Vmware seminar_report

VMware Virtualization
A SEMINAR REPORT
submitted to
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
by
ASHWANI KUMAR
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
KOCHI- 682 022
KERALA | INDIA.
November - 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank GOD almighty for guiding me throughout the seminar. I would like to thank
all those who have contributed to the completion of the seminar and helped me with
valuable suggestion for the improvement.
I am extremely grateful to Dr. Shelbi Joseph, Head Dept. of Information
Technology for his constant support and morale boosting. I am highly indebted to
Dr. Binsu C. Kovoor, our course coordinator and Assistant Professor, Dept. of
Information Technology and Seminar Guide Ms. Shani Sivadasan Lecturer,
Division of Information Technology for all help and support extend to me. I thank all
Staff members of my college and friends for extending their co-operation during my
seminar. Above all I would like to thank my parents without whose blessings, I
would not have been able to accomplish my goal.
ASHWANI KUMAR

DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “VMware Virtualization”
submitted by ASHWANI KUMAR (14140018) to the Cochin University of
Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala in partial fulfillment for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology is a bona-fide
record of the seminar work carried out by him under my supervision during July
2016 to November 2016.
Dr. Shelbi Joseph Dr. Binsu C. Kovoor
Head Ms. Shani Sivdasan
Div. of Information Technology (Seminar Guide)

ABSTRACT
VMware pioneered x86-based Virtualization in 1998 and continues to be the innovator
in that market, providing the fundamental Virtualization technologies for all leading
x86-based hardware suppliers. The company offers a variety of software-based
partitioning approaches, utilizing both hosted (Workstation and VMware Server) and
hypervisor (ESX Server) architectures.
VMware virtual machine (VM) approach creates a uniform hardware image-platform,
also VMware’s Virtual Centre provides management and provisioning of virtual
machines, continuous workload consolidation across physical servers and VMotionTM
technology for virtual machine mobility.
Virtual Center is virtual infrastructure management software that centrally manages an
enterprise virtual machines as a single, logical pool of resources. With Virtual Centre,
an administrator can manage thousands of Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows
2003, Linux and NetWare servers from a single point of control.
Keywords: VM – Virtual Machine, ESX – Hypervisor Server, VMotion – Virtual
Motion Technology.
.

CONTENTS
Topics Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………………… i
CERTIFICATE………….. ………………………………………………………………… ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………………iii
CONTENTS……………... ………………………………………………………………… iv
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………….v
CHAPTER – 1 VIRTUALIZATION OVERVIEW
1.1 What is Virtualization ………………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 How does Virtualization Work ……………………………………………………………………….2
1.2 Virtualization Benefits ……...………………………………………………………………………...3
CHAPTER – 2 HISTORY OF VIRTUALIZATION
2.1 Traditional Approach and today……………………….….…………………………………………...5
2.2 Why Virtualization …………………………………………………………………………………….6
CHAPTER – 3 VIRTUAL MACHINE & HYPERVISOR
3.1 Virtual Machine ……………...…………………………...…………………………………………...8
3.2 Techniques Used ……………………………………………………………………………………….11
CHAPTER – 4 CLASSIFICATION…………………………………………………………...12
CHAPTER – 5 PLATFORM VIRTUALIZATION………………………………………….13
CHAPTER – 6 RESOURCE VIRTUALIZATION…………………………………………...16
CHAPTER – 7 CLUSTER & GRID COMPUTING ………...………………………………18
CHAPTER – 8 APPLICATION VIRTUALIZATION...…………...………………………...20
CHAPTER – 9 CROSS PLATFORM VIRTUALIZATION….……………...………………22
CHAPTER – 10 DESKTOP VIRTUALIZATION …………….……………………………..23
CHAPTER – 11 VIRTUALIZATION SOFTWARES …….……………...………………….24
CONCLUSION……………………………………...……………...…………………………..26
REFERENCES……………………………………….…………………...……………………27

LIST OF FIGURES
Title Page
1. Virtual Machine …………………………………………………………………………. 1
2. VMware Virtual Machine ………………………………………………………………. 3
3. Virtual Infrastructure ……………………………………………………………………. 4
4. Connectix Virtual PC Version ……...……………………………………………………. 8
5. VMware Workstation Running on Ubuntu……………………………………………….10
6. VMware Workstation Running on Windows……………………………………………. 13
7. A Cluster of Computers …………………...…………………………………………….18
8. VMware Workstation Screen Shot ……………………………...……………………..24
8. Snapshot Manager in Vmware Workstation ……………………...…………………….24

1. Introduction
Virtualization is a proven software technology that is rapidly transforming the IT
landscape and fundamentally changing the way that people compute. Today’s powerful
x86 computer hardware was designed to run a single operating system and a single
application. This leaves most machines vastly underutilized. Virtualization lets you run
multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine, sharing the resources of that
single computer across multiple environments. Different operating systems and multiple
applications on the same physical computer.
