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Name: NURS_6521_Week1_Discussion_Rubric
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Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Main Posting
45 (45%) - 50 (50%)
Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations
with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge
gained from the course readings for the module and current
credible sources.
Supported by at least three current, credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling
errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules
and style.
40 (40%) - 44 (44%)
Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with
critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the
course readings for the module.
At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.
Supported by at least three credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or

spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing
rules and style.
35 (35%) - 39 (39%)
Responds to some of the discussion question(s).
One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially
addressed.
Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and
synthesis.
Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course
readings for the module.
Post is cited with two credible sources.
Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two
spelling or grammatical errors.
Contains some APA formatting errors.
0 (0%) - 34 (34%)
Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately.
Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.
Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.
Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings
for the module.
Contains only one or no credible sources.
Not written clearly or concisely.
Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.

Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.
Main Post: Timeliness
10 (10%) - 10 (10%)
Posts main post by day 3
0 (0%) - 0 (0%)
0 (0%) - 0 (0%)
0 (0%) - 0 (0%)
Does not post by day 3
First Response
17 (17%) - 18 (18%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application
to practice settings.
Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by
at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning
objectives.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. .
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
15 (15%) - 16 (16%)

objectives.
13 (13%) - 14 (14%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective
professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if
posed.
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few
or no credible sources are cited.
0 (0%) - 12 (12%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional
communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited.
Second Response
16 (16%) - 17 (17%)

objectives.
14 (14%) - 15 (15%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice
settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.
two or more credible sources.
12 (12%) - 13 (13%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective
professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if
posed. .
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few
or no credible sources are cited.
0 (0%) - 11 (11%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional

communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited.
Participation
5 (5%) - 5 (5%)
Meets requirements for participation by posting on three
different days.
0 (0%) - 0 (0%)
0 (0%) - 0 (0%)
0 (0%) - 0 (0%)
Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3
different days
Total Points: 100
Name: NURS_6521_Week1_Discussion_Rubric
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IMPACT OF STRESS ON SLEEP PATTERN
1
IMPACT OF STRESS ON SLEEP PATTERN
15
Impact of Stress on Sleep pattern: A study on USA population
Paulette Palmer
PYSC 300

Mindy Otis
UMGC
2 March 2021
Abstractthis should be on its own page and the title centered
It is widely acknowledged, that proper sleep is necessary for all
individuals. However, many people struggle to achieve good
sleep due to many reasons. One of the main reasons is stress.
This study investigates the impact of stress on the sleep patterns
of people in the U.S. The study performed a descriptive analysis
of primary data. There were 48 participants of all different ages
from 18-60 years old who completed an anonymo us online
survey regarding stress, sleep, and health regarding what?? and
disease-related features. The data of 48 individuals were studied
using Eexcel. The impact of stress on sleep patterns was
discovered (p<0.001). Stress had a significant negative impact
on sleep patterns. LittleFew of the other researches hasve also
been conducted to demonstrate the effect of stress on sleep
however; this study will offer a novel contribution to this arena
of research.say what it is To enhance the sleep quality of
individuals in the USA it is highly essential to develop policies
to diminish stress and improve sleep quality. Key words
Introductionsee APA headings and center this one
Sleep is one of the most vital human needs-it is necessary to
have a sufficient amount of sleep for a healthy life (Ohayon et
al., 2017). The quality of sleep varies in every individual and is
affected by various factors such as genetic behavior, medical
what? adjective needs a noun to modify, and environment.
According to a study, to attain the full benefits of sleep, an
individual must spend almost a third of their life sleeping

