterization, these polymer
composites would be studied in detail in view
of their applications as electrical
conductors.
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
4
0
5

Procurement of Fly Ash
Characterization of Fly Ash
Material Methods & Results
Synthesis, Characterization & Study Of Electrical Conductivity And
Thermogravimetric Analysis Of Conducting Polymer Composites With Fly Ash.
The Fly ash used in the
present research was
obtained and collected
from Chandrapur Super
Thermal Power Station
(CTPS)
0
1
The Fly ash used in the present
research was evaluated for
various characterizations for
the determination of its purity.
Like:
 Ash content
 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
 X-ray fluorescence
 Scanning Electron Microscopy
 FTIR
0
2
0
1
0
2

Ash content:
For the determination of Ash content, a suitable amount of Fly
ash was taken later it was weighed in a dried porcelain crucible.
Where polymer starts burning in air surround at the
temperatures above 500°C. Later pre-weighed porcelain crucible
was weighed in a desiccator once it got cool. Ash residual in the
crucible was marked as filler and ash content was measured.
FTIR of Fly Ash
The samples for this analysis was prepared by the KBr
tablet method; which required to put the solid sample
admixed with a transparent alkali halide (KBr) in a mold
which was exposed to a holding force to get a clear pill
that permitted its intrusion in the analytical instrument.
The spectral range to characterize this type of material
was between 500 and 4000 cm-1.
The Ash content in the
obtained Fly ash
sample was found to
be 1%.
0
1
0
1
FTIR of Fly Ash

X-ray diffraction (XRD) of Fly Ash:
Powdered fly ash → passed through 325 mesh size →mixture mill to homogenous
→Nickel filter injected in the path of x-ray beam →scanning speed 10200/min. →
displaying the characteristic peaks along with the ‘d’ values in angstrom units and
the corresponding peak intensities of the mineral phases exits in the sample.
X-ray fluorescence of Fly Ash:
Utilized for quick identification of the elemental constituents of fly ash. The
analysis was performed using the X-ray spectrometer operated by a
microcomputer. Excitation radiation generated using chromium tube at
50 Kv and 48 mA. The constituents existing in the fly ash were determined
qualitatively by measuring the wavelengths of characteristic fluorescent
radiation by using continuous scans and the sharp analyzing crystals.
Quantitative determination of the elements in each fly ash was
measured by using the software. The software consists of interactive
programs for the automatic operation of the spectrometer data
collection and analysis.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) of Fly Ash
X-ray fluorescence of Fly Ash
Semi-crystalline landscape of the
material and a crystal structure.
Graph displayed presence of variuos constituetns like
SiO2 ,Al2O3, Fe2O3, Cao, MgO ,Na2O, K2O, SO3, Out
Of higher concentration of the Cao & Na2O.

SEM of Fly Ash:
For the determination of size and morphology → a filter placed on the porous
glass filter →glass filter holder and the cylindrical upper portion clamped in
placed→ A sample of the fly ash was introduced→ the resulting suspension
stirred→ A modest vacuum applied to induce passage of the deposition of
the fly ash as a layer on the surface of the membrane filter. →the filter
assemblage was disassembled → the membrane filter with its layer
removed →fastened to aluminum→ SEM sample stub with several
spots positioned around the perimeter → morphology was recorded.
The image “A” is a secondary
electron image of fly ash and
the “B” is a Backscattered
electron image of fly ash which
revels the morphology of fly ash
sample and a detector identifies
the number of electrons
reflected.
Brighter spots in an image
mean a higher atomic number
than the darker spots.
SEM of Fly Ash
SEM of Fly Ash

SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS /
COMPOSITES WITH FLY ASH
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS /
COMPOSITES WITH FLY
ASH
3
43
LOREM IPSUM
2
1Material Methods & Results
Thermogravimetric Analysis Of Conducting Polymer Composites With Fly
Ash.