Virtualization is a framework or methodology of dividing the resources of the
computer into multiple execution environments, by applying one or more concepts or
technologies such as hardware and software partitioning, time sharing, or complete
machine simulation, emulation, quality of service, and many others.
Virtualization is technology for supporting execution of computer program code,
from applications to entire operating systems, in a software-controlled environment.
Such a Virtual Machine (VM) environment abstracts available system resources
(memory, storage, CPU cores, I/O etc.) and presents them in a regular fashion, such that
– guest software cannot distinguish VM-based execution from running on bare physical
hardware.
Fig. 1 Virtual Machine
Virtualization commonly refers to native virtualization, where the VM platform
and the guest software target the same microprocessor instruction set and comparable
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system architectures. Virtualization can also involve execution of guest software cross-
compiled for a different instruction set or CPU architecture; such emulation or simula-
tion environments help developers bring up new processors and cross-debug embedded
hardware.
A virtual machine provides a software environment that allows software to run
on bare hardware. This environment is created by a virtual-machine monitor, also
known as a hypervisor. A virtual machine is an efficient, isolated duplicate of the real
machine. The hypervisor presents an interface that looks like hardware to the “guest”
operating system. It allows multiple operating system instances to run concurrently on a
single computer; it is a means of separating hardware from a single operating system. it
can control the guests’ use of CPU, memory, and storage, even allowing a guest OS to
migrate from one machine to another. It is also a method of partitioning one physical
server computer into multiple “virtual” servers, giving each the appearance and capabil-
ities of running on its own dedicated machine. Each virtual server functions as a full-
fledged server and can be independently rebooted.
How Does Virtualization Work?
Virtualization platform transform or “virtualize” the hardware resources of an
x86- based computer—including the CPU, RAM, hard disk and network controller—to
create a fully functional virtual machine that can run its own operating system and ap-
plications just like a “real” computer. Each virtual machine contains a complete system,
eliminating potential conflicts. Virtualization works by inserting a thin layer of software
directly on the computer hardware or on a host operating system. This contains a virtual
machine monitor or “hypervisor” that allocates hardware resources dynamically and
transparently. Multiple operating systems run concurrently on a single physical com-
puter and share hardware resources with each other. By encapsulating an entire ma-
chine, including CPU, memory, operating system, and network devices, a virtual ma-
chine is completely compatible with all standard x86 operating systems, applications,
and device drivers. You can safely run several operating systems and applications at the
same time on a single computer, with each having access to the resources it needs when
it needs them.
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Virtual Machine
Fig. 2
A virtual machine is a tightly isolated software container that can run its own
operating systems and applications as if it were a physical computer. A virtual machine
behaves exactly like a physical computer and contains its own virtual (i.e. Software-
based) CPU, RAM hard disk and network interface card (NIC).
.
An operating system can’t tell the difference between a virtual machine and a
physical machine, nor can applications or other computers on a network. Even the vir-
tual machine thinks it is a “real” computer. Nevertheless, a virtual machine is composed
entirely of software and contains no hardware components whatsoever. As a result, vir-
tual machines offer a number of distinct advantages over physical hardware.
Virtual Machines Benefits
Virtual machines possess four key characteristics that benefit the user:
• Compatibility: Virtual machines are compatible with all standard x86 comput-
ers
• Isolation: Virtual machines are isolated from each other as if physically sepa-
rated
• Encapsulation: Virtual machines encapsulate a complete computing environ-
ment
• Hardware independence: Virtual machines run independently of underlying
hardware.
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Virtual Infrastructure
A virtual infrastructure lets you share your physical resources of multiple machines
across your entire infrastructure. A virtual machine lets you share the resources of a sin-
gle physical computer across multiple virtual machines for maximum efficiency. Re-
sources are shared across multiple virtual machines and applications. This resource opti-
mization drives greater flexibility in the organization and results in lower capital and
operational costs.