(World Health Organization, 2004; Watson et al., 2015). The
pPresent routine and various environmental aspects are mainly
accountable for a sleeping disorder,just one sleep disorder or
several of them, with stress being one of the most significant
(Han et al., 2012).
Stress is a complicated condition with emotional and
biologically complex characteristics. The excess amount of
stress in an individual can lead to long- or short-term disability
and stimulates the defense mechanism of the central nervous
systemcitation. With an increase in the level of stress in an
individual's life, the sleep pattern is changing drastically
resulting in a sleep disorder. Differential resistance to stress
cause havoc in different psychoneurobiologic processes
modelings susceptibility to multiple psychiatric and medical
conditions.cite In simpler words, stress-related illnesses also
tend to be overwhelmed by pathogenic stress in conjunction
with fragile mechanismsthis is not much simpler-you need to
explain the pathogenic stress concept and what are the fragile
mechanisms. The fundamental processes for the vulnerable
system thus need to be identified and defined (Kalmbach et al.,
2018).
Studies have associated stress with physical as well as
psychosomatic symptoms, including changes in sleep patterns.
In an investigation among Korean adolescents, an increase in
suicidal ideation was discovered due to stress, contributing to
one of the vital reasons for death in individuals (Kim, 2018).
Besides, while sleeping disruption is directly or adversely
related to mental wellbeing, sleep disturbance may intensify the
effects on depression symptoms of other major risk factors,
limiting the ability of the body to respond to these stressors
cite. Using a representative survey of adults from American
Changing Lives (ACL) in the United States, restless sleep is
recognized to be a possible regulator of the connection between
anxiety and depressive symptoms, an (ACL need to connect to
full title before you use abbrev) investigation. Greater
awareness of these correlations will lead to improved

information about sleep mechanisms in connection with sleep
disruption, and about strategies that can be ideally tailored to
depressed moods or stress. External stressors, including
traumatic living activities, are generally recognized as primary
risk factors that can forecast the emergence of depressing or
depression? signs during adult existence. Traumatic event
experiences bring distinct shifts in the lives of people that can
conflict with the capacity to adjust (e.g., being jobless or death
of the loved one), can result in overpowering people's emotional
and physical capabilities, and contribute to mental distr ess. Run
on sentence-break it into smaller sentences with one idea per
sentence for clarityThe study investigated a major disturbance
in the sleep of an individual concerning a life event, indicating
that when an individual experiences higher than an average
amount of life conditions and sleep for more duration
uncomfortably than typical, they have more risk of depression
indications rather than the entities who have reached a higher
level of stress but they sleep well (Leggett et al., 2016).
Another study showed that sleep-deprived youths are more
expected to be stressed compared to restful adolescents; they
considered their problems as more dangerous (Talbot et al.,
2010). Surprisingly, another research suggested, the restriction
caused in sleep due to disagreements in two individuals, it was
discovered that during the discussion of disagreements sleep
constraint was attributed negatively relative to regular
sleeprewrite for clarity (McMakin et al., 2016). Moreover, it
was found the association between family stress and negative
results moderated sleep quality or the percentage of real sleep
time spent in the room moderated the association among family
tension and insignificant impacts resulting in days of low sleep
performance, the positive connection among the stress and
demands of the family and evidence of negative impact is
greater. Compared with those of Latino, Asian and other
origins, this moderation of sleep performance was exceptionally
significantly higher in European individuals (Chiang et al.,
2017).

Although stress can be caused by various factors, in this paper,
we have genialized? Generalized? the concept of stress to
examine its effect on sleep patterns. However, several factors
like consumption of alcohol, proper night rest, an illness like
shortness of breath have been considered to examine the stress
and sleep patterns of an individual. What is your exact
hypothesis?In this paper, we discuss the concept of stress and
its impact on sleep patterns in the U.S. population.
Research Purpose this would just be the last paragraph of your
intro section and not a separate set of sections to keep the
narrative flowing smoothly
The main aim of this research is to inspect the effect of stress
on sleep patterns on the population of the U.S. of people of age
between 18to 60. In figure 1 conceptual model of the same is
provided below.
Stress
Sleep Pattern
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
A research’s Conceptual Framework see above comment
The conceptual framework of this study is based on the direct
effect model (Han, 2012), it was derived from the hypothesis
that stress in adults has a direct negative impact on sleep
patterns. The hypothesis of this study is:
Hypothesis: Stress in adults affects their sleep
Pattern.Methodsee APA for headings
Participant involvement and Sampling policies
The target population for the survey of this particular study was
individuals of various ages in the U.S. Data were collected in
the year 2021 from January to February. The participants were
from the age of 18 to 60 years old. We did a survey, where we
initially received 31 responses and later received 16 responses,
which makes our total sample size 48. The survey was based on

