Physical and cognitive changes occur during middle and late childhood. Children's motor skills improve and their brains develop advanced cognitive abilities. Health problems can emerge, and disabilities require specialized educational approaches. Socioemotionally, children's sense of self develops as does their understanding of others and ability to regulate emotions. Relationships with parents, peers, and teachers are also important influences during this stage.

1. Middle and
Late
Childhood
Atikah Nuzuli C.N. (202210440211002)
Evi (202210442200516)

2. PHYSICAL AND
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT IN
MIDDLE
AND LATE CHILDHOOD

3. Physical Changes and Health
These advances in the
prefrontal cortex are linked to
children’s improved
attention, reasoning, and
cognitive control
children’s motor skills become much
smoother
and more coordinated than they were
in early childhood.
The Brain
Motor
Development
Exercise
exercise is linked to children’s
cognitive development
Body Growth
and Change
The weight increase is
due mainly to increases in the size
of the skeletal and muscular
systems, as well as the size of
some body organs.
Health,
Illness, and
Disease
many children in middle and late
childhood face health
problems that harm their development
Ex: Accidents and Injuries, Overweight
Children, Cardiovascular Disease, etc.

4. Children With Disabilities
THE SCOPE OF DISABILITIES EDUCATIONAL ISSUES
• Learning Disabilities
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD)
• Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
• Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Until the 1970s most U.S. public schools
either refused enrollment to children with
disabilities
• In 1990, Public Law 94-142 was recast
as the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA).
• An individualized education plan (IEP) is
a written statement that spells out a
program that is specifically tailored for the
student with a disability. The least
restrictive environment (LRE) is a setting
that is as similar as possible to the one in
which children who do not have a
disability are educated. This provision of
the IDEA has given a legal basis to
efforts to educate children with a
disability in the regular classroom. The
term inclusion describes educating a
child with special education needs full-
time in the regular classroom

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Cognitive Changes
Piaget’s Cognitive
Developmental
Theory
Information
Processing
Intelligence Extremes of
Intelligence
The Concrete Operational Stage
Other changes in information processing
during middle and late childhood involve
memory, thinking, and metacognition.
there are eight types
of intelligence:
• Verbal
• Mathematical
• Spatial
• Bodily-
kinesthetic
• Musical
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Naturalist
Mental Retardation:
• Organic retardation
• Cultural-familial retardation

6. Language Development
• whole-language approach
• phonics approach
Vocabulary, Grammar,
and Metalinguistic
Awareness
During middle and late childhood,
changes occur in the way children’s
mental vocabulary is organized,
Children’s vocabulary increases from
an average of about 14,000 words at
age 6 to an average of about 40,000
words by age 11.
Writing
As they begin to write, children
often invent spellings. As their
language and cognitive skills
improve with good instruction,
so will their writing skills.
Reading
Bilingualism and Second
Language Learning
if individuals did not learn a
second language prior to
puberty they would
never reach native-language
learners’ proficiency in the
second language

7. Socioemotional
Development in
Middle and
Late Childhood

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04
Emotional and Personality
Development
The Self
• The Development of Self-Understanding
• Understanding Others
• Self-Esteem and Self-Concept
strategies for effectively increasing children’s
self-esteem:
• Self-Efficacy
• Self-Regulation
• Industry Versus Inferiority
EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
• Developmental Changes
• Coping With Stress
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Developmental changes in emotion
include increased understanding of
complex emotions such as pride and
shame
Gender
• Physical Development
• Cognitive Development
• Socioemotional Development

9. MORAL DEVELOPMENT
KOHLBERG’S THREE LEVELS AND SIX STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

10. Developmental
Changes in
Parent-Child
Relationship
• During middle and late
childhood, some control is
transferred from parent to child
• A key developmental task as
children move toward autonomy
is learning to relate to adults
outside the family on a regular
basis—adults who interact with
the child much differently than
parents
Parents as
Managers
families
• Parents can play important
roles as managers of
children’s opportunities, as
monitors of their behavior,
and as social initiators and
arrangers
Stepfamilies
• The adjustment problems
are similar to those found
among children of divorced
parents—academic problems
and lower self esteem

11. Peers
• Popular children
• Average children
• Neglected children
• Rejected children
• Controversial children
• thoughts about
social matters
• Kenneth Dodge (1983) argues that
children go through five steps in
processing information about their
social world. They decode social cues,
interpret, search for
a response, select an optimal response,
and enact.
Peer Status
Social Cognition
Bullying
• bullying was defined as
verbal or physical behavior
intended to disturb
someone less powerful
• Researchers have found that
anxious, socially withdrawn,
and aggressive children are
often the victims of bullying
(Hanish & Guerra, 2004).
Developmental
Changes
As children move
through middle and late
childhood, the size of their peer
group increases, and peer
interaction is less closely
supervised by adults
Friends
children’s friendships can serve
six functions (Gottman &
Parker, 1987):
• Companionship
• Stimulation
• Physical support
• Ego support
• Social comparison
• Affection and intimacy.

12. Schools
Contemporary
Approaches to
Student
Learning
• Constructivist and
Direct Instruction
Approaches
• Accountability
Socioeconomic
Status
Ethnicity, and
Culture
• The Education of
Students from
Low-Income
Backgrounds
• Ethnicity in
Schools
• Cross-Cultural
Comparisons