A virtual infrastructure consists of the following components:
 Bare-metal hypervisors to enable full virtualization of each x86 computer.
 Virtual infrastructure services such as resource management and consoli-
dated backup to optimize available resources among virtual machines.
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Fig. 3 Virtual Infrastructure

2. History of Virtualization
Virtualization is a proven concept that was first developed in the 1960s by IBM as a
way to logically partition large, mainframe hardware into separate virtual machines.
These partitions allowed mainframes to "multitask"; run multiple applications and
processes at the same time.
Virtualization was effectively abandoned during the 1980s and 1990s when client-
server applications and inexpensive x86 servers and desktops established the model of
distributed computing. The growth in x86 server and desktop deployments has
introduced new IT infrastructure and operational challenges. These challenges include:
 Low Infrastructure Utilization - Typical x86 server deployments achieve an
average utilization of only 10% to 15% of total capacity. Organizations typically
run one application per server to avoid the risk of vulnerabilities in one application
affecting the availability of another application on the same server.
Increasing Physical Infrastructure Costs - The operational costs to support
growing physical infrastructure have steadily increased. Most computing infra-
structure must remain operational at all times, resulting in power consumption,
cooling and facilities costs that do not vary with utilization levels.
Increasing IT Management Costs - As computing environments become more
complex, the level of specialized education and experience required for infrastruc-
ture management personnel and the associated costs of such personnel have in-
creased. Organizations spend disproportionate time and resources on manual tasks
associated with server maintenance, and thus require more personnel to complete
these tasks.
 Insufficient Fail over and Disaster Protection - Organizations are increas-
ingly affected by the downtime of critical server applications and inaccessibility of
critical end user desktops. The threat of security attacks, natural disasters, health
pandemics and terrorism has elevated the importance of business continuity plan-
ning for both desktops and servers.
 High Maintenance end-user desktops - Managing and securing enterprise
desktops present numerous challenges. Controlling a distributed desktop environment
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and enforcing management, access and security policies without impairing users' ability
to work effectively is complex and expensive.
Present Day
Today, computers based on x86 architecture are faced with the same problems of
rigidity and underutilization that mainframes faced in the 1960s. Today's powerful x86
computer hardware was originally designed to run only a single operating system and a
single application, but virtualization breaks that bond, making it possible to run multiple
operating systems and multiple applications on the same computer at the same time,
increasing the utilization and flexibility of hardware.
Why Virtualization? A List of Reasons
Following are some reasons for and benefits of virtualization:
 Virtual machines can be used to consolidate the workloads of several under-
utilized servers to fewer machines, perhaps a single machine (server consoli-
dation). Related benefits are savings on hardware, environmental costs, man-
agement, and administration of the server infrastructure.
 The need to run legacy applications is served well by virtual machines. A
legacy application might simply not run on newer hardware and/or operating
systems. Even if it does, if may under-utilize the server.
 Virtual machines can be used to provide secure, isolated sandboxes for run-
ning untrusted applications. You could even create such an execution envi-
ronment dynamically - on the fly - as you download something from the In-
ternet and run it.
 Virtual machines can be used to create operating systems, or execution envi-
ronments with resource limits, and given the right schedulers, resource guar-
antees.
 Virtual machines can provide the illusion of hardware, or hardware configu-
ration that you do not have (such as SCSI devices, multiple processors,) Vir-
tualization can also be used to simulate networks of independent computers.
 Virtual machines can be used to run multiple operating systems simultane-
ously: different versions, or even entirely different systems, which can be on
hot standby. Some such systems may be hard or impossible to run on newer
real hardware.
 Virtual machines allow for powerful debugging and performance monitor-
ing.
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 Virtual machines can isolate what they run, so they provide fault and error con-
tainment. You can inject faults pro actively into software to study its subsequent be-
havior.
 Virtual machines are great tools for research and academic experiments. Since
they provide isolation, they are safer to work with. They encapsulate the entire state
of a running system: you can save the state, examine it, modify it, reload it, and so
on. The state also provides an abstraction of the workload being run.
 Virtualization can enable existing operating systems to run on shared memory
multiprocessors.
Driving out the cost of IT infrastructure through more efficient use of available
resources.
 Simplifying the infrastructure.
 Increasing system availability.
Delivering consistently good performance.
 Centralizing systems, data, and infrastructure
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3. Virtual machine and Hypervisor
VIRTUAL MACHINE
Virtual machine (VM) is a software implementation of a machine (computer) that
executes programs like a real machine.