11 questions, among which a few of the questions were related
to gender, age, and nine other questions related to stress and
sleep effects due to alcohol usage, perceived anxiety, and
restlessness.how were subjects recruited? Remember to spell
everything out in great detail as we demonstrated in the
tree/house activity
Material write as a narrative not bullet points
· Their gender: Female (1), Male (2), Gender Fluid (no numeral
code because we did not receive any), Prefer Not to Say (3).
· Their age: It was an open-ended question.
· One interval scale: 0-1 (1), 2-3 (2), 4-5 (3), 6-7 (4).
· Second interval scale- Never (1), Very Rarely (2), Rarely (3),
Occasionally (4), Frequently (5), Very Frequently (6).
· Write out exactly what was used and how the surey was taken-
over the internet or paper and pencil, independently or in a
group etc
Procedure
In this study, the analysis has been performed by using Excel
analysis. Where if the value of P < 0.05, it was considered
significant. The Data in this study was studied in the following
manner. Firstly, the data was divided into three sections as per
the age of the participant. Secondly, the average is taken out
based on factors like how many days they consume alcohol, the
days you felt tired even after night rest, overeaten, illness -
shortness of breath, slept well (more than 6 hours) and has been
analyzed. Thirdly, data was analyzed on the situations that
caused stress like – How often have you felt while approaching
the situation, how often have you felt easily irritated, how often
you find yourself clenching your jaw/teeth, how often have used
nicotine, number of times you went into the room and forgot the
reason. Combining all the data of the survey the impact of stress
on sleep pattern was examined. This section takes the reader
step by step through how you collected and then analyzed the
data. You have the how you analyzed part but are missing the
first step by step part3 Results
3.1. Sleep Patterns and Stress

Have some introductory sentence.On a given scale, the mean
score for stress and sleep pattern were respectively 2.09 and
2.71add standard deviation (Table 1).
Table 1: Mean of Stress and Sleep Patterns
Variables
Mean
SE
Range
Stress
2.09
0.005
1–48
Sleep Pattern
2.71
0.004
1–48
SE = Standard Error
3.2 Factors affecting stress and causing changes in sleep pattern
Several Factors were analyzed as the reason for disturbance in
sleep patterns in different age groups (Graph1). Stress exhibited
a significant negative connection with sleep patterns. Where the
value of p < 0.001 and the value of ß = -0.30 sleep Pattern ß =
0.10, p < 0.001 and stress ß = -0.30, p < 0.001 (Table 2).say
what type of analysis you did- e.g. t-test, chi square etc
Figure 2:Factors and Age Affect
Table 2: Relation of Stress and Sleep Patterns
Variables
SE

T(P)
R2
Independent?? You need to say what it is
Dependentwhat do you mean with these tags?
Stressdo you mean this is the IV?
Sleep Pattern DV?
0.004
(<0.001)
0.125
SE = Standard Error
You need to have more narrative describing what you did and
the results so that the reader can follow your reasoning (even if
you fudged the data, you need to have a description of the
data)Discussion
In this analysis, it was found that the adults above 45 years old
faced a more disturbing pattern in their sleep compared to the
younger generation(summative data in parentheses). Moreover,
it was discovered that individuals between ages of 18 to 25
could still maintain sleep patterns yet, with the increase in age
and social situations the sleep patterns are being affected
drastically and hence, an increase in the consumption of alcohol
in adults between 25-35 and 45. You did a correlational study
and so you cannot talk about causation-a key point to the idea
of correlation! A big point of the course.Overtime at work,
societal stress, work stress is some of the reasons assumed for
an increase in consumption of alcohol by adults. Hence, this
proves our hypothesis that stress directly impacts sleep patterns
negatively you can only say there is a relationship or negative
correlation. Our work supports previous findings that stress
impacts negatively on sleep (Hamilton et al., 2008). Another
illuminating research has proposed a pattern of disturbing stress
overnight by a positive result. Not sure what you mean by this
previous statementDuring the times when stress was more, the