0.1 mol of
aniline was
liquified in 1000
ml of 2M HCl to
form polyaniline
(PANI).
Liquification
of Aniline
0.1 mol of
NH42S2O8,added
gradually with constant
stirring, which acts as the
oxidant. Furthermore, the
reaction mixture was
agitated continuously for
alternative 8 hours.
Development of
Reaction mixture
Precipitate dried
out, PANI/FA mixtures
were prepared in 3 wt %
ratio, Where ratio of FA
was diverse as 10%, 20%
& 30% by weight.
PANI/FA
Mixtures
wt% of FA
powder (10%, 20% &
30%) was added to the
PANI solution with
stirring in order to
preserve the FA powder
suspended in the
solution.
Preservation
of FA Powder
The precipitate
fashioned was
collected . Washed &
filtrate with H2O and
dissolved till the filtrate
became colorless.
Precipitate
Collection
These samples
were compelled in
the form of circular
thickness, 0.3 cm
and pellets of
diameter, 0.8 cm for
more analysis.
PANI composites
with fly ash

of Fly Ash
Stirred incessantly at a constant temperature (5°C)
to gain polypyrrole
Aminopropyltriethoxysi
lane
filtered
60 0C for 24
hours
Pyrrole was refined by distillation below condensed pressure
Gained product in situ chemical oxidative polymerization
0.03 M of distilled pyrrole
Processing
Distillation of chemical compound with hydrolith
for 24 hours
alcohol
Ammonium ion peroxodisulfate
Metal p-toluene salt (STS)
circular pellets

01
DISPERSION OF FLY ASH
Fly ash was dispersed in 20 mL of CH3NO2 (solvent) using
an ultrasonicator.
STIRRING & DEVELOPMENT
Obtained solution was added dropwise into a thiophene
(0.4 mL) solution in 10 mL of n-C6H14 and the mixture was
continuously stirred for 24 h.
ADDITION & MIXING
FeCl3 (2.44 g) was added to the dispersion
and mixed thoroughly.
FORMATION OF POLYTHIOPHENE
composites of various weight percentages
of FA to thiophene (10%, 20% and 30%) were
labeled as PTFA10%, PTFA20% and PTFA30%.
CENTRIFUGATION & PURIFICATION
Centrifugation was carried out and washed with ethanol
for purification. powdery composite was dried at 60oC for
24 h.
02
0304
05

0
4
TGA
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS
0
2
FTIR
FOURIER-TRANSFORM
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
0
3
SEM
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
0
1
XRD X-RAY DIFFRACTION
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYANILINE
COMPOSITES WITH FLY ASH
prepared & Synthesized polymers from Fly Ash
were evaluated for various evaluations along with
some analytical Characterization for there
confirmation & Purity. Characterized composites
were:
 Polyaniline.
 Polypyrrole.
 Polythiophene
A common routine procedures and instruments
was utilized for all the composites with little
variation depending upon their characteristics.
Evaluation techniques were:
Synthesis, Characterization & Study Of Electrical Conductivity
And Thermogravimetric Analysis Of Conducting Polymer
Composites With Fly Ash.

Characterization of polyaniline
composites with fly ash :
XRD
X-ray diffraction pattern of PANI–FA composites with
different concentrations.
Pure PANI displays a distinctive XRD peak at 2θ =
25.9°, that resembles the emeraldine salt (ES-I)
phase of the polymer. Crystalline phases of
alumina oxide (Al2O3), quartz (SiO2), and mullite
(3Al2O3 · 2SiO2). The PANI–FA composites at 10%,
20%, and 30% blending illustrate a sharp peak at 2θ
= 26.6°, 27.2°, and 27.9° respectively.

FTIR
The FTIR spectra of PANI with different
concentrations of FA
The FTIR spectrum of pure aniline shows the broadening in
individual peaks ranges 1275-7578 cm−1. This is related to N-H
extending the vibration of PANI. The decrease in the
broadening of FTIR bands in the range 1459-7092 cm−1 was
due to covalent and hydrogen bonding between–NH2 and –
OH group of PANI and FA respectively. Further, the
characteristic peaks detected at the spectrum of PANI are
due to the quinoid ring interest at 1635 and 1159 cm–1.

