We hear the term “greenhouse gas” a lot—but what is it? Humans add various gases to the earth’s atmosphere every day; these gases (known as “greenhouse gases”) consist primarily of carbon dioxide, ozone, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and methane, and tend to warm the earth. Trees help counter greenhouse gas production during photosynthesis, by taking in carbon dioxide as waste material and producing oxygen, which of course we all need to survive. Scientists predict that the daily addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, combined with daily removal of large portions of the world’s forests, will raise the earth’s average temperature by several degrees in the next century. This in turn will raise the level of the sea and potentially create significant changes in weather patterns on a global scale. As we move into the future, many climatologists expect that most of the United States will warm. What we do not know yet is how to scientifically predict which parts of the nation will become wetter or drier. We do know there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, and more intense weather systems, in the form of violent rainstorms, blizzards and sun-baked, drier soils.

1. GLOBAL
WARMING—
FACTS AND
PREDICTIONS
We hear the term “greenhouse gas” a lot—but what is it? Humans add various gases to the earth’s
atmosphere every day; these gases (known as “greenhouse gases”) consist primarily of carbon dioxide,
ozone, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and methane, and tend to warm the earth. Trees help counter
greenhouse gas production during photosynthesis, by taking in carbon dioxide as waste material and
producing oxygen, which of course we all need to survive. Scientists predict that the daily addition of
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, combined with daily removal of large portions of the world’s
forests, will raise the earth’s average temperature by several degrees in the next century. This in turn will
raise the level of the sea and potentially create significant changes in weather patterns on a global scale.
As we move into the future, many climatologists expect that most of the United States will warm. What
we do not know yet is how to scientifically predict which parts of the nation will become wetter or drier.
We do know there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, and
more intense weather systems, in the form of violent rainstorms, blizzards and sun-baked, drier soils.
The Facts—What Do We Already Know About Changing Global Conditions (Global Warming)?
• Global temperatures are rising. Observations collected over the last century suggest that the average
land surface temperature has risen 0.45-0.6°C (0.8-1.0°F) in the last century.
• Precipitation has increased by about 1 percent over the world's continents in the last century, with
more rain in high latitudes and less rain in many tropical areas.
• Sea levels have risen approximately 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) worldwide in the last century, due to
melting mountain glaciers and ocean expansion from warmer ocean temperatures.
The Future—What Predictions Can We Make About Climate Change and Global Warming?
• Rising global temperatures are expected to further raise sea level, and change precipitation and other
local climate conditions.
• Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.
• In the next century, the projected 2°C (3.6°F) warming could shift the ideal range of many North
American forest tree species by about 300 km (200 mi.) to the north.
• Climate change could change grazing activities on western rangeland habitats due to shifts in water
availability and plant compositions.
• Human and animal health will be affected by more heat-related deaths. There will be increases in
"vector-borne" diseases such as plague, malaria, encephalitis, and yellow fever.

2. • Loss of habitat may affect populations of many types of wildlife, including birds, reptiles, mammals,
fish and sea life. Increased rates of extinction are expected.
• Agricultural crops could be affected in a variety of ways due to changes in rainfall and temperatures.
Farming and ranching will require adaptation to new crops or new agricultural practices in the face of
climate change.
WHAT CAN YOU DO AT HOME TO HELP PREVENT GLOBAL WARMING & A CHANGE IN CLIMATE
 Plant native trees around your homes and businesses.
 Replace your home's refrigerator with a high-efficiency model.
 Buy products in reusable or recyclable packaging.
 Replace your washing machine with a low-energy, low-water use machine.
 Install a solar thermal system to help provide your hot water.
 Recycle all of your home's waste newspapers, cardboard, glass, and metal.
 Leave your car at home two days a week (walk, bike, vanpool, or take the bus).
 Insulate your home, tune up your furnace, and install energy-efficient showerheads.
…The Number One Thing You Can Do To Help Prevent Global Warming Is…
 Buy a fuel-efficient car (rated at 32 mpg or more) to replace your family’s most used vehicle.

3. Carbon Dioxide, Global Warming and Air Pollution
Some people think carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere are too high. They are afraid the Earth's
temperature will rise, making our lives less healthy. The World Resources Institute in Washington, D.C.,
says electric utility companies, industries, businesses, homes, and transportation are the major reasons
that carbon dioxide levels build up in our atmosphere.
In this experiment1
, you will:
 Observe the effects of carbon dioxide gas.
 Test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
 Compare concentrations of carbon dioxide gas.
 Recognize that high levels of carbon dioxide gas are unhealthy to people & animals.
Break into small groups. Each group will need to gather the following materials:
♦ Matches ♦ Baking soda
♦ Vinegar ♦ One Candle (that can stand on its own)
♦ A Drinking straw ♦ A Round balloon
♦ Two clear narrow glasses or beakers
During the day, the sun's light causes particles in the atmosphere to move rapidly, creating heat due to
friction. Normally, heat is given off from the planet by long infrared rays that travel through the Earth’s
atmosphere and discharge deep into space. With increased levels of carbon dioxide, the trapped heat
cannot escape because the infrared waves are too large. This causes a rise in the atmospheric
temperature on Earth known as the greenhouse effect. Some scientists fear that a significant rise in
temperature will disrupt weather patterns, cause polar icecaps to melt, and release more water into the
ocean. This increase in water level could cause at least two things to happen, including:
a) A diluting (lowering) of the ocean's saline (salt) concentrations, which would threaten marine species,
b) Flooding of coastal areas that border the oceans, where much of the world’s populations live.
Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere build as more trees are lost to overly zealous forestry
practices. As more trees, which take up and absorb carbon dioxide, are lost, coupled with the increased
production of carbon dioxide by the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, wood) in power plants, machinery,
automobiles and fireplaces, carbon dioxide buildup is compounded.
Experiment: (1) Light the candle; (2) Mix vinegar and baking soda in a glass or beaker;
(3) Tilt the glass or beaker over the burning candle.(Do not let the liquid run out).
What happens?2
(4) Insert the straw into the neck of the balloon; (5) Mix vinegar and baking soda again;
(6) Put the straw (attached to the balloon) in the space above the vinegar and baking soda.
What happens this time?3
What is the name of the gas that people and animals exhale?4
What gas goes into the air/atmosphere when we run automobiles, fireplaces or power plants?5
1
Adapted from “Heating Up the Planet” Environmental Issues, a Teacher Created Material by Cheryl Hubley-
Moore, University of Texas at El Paso, 1995.
22
The flame goes out. The carbon dioxide replaces the oxygen near the flame. The flame needs oxygen to burn.
3
The balloon inflates, just like the atmosphere fills with carbon dioxide.
4
Carbon dioxide.

4. Think of ways people can decrease the amount of carbon dioxide going into the air (without
stopping breathing of course!!).
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