positive outcome came back to the levels noticed in the days
when stress was low. When sleep was for a short period, the
individual’s positive effect was much lower during the day. Our
results were similar to Chinese research, which suggested stress
was significantly connected with low quality of sleep (Liu et
al., 2016). Several other studies following our result were
(Barros et al., 2019; Machado et al., 2018) who showed
that……. Similarly, another study proved that in younger
individual’s quality of sleep is poor, and much lengthier sleep
potential is highly usual, while incomplete sleep is more
connected with adults of more greater age (Gadie et al., 2017).
Although some of the studies did not find the effect of alcohol
on sleep patterns positive connection was investigated by a
study supporting our findingsrewrite for clarity (Goldman-
Mellor et al., 2014).so what do you conclude?
The findings of the study indicated that the sleep satisfaction of
high-stress teenagers needs to be identified and strategies need
to be developed to increase sleep satisfaction.What specifically
in your results talk about teenagers-that is what you need to
highlight to lead into this conclusion We also find that
encouraging complete sleep could enhance an individual’s self-
evaluation fitness. But an interventional method (Clementi,
2018) and a combined public health agenda can be introduced so
that young people understand that depression and sleep are not
isolated from achievement, hence enabling them to diminish
stress and improve sleep patterns. Random policies and constant
measurements containing objective and consistent sleep,
educational functioning, and status of health are some of the
necessary measures that need to be implemented (Lee, 2020).
As to policy, the guidelines in Canada can establish a decent
example of public health guidelines that prioritize healthy sleep
(Chaput, 2019). Canada thus released the first detailed 24-hour
activity guidance for individuals especially students in 2016.
They concentrated on the entire 24-hour cycle and not on the
night time, incorporating sleep wellness with other lifestyles,
such as enough exercise and diet.

Considering the implication of this study few recommendations
are offered to the population of the U.S to promote healthy
sleep patterns. The American Academy of Pediatrics promotes
strategies, which is to postpone an individual’s timing of
attendance in institutes since it helps in increasing the sleeping
time weekly, an increase in school attendance and a reduction in
lateness enhance the performance of students academically
(Tarokh et al., 2016). Few simple and low-cost effective
activities can be implemented by individuals in their everyday
life such as regular exercise, reducing coffee or alcohol intake,
avoiding longer naps during the days, including warm showers
before sleeping (Haghayegh et al., 2019). Some other
possibilities can be activities like yoga, mindfulness, and
psychotherapy to relax the mind and avoid stress (Kumar et al.,
2019).makes more sense to put interventions after limitations
Several limitations and strengths of this study are the following.
Firstly, the data of the study is very limited therefore; the
outcome cannot be considered for all the population of the U.S.
and can be biased as well.talk about the selection bias in
particular Secondly, there are several proxies available for sleep
as well as stress which need to be considered, thisthis what, this
survey? might have undervalued the occurrence of degrading
quality of sleep, in comparison with former surveys (e.g., the
PSQI). Additionally, we did not ask the individuals if they have
been identified with sleep sicknesses, which can act as a
supplementary perplexingconfounding variable.
Nevertheless, there are a couple of more population-based
studies in the U.S.this is a conclusion so leave any new studies
in the body of your paper Oour findings present a significant
contribution for U.S health experts and researchers. We think
that these results emphasize the significance of adolescent sleep
and also the effect of stress and consequences for how stress
can affect the sleep pattern in everyday life during times of
vital growth. The conclusion is another brief summary of your
work. So add a few more details.

