This document summarizes a minor project on developing an improved fault location system for railway distribution systems using superimposed signals. The system aims to identify fault locations more quickly and accurately. It is divided into three parts: equipment to inject and detect fault signals, a wireless communication subsystem, and a working principle. The principle injects a locating signal at a substation and traces it to determine the fault point for single-line-to-ground faults. It can also locate more complex non-single-line-to-ground faults using a similar approach. The proposed fault location system seeks to enhance reliability and reduce fault fixing time for railway power infrastructure.

1. MINOR PROJECT ON
Improved Fault-Location System for Railway
Distribution System Using Superimposed Signal
Guidance Under Dr. Shabana Urooj
UNDER-TAKEN BY:
Anjali wadhwani (11/IEE/003)
Dikshant (11/IEE/032)
Imtiyaz alam (11/IEE/045)
Jai bhim (11/IEE048)

2. ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION BY RAILWAY
 Around 2.5 percent of the country’s total electricity consumption
 Demand for electricity will grow by seven percent annually
 In 2020 energy demand is projected 37,500 million kWh.
 Electrified Route constitutes 31.33 percent of the total Railway
Network

3. POWER SUPPLY
 Indian Railways purchase power from various Electricity boards and other Electric
Supply Authorities.
 30 billion units per year of electricity is consumed.
 out of which 10.4 billion units per year are used for electric traction purpose.
 Indian Railways pays over Rs. 5,000 crores every year.
 about 20 percent of total revenue budget .

4. INTRODUCTION
 It is neutral non-effectively grounded medium-voltage network.
 Based on tracing the superimposed signal.
 It is able to identify the fault location in a fast and accurate way.
 improved by employing the inject and fault-current detect sensor
(IFCDS) to trace the fault signal and wireless to transmit detect
information.

5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS
 Single line to ground fault
 Short circuit fault
 Non single-line-to-ground fault

6. AN EFFECTIVE FAULT-LOCATION
TECHNIQUE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
 An apparent impedance-based scheme
 The traveling-wave-based scheme
 An artificial-intelligence (AI)-based scheme
 Circuit tracing with a superimposed signal

7. FAULT LOCATION METHOD BASED ON
TRAVELLING WAVES
 It has better accuracy than impedance method.
 Widely used in microprocessor based relays and fault recorders.
 It calculates distance to fault by measuring traveling time of a surge from fault to bus
bar.
 Free from influences of fault resistance, line structures, transducers errors, etc.
 Installed in AC and DC power system.

8. AN ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE (AI)-
BASED SCHEME
 An accurate fault distance and direction estimation based on application of artificial
neural networks for protection of doubly fed transmission lines.
 Uses the voltage and current available at only the local end of line.
 Adaptive to the variation of fault location, fault inception angle and fault resistance.

9. CIRCUIT TRACING WITH A
SUPERIMPOSED SIGNAL
 Mainly aims at locating a single-line-to-ground fault in a neutral non-effectively
grounded system, because of low fault current.
 Through superimposing a locating signal and tracing it, the fault point can be
determined.
 For CTL fault location, the circuit tracing scheme is preferred.
 Also called S-injection method.

10. ADVANTAGES
 Simple principle
 High reliability
 Fast location speed (usually less than 15 min)
 High accuracy (location error is less than 0.5 km).

11. PROPOSED FAULT-LOCATION SYSTEM RDN-FLS

12.  The architecture is shown in Fig.
 For introducing conveniently, the system is divided into three parts
(1) equipment
(2) communication subsystem
(3) work principle.

13. PRINCIPLE OF SINGLE-LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT
LOCATION

14. PRINCIPLE OF THE NONSINGLE-LINE-TO-GROUND
FAULT LOCATION

15. THANK
YOU