India is now home to the world's largest number of blind people. Of 37 million people across the globe, 15 million blind people are from India. 75% of these are cases of avoidable blindness. On the other hand, while India needs2.5 lakh donated eyes every year, the country's 109 eye banks of which 5 located in Delhi manage to collect a maximum of just 25,000 eyes, 30% of which can't be used. Meanwhile, the shortage of donated eyes is becoming a huge problem. In 15 million blind people in India, three million that is 26% of whom are children who suffer due to corneal disorders. But only 10,000 corneal transplants are being done every year because of a shortage of donated eyes. The bionic eye aims to restore basic visual cues to people suffering from eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, which is a genetic eye condition. A video camera fitted to a pair of glasses will capture and process images. These images are sent wirelessly to a bionic implant at the back of the eye which stimulates dormant optic nerves to generate points of light (phosphenes) that form the basis of images in the brain. Thus, even blind people can have a vision. The eye is a complex optical system that, like other organs, may become injured due to disease or injury. As such, various prosthetics have been designed to allow such people to regain their sight and enjoy a full life. This paper mostly covers the cornea, but it also covers the iris and the lens. Since someone else was researching artificial retinas, that will not be covered. The truth is, I really wanted to cover that, since there are many advances in that field, while still being in its infancy. For those millions of us whose vision isn’t perfect, there are glasses. But for those hundreds of thousands who are blind, devices that merely assist the eyes just aren’t enough.. Technology has created many pathways for mankind. Now technology has improved to that extent wherein the entire human body can be controlled using a single electronic chip. We have seen prosthetics that helped to overcome handicaps. Now it is the turn of artificial vision through bionic eyes. Chips designed specially to imitate the characteristics of the damaged retina and the cones and rods of the organ of sight are implanted with microsurgery. Linking electronics and biotechnology, scientists have made the commitment to the development of technology that will provide or restore vision for the visually impaired around the world. Whether it is Biomedical, Computer, Electrical, or Mechanical Engineers all of them have a role to play in the personification of Bionic Eyes. There is hope for the blind in the form of bionic eyes. This technology can add life to their vision-less eyes.

1. ARTIFICAL EYE
Presented By- Ashish Dhanokar

2.  Introduction
 How eye works
 Disease related to eye
 Artificial eye
 What is artificial eye
 Component
 Working
 Working diagram
 Limitation
 Advantages
 Conclusion
 Reference
Contents

3. HOW THE EYE WORKS
The eye is one of nature’s complex wonders. It is a specialized
sense organ that reacts to light, processes it and then transmits
information to the brain.
Your eyes are able to distinguish around 10 million colors. But
it’s your brain that actually does the ‘seeing’. The eyes act only
as a ‘central processor’, taking information, in the form of light
waves, and transmitting it to the brain.
In a number of ways, the human eye works much like a digital
camera:
1. The Cornea and the lens provide focus.
2. The Iris does the work of the camera aperture.
3. & Retina plays the role of the film on which inverted image of
the objects are formed.
4. This image is then send to the brain via the Optic nerve where
it is processed and we see an upright image.
INTRODUCTION

4. DISEASE RELATED TO EYE
Refractive Errors.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Cataract.
Diabetic Retinopathy.
Glaucoma.
Amblyopia.
Strabismus.

5. ARTIFICIAL EYE
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL EYE
An artificial eye is a replacement for a natural eye
lost because of injury or disease. Although the
replacement cannot provide sight, it fills the cavity
of the eye socket and serves as a cosmetic
enhancement. Before the availability of artificial
eyes, a person who lost an eye usually wore a
patch. An artificial eye can be attached to muscles
in the socket to provide eye movement

6. COMPONENT
Digital Camera
Video Processing Unit
Radio Transmitter
Radio Receiver
Retinal Implant

7. WORKING
Digital Camera
Video Processing Unit
Radio Transmitter
Radio Receiver
Retinal Implant

8. DIGITAL CAMERA
 The camera used for in the CMOS image
sensor
 The camera captures the image and converts
it into pixels of black and white.
 This camera is placed on the goggles.
 The battery required for this is provided for
the video processing unit.

9. VIDEO PROCESSING UNIT
Video processing unit acts as a orthogenic transducer
unit which simplifies the image as spots of light and
then reduces the image to the number of photodiodes.
This is connected to goggles through router.
This unit majorly consists of
 Video decoder
 Video scaler
 DSP processor
 Video processor

10. RETINAL IMPLANT
Electrode implantation is one of the most critical jobs in this
artificial vision system
The first step done in this electrode implantation is perforating
a platinum foil with each hole having a diameter of 3mm
68 flat platinum electrodes of 1mm diameter are pierced
through the holes into the nucleus of neurons of the occipital
lobe
Each electrode is connected by separated Teflon insulated wire
toa connector contained in the pedestal
The group of wires pass the electrical impulses which are
generated by processor
When electrode is stimulated by the processer by sending an
electrical impulse the electrode produces closely spaced
phosphene(light spots seen by visual fields)
By sending the electrical impulses in different combination
and permutations the phosphene can be created in regular
fashion describing the image.

11. WORKING DIAGRAM

12.  Apposite Facial Function
 Improving Physical Appearance
 Working Up a Better Personality
 Boosting Up Confidence
 A Beautiful Facial Look
ADVANTAGES

13. LIMITATIONS
 Surgery is required to implant the electrode
array.
 Repairing is difficult if any of the device got
damaged
 Those who lost their vision due to other reasons
could not use this device
 The approximated cost of the device is $70,000

14. REFERANCE
https://medium.com/@JackieMolloy22/5-advantages-
of-receiving-an-artificial-eye-implant-8e0625046bdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25939673
9_A_Study_on_the_Artificial_Eye
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_prosthesis