References use APA formatting-alphabetize
Ohayon, M., Wickwire, E. M., Hirshkowitz, M., Albert, S. M.,
Avidan, A., Daly, F. J., ... & Vitiello, M. V. (2017). National
Sleep Foundation's sleep quality recommendations: first
report. Sleep Health, 3(1), 6-19.
Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L.,
Buxton, O. M., & Buysse, D. (2015). The recommended amount
of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the
American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research
Society. 38 (6): 843–4. Italicize journal title and volume
World Health Organization (2004). WHO technical meeting on
sleep and health. The report, World Health Organization
Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment
and Health, Bonn Office, 185.
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/114101/E8
4683.pdf.
Han, K. S., Kim, L., & Shim, I. (2012). Stress and sleep
disorder. Experimental Neurobiology, 21(4), 141–150.
https://doi.org/10.5607/en.2012.21.4.141
Kalmbach, D. A., Anderson, J. R., & Drake, C. L. (2018). The
impact of stress on sleep: Pathogenic sleep reactivity as a
vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. Journal of
sleep research, 27(6), e12710.

Chue, Amanda E.; Gunthert, Kathleen C.; Kim, Rebecca W.;
Alfano, Candice A.; Ruggiero, Aria R. (2018). The role of
sleep-in adolescents' daily stress recovery: Negative affect
spillover and positive affect bounce-back effects. Journal of
Adolescence, 66(), 101–111.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.05.006
Liu, X., Liu, C., Tian, X., Zou, G., Li, G., Kong, L., & Li, P.
(2016). Associations of perceived stress, resilience, and social
support with sleep disturbance among community‐ dwelling
adults. Stress and Health, 32(5), 578-586.
Talbot, L. S., McGlinchey, E. L., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., &
Harvey, A. G. (2010). Sleep deprivation in adolescents and
adults: Changes in effect. Emotion, 10(6), 831–841.
McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., Buysse, D. J., Cousins, J. C.,
Forbes, E. E., Silk, J. S., ... Franzen, P. L. (2016). The impact
of experimental sleep restriction on affective functioning in
social and nonsocial contexts among adolescents. Journal of
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(9), 1027–1037.
Liu, X., Liu, C., Tian, X., Zou, G., Li, G., Kong, L., & Li, P.
(2016). Associations of perceived stress, resilience, and social
support with sleep disturbance among community‐ dwelling
adults. Stress and Health, 32(5), 578-586.duplicate-need to
proof
Barros, M. B. D. A., Lima, M. G., Ceolim, M. F., Zancanella,
E., & Cardoso, T. A. M. D. O. (2019). Quality of sleep, health,
and well-being in a population-based study. Revista de saude
publica, 53, 82.
Machado, A. K. F., Wendt, A., & Wehrmeister, F. C. (2018).
Sleep problems and associated factors in a rural population of a
Southern Brazilian city. Revista de Saúde Pública, 52, 5s.
Gadie A, Shafto M, Leng Y Cam-CAN, et al. 2017. How are
age-related differences in sleep quality associated with health
outcomes? An epidemiological investigation in a UK cohort of
2406 adults BMJ Open;7:e014920. DOI: 10.1136/BMJ open-
2016-014920
Goldman-Mellor, S., Gregory, A. M., Caspi, A., Harrington, H.,