Fig. 4 Connectix Virtual PC Version 3 in Mac OS 9
A virtual machine was originally defined by Popek and Goldberg as "an efficient,
isolated duplicate of a real machine". Virtual machines are separated into two major
categories, based on their use and degree of correspondence to any real machine. A
system virtual machine provides a complete system platform which supports the
execution of a complete operating system (OS). Process virtual machine is designed to
run a single program, which means that it supports a single process. An essential
characteristic of a virtual machine is that the software running inside is limited to the
resources and abstractions provided by the virtual machine -- it cannot break out of its
virtual world.
System virtual machines
System virtual machines (sometimes called hardware virtual machines) allow the
sharing of the underlying physical machine resources between different virtual
machines, each running its own operating system. The software layer providing the
virtualization is called a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor. A hypervisor can run on
bare hardware (Type 1 or native VM) or on top of an operating system (Type 2 or hosted
VM).
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The main advantages of system VMs are:
 multiple OS environments can co-exist on the same computer, in strong
isolation from each other.
 the virtual machine can provide an instruction set architecture (ISA) that
is somewhat different from that of the real machine
The guest OS’s do not have to be all the same, making it possible to run different OS’s
on the same computer (e.g., Microsoft Windows and Linux, or older versions of an OS
in order to support software that has not yet been ported to the latest version).
Process virtual machines
A process VM, sometimes called an application virtual machine, runs as a normal
application inside an OS and supports a single process. It is created when that process
is started and destroyed when it exits. Its purpose is to provide a platform-
independent programming environment that abstracts away details of the underlying
hardware or operating system, and allows a program to execute in the same way on
any platform.
A process VM provides a high-level abstraction — that of a high-level
programming language (compared to the low-level ISA abstraction of the system
VM). Process VMs are implemented using an interpreter; performance comparable to
compiled programming languages is achieved by the use of just-in-time compilation.
This type of VM has become popular with the Java (JVM). And .NET Framework,
which runs on a VM called the Common Language Runtime.
Techniques
Emulation of the underlying raw hardware (native execution)
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Fig. 5 VMWare Workstation running Ubuntu on Windows Vista
This approach is described as full virtualization of the hardware, and can be
implemented using a Type 1 or Type 2 hypervisor. Each virtual machine can run any
operating system supported by the underlying hardware. Users can thus run two or
more different "guest" operating systems simultaneously, in separate "private" virtual
computers.
Full virtualization is particularly helpful in operating system development, when
experimental new code can be run at the same time as older, more stable, versions,
each in a separate virtual machine.
Emulation of a non-native system
Virtual machines can also perform the role of an emulator, allowing software
applications and operating systems written for another computer processor
architecture to be run. Some virtual machines emulate hardware that only exists as a
detailed specification. For example:
 The specification of the Java virtual machine.
 The Common Language Infrastructure virtual machine at the heart of
the Microsoft .NET initiative.
 Open Firmware allows plug-in hardware to include boot-time diag-
nostics, configuration code, and device drivers that will run on any kind of
CPU.
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Hypervisor
A hypervisor, also called virtual machine monitor (VMM), is a computer hardware
platform virtualization software that allows multiple operating systems to run on a host
computer concurrently.
Classifications
Hypervisors are classified in two types:
 Type 1 (or native, bare-metal) hypervisors are software systems that run
directly on the host's hardware as a hardware control and guest operating
system monitor. A guest operating system thus runs on another level
above the hypervisor.
 Type 2 (or hosted) hypervisors are software applications running within a
conventional operating system environment. Considering the hypervisor
layer being a distinct software layer, guest operating systems thus run at
the third level above the hardware.
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4. Classification of Virtualization
Here we discuss about different types of virtualization
 Platform Virtualization, which separates an operating system from the un-
derlying platform resources
o Full virtualization
o Hardware-assisted virtualization
o Partial virtualization
o Para virtualization
o Operating system-level virtualization
o Hosted environment
 Resource Virtualization, the virtualization of specific system resources,
such as storage volumes, name spaces, and network resources
o Storage virtualization, the process of completely abstracting
logical storage from physical storage
• RAID - redundant array of independent disks
• Disk partitioning
o Network virtualization, creation of a virtualized network ad-
dressing space within or across network subnets
 Computer clusters and grid computing, the combination of multiple dis-
crete computers into larger meta computers.
 Desktop Virtualization, the remote manipulation of a computer desktop.