 The image of FA in figure with Pure PANI
consists of abundant spherical particles
with the plane and smooth texture.
These particles could be oxides of
calcium and silicon.
 it is also evident that granularity rises
with an accumulation of FA in PANI.
 in the complex with 10 wt% FA, the
grains are much larger than the scale in
the SEM, i.e., 20 µm, whereas in the
merged with 30 wt% FA, the size series
from a few microns to nearby 10 µm.
 SEM of PANI + 10 wt% FA illustrates
nonuniform and porous surfaces. The
PANI-FLYASH composites in figure with
PANI + 20 wt% FA demonstrate with the
spherical structure are detained among
the porous surfaces of PANI.
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut
enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation.
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod .
adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod.
10000X, 20kV, 15mmSEM pictures of Pure PANI
10000X, 20kV, 15mm SEM pictures of 10% PANI + FA
10000X, 20kV, 15mm SEM pictures of 20% PANI + FA
10000X, 20kV, 15mm SEM image of 30% PANI + FA
SEM

Thermogravimetric Analysis
Thermogravimetric curves attained in air atmosphere at 10
°C min–1 for: FA; 10% PANI + FA, 20% PANI + FA, 30% PANI + FA
The steady weight loss detected for the PANI/FA
samples in the temperature range 80–450°C is
accredited to the removal of adsorbed water (up to
30%) from both the polymer and oxide surface and acid
dopant. Further, the decrease is also attributed to the
interface of PANI with metal oxides such as Ti-O-Ti,
Al2O3, and SiO2 present in FA. The thermogram of PANI
indicated well-differentiated behaviour noticeable by a
durable weight loss in the temperature range 470–
600°C are detected for PANI/FA and PANI complexes.

Characterization of Polypyrrole
XRD
X-ray diffraction pattern of Polypyrrole–FA
complexes with diverse concentrations.
Polypyrrole has a comprehensive peak at about
2θ = 25°. This is shown as the typical peak of the
amorphous polypyrrole. The diffractogram
exhibited the semi-crystalline behavior of the
complex. This TGA thermogram shows
respectable thermal stability of the PPY-FA
complex as associated with pure polypyrrole.

FTIR
The Fourier transform infrared spectra of Polypyrrole–
FA composites with different concentrations: (a)=Flys
Ash, (b)=PPY10%+F.A, (c)=PPY20%+F.A, (d)=PPY30%+F.A
The characteristic bands observed at 1620 cm−1 and 2842
cm−1 in Polypyrrole are allocated respectively to the non-
symmetric trembling manner of C=C in benzenoid and
quinoid ring system in polypyrrole. The IR spectra of
Polypyrrole composite in presence of FA exhibit new peaks
distinctly at 3244, 3449 and 3617 cm– 1 which might be
allocated to the occurrence of numerous metal oxides in
the composite. This peak can correspond to the internal
SiO4 tetrahedra, particularly the Si-O-Si chain structure.

 A very high enlargement reveals the
homogeneous spreading of FA
(cenosphere) particles. It is seen from
the micrograph that granular and cluster
structure of polypyrrole is preserved
even after the accumulation of FA in
polypyrrole. Hence, a system of granular
polypyrrole and FA has been designed in
the case of composites.
 It is perceived from the micrograph that
cluster and granular structure of
polypyrrole is preserved even after the
addition of FA in polypyrrole. Hence, a
system of FA and granular polypyrrole
has been designed in case of complexes.
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut
enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud
exercitation.
incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod .
adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod.
10000X, 20kV, 15mm SEM pictures of Pure Polypyrrole
10000X, 20kV, 15mm SEM pictures of 10% PPY + FA
SEM

Thermogravimetric curves gained in air atmosphere at 10 °C min–
1 for: FA; PPY + 10 wt% FA, PPY + 20 wt% FA, PPY + 30 wt%
FA is stable within the vary from temperature to 700°C
and once incorporated in polypyrrole, restricts the
thermal motion of the polypyrrole chains and shields
the degradation of the chemical compound. the load
loss for polypyrrole and PPy-FA composite (10%, 20%,
and 30%) at 700ºC is found to be 84% and 56%, 42% and
23%, respectively.

Characterization of Polythiophene
XRD
XRD patterns of (a) FA, (b) PTh, (c) PTFA10%, (d)
PTFA20% and (e) PTFA30% composite
XRD patterns of (a) FA, (b) PTh, (c) PTFA10%, (d)
PTFA20% and (e) PTFA30% composite. Pure PTh
exhibit a weak and broad diffraction peak at
2θ=24.650, which indicates that the PTh is
amorphous in nature. For the PTFA10% composite,
the peak at 11.450 has shifted to 11.65 with a
significant decrease in peak intensity.