Parsons, M., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2014). Mental health
antecedents of early midlife insomnia: evidence from a four -
decade longitudinal study. Sleep, 37(11), 1767-1775.
Kumar, V., Malhotra, V., & Kumar, S. (2019). Application of
Standardised Yoga Protocols as the Basis of Physiotherapy
Recommendation in Treatment of Sleep Apneas: Moving
Beyond Pranayamas. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and
Head & Neck Surgery, 71(1), 558-565.
Haghayegh, S., Khoshnevis, S., Smolensky, M. H., Diller, K.
R., & Castriotta, R. J. (2019). Before-bedtime passive body
heating by warm shower or bath to improve sleep: A systematic
review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 46, 124-135.
Tarokh, L., Saletin, J. M., & Carskadon, M. A. (2016). Sleep in
adolescence: Physiology, cognition, and mental health.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 70, 182. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.008.
Lee, J. (2020). Mediating effect of sleep satisfaction on the
relationship between stress and self-rated health among Korean
adolescents: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Children and
Youth Services Review, 109, 104717.
Clementi, M. A. (2018). Efficacy of an integrated sleep and
anxiety intervention for anxious children: A pilot randomized
controlled trial. Doctoral dissertation. TX: University of
Houston.
Chaput, J. P. (2019). The integration of pediatric sleep health
into public health in Canada. Sleep Medicine, 56, 4–8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.06.009.
Amanda Leggett, Sarah Burgard, Kara Zivin. 2016. The Impact
of Sleep Disturbance on the Association Between Stressful Life
Events and Depressive Symptoms, The Journals of Gerontology:
Series B, Volume 71, Issue 1. Pages 118 -
128, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv072
Great set of references

18-25 How many days have you slept more than 6 hours
uninterrupted? How many days have you been in a social
situation which caused shortness of breath How many days
have you over eaten/under eaten? How many days have you
felt tired after a nights rest How many times a week do you
consume alcohol? 5 5 2 2 1 25-35 How
many days have you slept more than 6 hours uninterrupted?
How many days have you been in a social situation which
caused shortness of breath How many days have you over
eaten/under eaten? How many days have you felt tired after a
nights rest How many times a week do you consume
alcohol? 3 4 3 3 3 35-45 How many days
have you slept more than 6 hours uninterrupted? How many
days have you been in a social situation which caused shortness
of breath How many days have you over eaten/under eaten?
How many days have you felt tired after a nights rest
How many times a week do you consume alcohol? 2 2
4 4 2 > 45 How many days have you slept
more than 6 hours uninterrupted? How many days have you
been in a social situation which caused shortness of breath
How many days have you over eaten/under eaten? How
many days have you felt tired after a nights rest How many
times a week do you consume alcohol? 3 1 3 6 3
Days
1. Gender:
a. Female
2. Age: 26
3. How many days have you slept more than 6 hours

uninterrupted?
a. 0-2
4. How many days have you been in a social situation which
caused shortness of breath?
b. none
5. How often have you felt anxious about approaching
situations?
c. occasionally
6. How often have you felt easily irritated?
d. occasionally
7. How many days have you over eaten/under eaten?
e. 2-3
8. How often, in a day, do you find yourself clenching your
jaw/or grinding your teeth?
never
9. How often in a day do you use nicotine?
never
11. How many times have you felt tired after a nights rest?
0-1
12. How often do you walked into a room and forget what you
went in for?
frequently
13. How many times a week do you consume alcohol?
0-1
Sheet1IDStart timeCompletion timeEmailNameTotal pointsQuiz
feedbackGenderPoints - GenderFeedback - GenderAgePoints -
AgeFeedback - AgePoints - How many days have you slept
more than 6 hours uninterrupted?Feedback - How many days
have you slept more than 6 hours uninterrupted?DaysPoints -
DaysFeedback - DaysPoints - How many days have you been in
a social situation which caused shortness of breath?Feedback -
How many days have you been in a social situation which
caused shortness of breath?Days2Points - Days2Feedback -
Days2Points - How often have you felt anxious about