 Application virtualization, the hosting of individual applications on alien
hardware/software
o Portable application
o Cross-platform virtualization
o Emulation or simulation
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5. Platform Virtualization
Platform virtualization is a virtualization of computers or operating systems. It hides
the physical characteristics of computing platform from the users, instead showing
another abstract, emulated computing platform.
Fig. 6 VMware Workstation Ubuntu on Windows, an example of platform Virtualization
Concept
The creation and management of virtual machines has been called platform
virtualization, or server virtualization. Platform virtualization is performed on a
given hardware platform by host software (a control program), which creates a
simulated computer environment, a virtual machine, for its guest software. The guest
software, which is often itself a complete operating system, runs just as if it were
installed on a stand-alone hardware platform. Typically, many such virtual machines
are simulated on a single physical machine, their number limited by the host’s
hardware resources. Typically there is no requirement for a guest OS to be the same
as the host one. The guest system often requires access to specific peripheral devices
to function, so the simulation must support the guest's interfaces to those devices.
Trivial examples of such devices are hard disk drive or network interface card.
There are several approaches to platform virtualization.
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Full virtualization
In full virtualization, the virtual machine simulates enough hardware to allow an
unmodified "guest" OS (one designed for the same instruction set) to be run in
isolation. This approach was pioneered in 1966 with IBM CP-40 and CP-67,
predecessors of VM family.
Hardware-assisted virtualization
In hardware-assisted virtualization, the hardware provides architectural support that
facilitates building a virtual machine monitor and allows guest OSes to be run in
isolation. In 2005 and 2006, Intel and AMD provided additional hardware to support
virtualization. Examples include Linux KVM, VMware Workstation, VMware Fusion,
Microsoft Virtual PC, Xen, Parallels Desktop for Mac, VirtualBox and Parallels
Workstation. Hardware virtualization technologies include:
 AMD-V x86 virtualization (previously known as Pacifica)
 IBM Advanced POWER virtualization
 Intel VT x86 virtualization (previously known as Vanderpool)
 UltraSPARC T1 and UltraSPARC T2 processors from Sun Microsys-
tems have the Hyper-Privileged execution mode
Partial virtualization
In partial virtualization (and also "address space virtualization"): The virtual
machine simulates multiple instances of much (but not all) of an underlying
hardware environment, particularly address spaces. Such an environment
supports resource sharing and process isolation, but does not allow separate
"guest" operating system instances.
Para virtualization
In para virtualization, the virtual machine does not necessarily simulate
hardware, but instead (or in addition) offers a special API that can only be
used by modifying the "guest" OS. This system call to the hypervisor is called
a "hypercall" in TRANGO and Xen;
Operating system-level virtualization
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In operating system-level virtualization, a physical server is virtualized at the
operating system level, enabling multiple isolated and secure virtualized servers to run
on a single physical server. The "guest" OS environments share the same OS as the host
system – i.e. the same OS kernel is used to implement the "guest" environments.
Applications running in a given "guest" environment view it as a stand-alone system.
Hosted environment
Applications that hosted by the third-party servers and that can be called or
can be used by a remote system’s environment.
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6. Resource Virtualization
The virtualization of specific system resources, such as storage volumes, name
spaces, and network resources is the resource virtualization.
Storage Virtualization
Storage virtualization is the pooling of multiple physical storage resources into what
appears to be a single storage resource that is centrally managed. Storage virtualization
automates tedious and extremely time-consuming storage administration tasks. This
means the storage administrator can perform the tasks of backup, archiving, and
recovery more easily and in less time, because the overall complexity of the storage
infrastructure is disguised. Storage virtualization is commonly used in file systems,
storage area networks (SANs), switches and virtual tape systems. Users can implement
storage virtualization with software, hybrid hardware or software appliances.
Virtualization hides the physical complexity of storage from storage administrators and
applications, making it possible to manage all storage as a single resource. In addition to
easing the storage management burden, this approach dramatically improves the
efficiency and cuts overall costs.
The Advantages of Storage Virtualization
Storage virtualization provides many advantages. First, it enables the pooling of
multiple physical resources into a smaller number of resources or even a single
resource, which reduces complexity. Many environments have become complex, which
increases the storage management gap. With regard to resources, pooling is an important
way to achieve simplicity. A second advantage of using storage virtualization is that it
automates many time-consuming tasks. In other words, policy-driven virtualization
tools take people out of the loop of addressing each alert or interrupt in the storage
business. A third advantage of storage virtualization is that it can be used to disguise the
overall complexity of the infrastructure.