FTIR
FTIR spectra of (a) pure PTh, (b) FA, (c) PThFA10%, (d)
PThFA20% and (e) PThFA30% composite.
In the FTIR spectra of PTh (Figure (a)), peaks at 1549, 1465,
and 3460 cm-1 are associated with the C-C, C-N, and N-H
stretching vibration in the pyrrole ring. The peaks located at
2920 and 2831 cm-1 are designated as the asymmetric
stretching and symmetric vibrations of CH2. In the FTIR
spectrum of FA (Figure (b)), the broad peak at 3409 cm-1
and a peak at 1719 cm-1 can be assigned to O-H stretching
vibration and the carbonyl (C=O) stretching respectively.

 A layered structure of individual FA sheets with a
lateral dimension of few micrometers is observed
in the TEM image of Figure (a). The TEM image of
PTFA10% (Figure (b)) shows a crumpled and
agglomerated sheet-like structure with hundreds
of nanometers. The wrinkled structure observed in
the TEM image of PTFA10% sheets is due to the
rapid removal of intercalated functional groups in
graphitic oxide during exfoliation.
 The TEM image of the PTFA20% composite (Figure
(c)) shows some fiber-like structures of PTh which
are decorated at the surface of the FA sheets. It
confirms the formation ordered PTh chain on the
surface of the FA sheets.
 From the TEM image of PTFA30% composite,
(Figure (d)) it is observed that the exfoliated FA
sheets are decorated by PTh nanoparticles, leading
to the formation of well-dispersed composite
sheets.
TEM images of (a) FA, (b) PTh, (c) FA/PTh, (d) PTFA10%, (e) PTFA20% and
(f) PTFA30%composite.
TEM

TGA curves of (a) PTh, (b) PTFA10%, (c) PTFA20%, (d)
PTFA30% composite and (e) FA
The TGA curve of pure PTh (Figure (a)) shows that PTh
is stable up to 2000C and then major degradation starts
at 240o C which is due to the thermal decomposition of
PTh. In the composites, major degradation starts at
higher temperatures (248-2600C) compared to pure
PTh. Further it is observed that the weight retention
value of the PTh/FA (3 wt.%) composite increases upto
19% on incorporation of FA compared to pure PTh which
shows only 4% weight retention value at 6000C.

SUMMARY
With Fly Ash.
SUMMARY
This research has created a booming effort towards
the higher utility of fly ash, which is taken into account
to be associate degree conservation waste. These
composites could become promising candidates for
progressive materials to be employed in the high-
technology industries within the future. additionally,
these materials will cut back the value thanks to the
usage of FA.
Higher Utility
Of F.A
S
T
F
B
SYNTHESIZED THE POLYMER
Present research successfully
synthesized the polymer
composites i.e. polyaniline-fly ash
(PANI-FA), polypyrrole-fly ash
(PPY-FA) and polythiophene-fly-
ash (PTh-FA).
NEW COMPOSITES
The FTIR spectra confirm the
formation of new composites
whose spectral properties do
not resemble either PANI or
PPY or FA, which were used for
the preparation of the
composites.
THERMAL DEGRADATION
Considerable enhancement of
degradation temperature (50°C) is
noticed for the PPy-fly ash
composite which is attributed
owing to the occurrence of fly ash
particles as filler in the
polypyrrole medium.
HIGHER UTILITY OF FA
These composites could
become promising candidates
for progressive materials to be
employed in the high-
technology industries within
the future.
Successfully synthesized
the polymer They are
used in the study in
three weight
percentages (10%, 20%,
and 30%).
TGA reveals that the
corresponding weight
loss in PANI-FA, PPY-
FA, and PTh-FA
composites represent
Thermal degradation
of the polymer.
Formation of
new composites
Booming effort
towards the
higher utility of
fly ash

CONCLUSION
1
2
3
4
5
6
ALTERNATIVE USES
Understanding the coal formation and
combustion processes provided both a
background and basis for the
alternative uses of the resultant fly
ash. Fly ash, although posing
environmental pollution, it is an
important raw material for various
applications.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
The unburned carbon in fly ash plays an important role
for adsorption and converted to activated carbon,
which will enhance the adsorption capacity. There
should be a greater emphasis on the development of
new technology for efficient utilization of fly ash.
IN SITU POLYMERIZATION
The current study has successfully
synthesized the PANI–FA and
pyrolle-FA composites by in situ
polymerization with different ratios
of polyaniline and polypyrolle to FA.
BEST SUITED CONDUCTING POLYMER
Conclusively, it can be stated that the generated composites
of fly ash i.e. polyaniline and polypyrrole are best suited as
conducting polymer because of their excellent electrical and
thermal properties.
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
Fly ash utilization program
must be extensively taken up
covering various aspects at
different level to minimize the
environmental pollution.
NEW CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW
POLYMER
Significant efforts have been made for the new
characterization of new polymer composites of
polyaniline and polypyrrole with fly ash by
thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron
microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR
spectroscopy.