approaching situations?Feedback - How often have you felt
anxious about approaching situations?OftenPoints -
OftenFeedback - OftenPoints - How often have you felt easily
irritated?Feedback - How often have you felt easily
irritated?Often2Points - Often2Feedback - Often2Points - How
many days have you over eaten/under eaten?Feedback - How
many days have you over eaten/under eaten?Days3Points -
Days3Feedback - Days3Points - How often, in a day, have you
found yourself clenching your jaw/or grinding your
teeth?Feedback - How often, in a day, have you found yourself
clenching your jaw/or grinding your teeth?Often3Points -
Often3Feedback - Often3Points - How often in a day have you
used nicotine?Feedback - How often in a day have you used
nicotine?Often4Points - Often4Feedback - Often4Points - How
many days have you felt tired after a nights rest?Feedback -
How many days have you felt tired after a nights
rest?Days4Points - Days4Feedback - Days4Points - How often
have you walked into a room and forgotten what you went in
for?Feedback - How often have you walked into a room and
forgotten what you went in for?Often5Points - Often5Feedback
- Often5Points - How many times a week do you consume
alcohol?Feedback - How many times a week do you consume
alcohol?Days5Points - Days5Feedback - Days532/14/21
22:49:032/14/21 22:50:33anonymousFemale692-30-
1OccasionallyOccasionally2-3RarelyNever4-5Frequently0-
142/14/21 22:53:122/14/21 22:55:03anonymousFemale510-10-
1OccasionallyOccasionally4-5OccasionallyNever6-
7Occasionally4-552/14/21 22:52:522/14/21
22:55:07anonymousMale650-10-1OccasionallyOccasionally2-
3OccasionallyNever4-5Occasionally2-362/14/21
22:59:322/14/21 23:00:50anonymousFemale634-50-1Very
RarelyOccasionally2-3Very RarelyNever0-1Occasionally2-
372/14/21 23:00:592/14/21 23:01:57anonymousMale760-10-
1Very RarelyFrequently0-1NeverNever2-3Rarely2-382/15/21
1OccasionallyFrequently6-7NeverNever4-5Rarely0-192/15/21

1OccasionallyOccasi onally2-3OccasionallyRarely2-
3Occasionally0-1102/15/21 6:11:052/15/21
6:14:08anonymousFemale562-30-1OccasionallyVery Rarely2-
3NeverNever4-5Occasionally2-3112/15/21 9:37:492/15/21
9:39:29anonymousPrefer not to say512-32-3Very RarelyVery
Rarely0-1NeverVery Rarely2-3Frequently0-1122/15/21
10:21:072/15/21 10:25:35anonymousMale536-70-
1NeverFrequently6-7NeverOccasionally2-3Never0-1132/15/21
1RarelyOccasionally0-1Very RarelyNever4-5Frequently0-
1OccasionallyOccasionally2-3
Very FrequentlyNever4-5Occasionally2-3152/15/21
17:51:032/15/21 17:53:38anonymousMale556-70-
1NeverOccasionally2-3NeverNever0-1Rarely2-3162/15/21
17:02:362/16/21 19:24:04anonymousMale304-50-
1OccasionallyOccasionally2-3RarelyNever0-1Occasionally2-
1NeverRarely0-1NeverNever0-1Rarely0-1182/17/21
14:26:012/17/21 14:31:10anonymousMale186-76-
7FrequentlyOccasionally2-3NeverNever2-3Never0-1192/17/21
15:14:192/17/21 15:15:12anonymousFemaleA lot 2-30-
1FrequentlyFrequently6-7NeverNever6-7Occasionally2-
3202/17/21 16:14:522/17/21 16:21:13anonymousMale404-50-
1OccasionallyFrequently4-5OccasionallyNever6-
7Occasionally2-3212/17/21 23:47:262/17/21
23:51:15anonymousFemaleSOMETIMES0-12-
3OccasionallyRarely2-3Very RarelyNever0-1Occasionally0-
1OccasionallyOccasionally2-3Very RarelyNever0-
1Occasionally0-1232/18/21 18:55:262/18/21
18:56:34anonymousFemale342-30-1OccasionallyFrequently6-
7OccasionallyNever6-7Very Rarely0-1242/18/21
1OccasionallyFrequently2-3