Network virtualization
Network virtualization is the process of combining hardware and software network
resources and network functionality into a single, software-based administrative entity, a
virtual network. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined
with resource virtualization. Network virtualization is categorized as either external,
combining many networks, or parts of networks, into a virtual unit, or internal,
providing network-like functionality to the software containers on a single system.
Whether virtualization is internal or external depends on the implementation provided
by vendors that support the technology.
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Components of a virtual network
Various equipment and software vendors offer network virtualization by
combining any of the following:
 Network hardware, such as switches and network adapters, also known as
network interface cards (NICs)
 Networks, such as virtual LANs (VLANs) and containers such as virtual ma-
chines and Solaris Containers.
 Network storage devices
 Network media, such as Ethernet and Fiber Channel
External network virtualization
External network virtualization, in which one or more local networks are combined
or subdivided into virtual networks, with the goal of improving the efficiency of a large
corporate network or data center. The key components of an external virtual network are
the VLAN and the network switch. Using VLAN and switch technology, the system
administrator can configure systems physically attached to the same local network into
different virtual networks. Conversely, VLAN technology enables the system
administrator to combine systems on separate local networks into a VLAN spanning the
segments of a large corporate network.
Internal network virtualization
In internal network virtualization, a single system is configured with containers, such
as the Xen domain, combined with hypervisor control programs or pseudo-interfaces
such as the VNIC, to create a ―network in a box. This solution improves overall‖
efficiency of a single system by isolating applications to separate containers and/or
pseudo interfaces.
Combined internal and external network virtualization
Some VMM offer both internal and external network virtualization. Basic
approach is network in the box on a single system, using virtual machines that are
managed by hypervisor software. Infrastructure software connects and combines
networks in multiple boxes into an external virtualization scenario.
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7. Cluster and Grid computing
Cluster computing
Fig. 7 An Example of computer Cluster
A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so
that in many respects they form a single computer. The components of a cluster are
commonly, but not always, connected to each other through fast local area networks.
Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that
provided by a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than
single computers of comparable speed or availability.
Cluster categorizations
High-availability (HA) clusters
High-availability clusters (also known as failover clusters) are
implemented primarily for the purpose of improving the availability of
services which the cluster provides. They operate by having redundant
nodes, which are then used to provide service when system components
fail..
Load-balancing clusters
Load-balancing clusters operate by distributing a workload evenly over
multiple back end nodes. Typically the cluster will be configured with
multiple redundant load-balancing front ends.
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Compute clusters
Clusters are used for primarily computational purposes, rather than handling IO
oriented operations such as web service or databases. For instance, a cluster might
support computational simulations of weather or vehicle crashes.
Grid computing
Grids are usually compute clusters, but more focused on throughput like a
computing utility rather than running fewer, tightly-coupled jobs. grids will
incorporate heterogeneous collections of computers, possibly distributed
geographically distributed nodes, sometimes administered by unrelated
organizations.
Grid computing is optimized for workloads which consist of many independent
jobs or packets of work, which do not have to share data between the jobs during the
computation process. Grids serve to manage the allocation of jobs to computers
which will perform the work independently of the rest of the grid cluster. Resources
such as storage may be shared by all the nodes, but intermediate results of one job do
not affect other jobs in progress on other nodes of the grid.
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8. Application Virtualization
Application virtualization is a term that describes software technologies that
improve portability, manageability and compatibility of applications by encapsulating
them from the underlying operating system on which they are executed. A fully
virtualized application is not installed in the traditional sense, although it is still
executed as if it is. The application is fooled at runtime into believing that it is directly
interfacing with the original operating system and all the resources managed by it, when
in reality it is not. Application virtualization differs from operating system virtualization
in that in the latter case, the whole operating system is virtualized rather than only
specific applications.
Description
Limited application virtualization is used in modern operating systems such as
Microsoft Windows and Linux. For example, IniFileMappings were introduced with
Windows NT to virtualize (into the Registry) the legacy INI files of applications
originally written for Windows 3.1.
Full application virtualization requires a virtualization layer. This layer must be
installed on a machine to intercept all file and Registry operations of virtualized
applications and transparently redirect these operations into a virtualised location. The
application performing the file operations never knows that it's not accessing the
physical resource it believes it is. In this way, applications with many dependent files
and settings can be made portable by redirecting all their input/output to a single
physical file, and traditionally incompatible applications can be executed side-by-side.