Another versatile space from the technological
purpose of reading is that the studies on
composites containing conducting compounds
associate degreed an inert polymer matrix.
However, still, additional analysis is required to
establish their immense usage.
Further, these materials have huge potential for
specialized applications in Space and Aeronautics.
Polyaniline and Polypyrrole family of composites
have garnered much attention worldwide due to
their high environmental stability, low cost, and
lightweight.
Polyaniline and Polypyrrole fly
ash composites have several
potential applications in sensors,
electronic devices, photovoltaic
devices, electroluminescence,
molecular electronics,
fabrication of amplifier circuits
and capacitors, in microwave
absorbing materials due to their
low dielectric loss.
 They can also act as a catalyst
supporting low conducting
coatings for top voltage
transmission cables and for
the anodal protection of steel
against corrosion. Moreover,
there's terribly nice potential
to use them within the just
about undiscovered medical
specialty applications
The advents of conducting
polymers represent one of
the most important industrial
revolutions of the 21st
century. Conducting
polymers is becoming
increasingly important for a
variety of applications. These
newly developed materials
will not only replace metals
in several areas but will also
become part of daily
electronic appliances.
Future scope
With Fly Ash

Publication Jurnal : JTJRS
ISSN: 0374-8588
UGC-CARE List Group: Group D
Impact Factor: 4.3
RESEARCH PAPER
Publication Jurnal : JTJRS
ISSN: 0374-8588
UGC-CARE List Group: Group D
Impact Factor: 4.3
REVIEW PAPER
PUBLICATIONS
Web Link: http://gujaratresearchsociety.in/index.php/JGRS/article/view/1811

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND STUDY
OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF
CONDUCTING POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH
FLY ASH
Abstract
Fly ash or flue ash, also known as pulverized fuel ash, is a coal
combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles
of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the
flue gases. The composite materials of fly ash have a good characteristic
of withstanding wear resistance, hardness and tensile strength. Due to
less weight and good strength, composite materials perform an essential
role in the engineering field. Conducting polymer composites of
polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and polyethylene dioxythiophene
with different dielectrics and fly ash can be synthesized by various
methods. These composites of conducting polymer have extended their
sphere and presently finding their usage in Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI) shielding technology. Current research deals with the study of
synthesis and electrical conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis of
conductive polymer composites (polyaniline and polypyrrole) with fly
ash. Clean and pure fly ash procured from Chandrapur super thermal
power station was characterized for Ash content, X-ray diffraction, X-ray
fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy later used for the synthesis of polyaniline and
polypyrrole composites. The fly ash composites were tested for X-ray
diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of developed
composites of fly ash demonstrated that the composites have good
electrical and thermal conductivity with fly ash.
FLY ASH: CURRENT INDIAN AND
WORLDWIDE SCENARIO
Abstract
Fly ash is a fine gray powder comprising typically glassy and
spherical particles that are formed as a byproduct of coal-fired
power station. It consists of many minerals (quartz, kaolinite etc.),
elements (P, K, Cu, Mg, Mn, etc.), crystalline phases (gypsum,
aluminum oxide, iron, etc.), and is a cheap material having typical
applications in various areas: cement production, concrete, ceramics,
agriculture, waste management, and environmental rehabilitation
etc. It is a valuable material produced largely in Thermal Power
Stations (TPS). Every year the fly ash production in India is growing
this is because of the increasing number of power stations.
According to a report, more than 155 thermal power stations are
currently producing more than 170 million tons fly ash this is because
the generated fly ash at NTPC stations is widely used in the
production of concrete products, cement, and cellular concrete
products, bricks, blocks and tiles etc. Current review deals with the
worldwide production and utilization of Fly ash also in India and in
Indian states. The objective behind paper is to focus on commercial
interest of industries and Indian regulations with initiatives on fly
ash utilization, redefines the Ash generation process also provides
the unique static on patents filed in US on it
Abstracts
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IDEAL Ph.D. SEMINAR VIVA PPT- CHEMISTRY