Benefits of application virtualization
i. Allows applications to run in environments that do not suit the native ap-
plication (e.g. Wine allows Microsoft Windows applications to run on
Linux).
ii. Uses fewer resources than a separate virtual machine.
iii. Run incompatible applications side-by-side, at the same time and with
minimal regression testing against one another.
iv. Implement the security principle of least privilege by removing the re-
quirement for end-users to have Administrator privileges in order to
run poorly written applications.
v. Simplified operating system migrations.
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vi. Accelerated application deployment, through on-demand application
streaming.
vii. Fast application provisioning to the desktop based upon user's roaming
profile.
Disadvantages of application virtualization
i. Applications have to be "packaged" or "sequenced" before they will run
in a virtualized way.
ii. Minimal increased resource requirements (memory and disk storage).
iii. Not all software can be virtualized. Some examples include applications
that require a device driver and 16-bit applications that need to run in
shared memory space.
iv. Some compatibility issues between legacy applications and newer operat-
ing systems cannot be addressed by application virtualization (although
they can still be run on an older operating system under a virtual ma-
chine).
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9. Cross-platform virtualization
Cross-platform virtualization is a form of computer virtualization that allows
software compiled for a specific CPU and operating system to run unmodified on
computers with different CPUs and/or operating systems, through a combination of
dynamic binary translation and operating system call mapping. Since the software runs
on a virtualized equivalent of the original computer, it does not require recompilation or
porting, thus saving time and development resources. However, the processing overhead
of binary translation and call mapping imposes a performance penalty, when compared
to natively-compiled software. For this reason, cross-platform virtualization may be
used as a temporary solution until resources are available to port the software.
By creating an abstraction layer capable of running software compiled for a different
computer system, cross-platform virtualization characterizes the Popek and Goldberg
virtualization requirements outlined. Cross-platform virtualization is distinct from
emulation and binary translation - which involve the direct translation of one CPU
instruction set to another - since the inclusion of operating system call mapping
provides a more complete virtualized environment. Cross-platform virtualization is also
complementary to server virtualization and desktop virtualization solutions, since these
are typically constrained to a single CPU type, such as x86 or POWER.
Emulation
Emulation or Emulator may refer to as imitation of behavior of a computer or other
electronic system with the help of another type of computer/system. Console emulator, a
program that allows a computer or modern console to emulate another video game
console. Hardware emulation, the use of special purpose hardware to emulate the
behavior of a yet-tobe-built system, with greater speed than pure software emulation.
Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of
simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or
behaviors of a selected physical or abstract system. A computer simulation (or "sim") is
an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be
studied to see how the system works. By changing variables, predictions may be made
about the behavior of the system. Computer simulation has become a useful part of
modeling many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, and human systems
in economics as well as in engineering to gain insight into the operation of those
systems.
P a g e 22 | 35

10. Desktop virtualization
Desktop virtualization or Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) is a server-centric
computing model that borrows from the traditional thin-client model but is designed to
give system administrators and end-users the ability to host and centrally manage
desktop virtual machines in the data center while giving end users a full PC desktop
experience.
Rationale
Installing and maintaining separate PC workstations is complex, and traditionally
users have almost unlimited ability to install or remove software. Desktop virtualization
provides many of the advantages of a terminal server, but (if so desired and configured
by system administrators) can provide users much more flexibility. Each, for instance
might be allowed to install and configure their own applications. Users also gain the
ability to access their server-based virtual desktop from other locations.
Advantages
 Instant provisioning of new desktops
 Near-zero downtime in the event of hardware failures
 Significant reduction in the cost of new application deployment
 Robust desktop image management capabilities
 Existing desktop-like performance including multiple monitors, bi-direc-
tional audio/video, streaming video, USB support etc.
 Ability to access the users' enterprise desktop environment from any PC,
(including the employee's home PC)
 Self-provisioning of desktops (controlled by policies)
 Desktop computing power on demand
P a g e 23 | 35

11.Virtualization Software
VMware Workstation
VMware Workstation is a virtual machine software suite for x86 and x86-64
computers from VMware, a division of EMC Corporation. This software suite allows
users to set up multiple x86 and x86-64 virtual computers and to use one or more of
these virtual machines simultaneously with the hosting operating system. Each virtual
machine instance can execute its own guest operating system, such as Windows, Linux,
BSD variants, or others. In simple terms, VMware Workstation allows one physical
machine to run multiple operating systems simultaneously.
Microsoft Virtual Server
Microsoft Virtual Server is a virtualization solution that facilitates the creation of
virtual machines on the Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2003
operating systems. Originally developed by Connectix, it was acquired by Microsoft
prior to release. Virtual PC is Microsoft's related desktop virtualization software
package. Virtual machines are created and managed through an IIS web-based interface
or through a Windows client application tool called VMRCplus. The current version is
Microsoft Virtual Server 2005 R2 SP1. New features in R2 SP1 include Linux guest
P a g e 24 | 35
Fig. 8 VMware Workstation 6.5 running
Ubuntu
Fig. 9 Snapshot Manager in VMware
Workstation 6

operating system support, Virtual Disk Precompactor, SMP (but not for the Guest OS),
x86-64 (x64) Host OS support (but not Guest OS support), the ability to mount virtual
hard drives on the host OS and additional operating systems including Windows Vista.
It also provides a Volume Shadow Copy writer which enables live backups of the Guest
OS on a Windows Server 2003 or Windows Server 2008 Host. A utility to mount VHD
images is also included since SP1. Officially supported Linux guest operating systems
include Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions 2.1-5.0, Red Hat Linux 9.0, SUSE Linux and
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server versions 9and10.
MicrosoftVirtualPC
Microsoft Virtual PC is a virtualization suite for Microsoft Windows operating
systems, and an emulation suite for Mac OS X on PowerPC-based systems. The
software was originally written by Connectix, and was subsequently acquired by
Microsoft. In July 2006 Microsoft released the Windows-hosted version as a free
product. In August 2006 Microsoft announced the Macintosh-hosted version would not
be ported to Intel-based Macintoshes, effectively discontinuing the product as
PowerPC-based Macintoshes are no longer manufactured. Virtual PC virtualizes a
standard PC and its associated hardware. Supported Windows operating systems can run
inside Virtual PC. However, other operating systems like Linux may run, but are not
officially supported (for example, Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution can get past the
boot screen of the Live CD (and function fully) when using Safe Graphics Mode).
VirtualBox
VirtualBox is an x86 virtualization software package, originally created by German
software company innotek, now developed by Sun Microsystems as part of its Sun xVM
virtualization platform. It is installed on an existing host operating system; within this
application, additional operating systems, each known as a Guest OS, can be loaded and
run, each with its own virtual environment. Supported host operating systems include
Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp, Windows XP or Vista, and Solaris, while supported
guest operating systems include FreeBSD, Linux, OpenBSD, OS/2 Warp, Windows and
Solaris. According to a 2007 survey, Virtual Box is the third most popular software
package for running Windows programs on Linux desktops.
hypervisor boots and given special management privileges and direct access to the
physical hardware. The system administrator logs into dom0 in order to start any further
guest operating systems, called "domain U" (domU) in Xen terminology.
P a g e 25 | 35

12. Conclusion
Virtualization dramatically improves the efficiency and availability of resources and
applications. Earlier Internal resources are underutilized under the old ―one server, one
application model and users spend too much time managing servers rather innovating.‖
By virtualization platform, users can respond faster and more efficiently than ever
before. Users can save 50-70% on overall IT costs by consolidating their resource
pools and delivering highly available machines.
Other major improvements by using virtualization are that they can:
 Reduce capital costs by requiring less hardware and lowering operational
costs while increasing your server to admin ratio
 Ensure enterprise applications perform with the highest availability and per-
formance
 Build up business continuity through improved disaster recovery solutions
and deliver high availability throughout the datacenter
 Improve desktop management with faster deployment of desktops and fewer
support calls due to application conflicts.
Even after the implementations of distributed computing and other technologies,
virtualization proved to be an effective in using the available resources of a system fully
in an efficient way.
P a g e 26 | 35

13. References
Websites:
[1.] www.wikipedia.com
[2.] http://www.vmware.com
[3.] http://www.kernalthread.com
[4.] www.virtualizationadmin.com
[5.] www.virtualization.org
[6.] www.microsft.com/virtualization.aspx
Books:
[1.] Virtualization: From Beginners to Professionals, Apress Publications.
[2.] Operating System Concept: Sliverschatz-Galvin-Gagne Wiley Publications.
[3.] VMware White Paper: VMware Official Digital Repository.
[4.] Smith, J.E. and Nair, R. Virtual Machines: Versatile Platforms for Systems.
P a g e 27 | 35

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