18:57:152/18/21 19:00:00anonymousFemale232-30-1
Very FrequentlyFrequently4-5
18:58:452/18/21 19:00:35anonymousMale382-30-1
Very FrequentlyFrequently4-5RarelyNever2-3Frequently0-
1272/18/21 18:59:472/18/21 19:00:41anonymousMale244-50-
1OccasionallyFrequently2-3OccasionallyFrequently4-5Very
Rarely2-3282/18/21 19:00:022/18/21
19:00:49anonymousFemale236-74-5
Very FrequentlyDaily4-5NeverNever6-7Occasionally0-
1292/18/21 19:00:452/18/21 19:01:45anonymousMale282-30-
1OccasionallyFrequently4-5NeverOccasionally4-
5Occasionally0-1302/18/21 19:04:262/18/21
19:06:30anonymousMale252-30-1Occasionally
Very Frequently4-5OccasionallyNever2-3Occasionally0-
1312/18/21 19:06:082/18/21 19:08:20anonymousMale250-10-
1RarelyOccasionally0-1Very RarelyOccasionally2-
3Occasionally2-3322/18/21 19:08:302/18/21
19:11:28anonymousFemale600-10-1OccasionallyOccasionally0-
1NeverNever2-3Rarely0-1332/18/21 19:11:262/18/21
19:12:52anonymousFemale312-30-1RarelyOccasionally2-
3NeverNever2-3Never2-3342/18/21 19:25:022/18/21
19:26:16anonymousMale382-30-1RarelyVery Rarely6-
7NeverNever2-3Rarely0-1352/18/21 19:35:452/18/21
19:37:22anonymousFemale242-30-1OccasionallyRarely6-
7NeverNever2-3Frequently2-3362/18/21 19:41:492/18/21
19:47:00anonymousMale290-10-1OccasionallyOccasionally2-
3Very RarelyNever4-5Never0-1372/18/21 20:19:022/18/21
20:21:26anonymousMale304-50-1RarelyVery Rarely2-3Very
RarelyNever2-3Rarely0-1382/18/21 20:24:052/18/21
20:26:01anonymousFemale256-72-3FrequentlyOccasionally0-
1Very RarelyNever4-5Very Rarely2-3392/18/21
1RarelyDaily4-5Very RarelyNever0-1Occasionally4-5402/18/21
20:47:522/18/21 20:49:37anonymousMale264-50-

1OccasionallyFrequently2-3NeverNever0-1Very Rarely2-
3412/18/21 20:56:082/18/21 21:03:30anonymousMale296-70-
1RarelyOccasionally0-1NeverNever2-3Never0-1422/18/21
1OccasionallyFrequently4-5RarelyNever2-3Occasionally0-
1432/19/21 1:14:072/19/21 1:15:30anonymousMale294-50-
1Very RarelyRarely0-1Very RarelyNever2-3Very Rarely4-
1RarelyOccasionally4-5OccasionallyNever2-3Frequently0-
1OccasionallyFrequently2-3FrequentlyNever4-5Rarely0-
1462/19/21 13:37:432/19/21 13:38:57anonymousMale234-50-
1Occasionally
Very Frequently2-3OccasionallyNever2-3Occasionally0-
1472/19/21 16:38:242/19/21 16:40:24anonymousMale374-50-
1RarelyFrequently2-3
Very FrequentlyNever2-3Very Rarely0-1482/22/21
7:28:002/22/21 7:29:07anonymousFemale306-70-1Very
RarelyVery Rarely0-1NeverNever0-1Occasionally2-3
Discussion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
As an advanced practice nurse assisting physicians in the
diagnosis and treatment of disorders, it is important to not only
understand the impact of disorders on the body, but also the
impact of drug treatments on the body. The relationships
between drugs and the body can be described by
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug
through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion,
whereas pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the
body.
Photo Credit: Getty Images/Ingram Publishing
When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is
essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact
the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age,
behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug
abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease.
For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past
clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his
or her response to a drug.
To Prepare
· Review the Resources for this module and consider the
principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
· Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical
practices from the last 5 years and think about how
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or
her anticipated response to a drug.
· Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as
genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age,
behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to
disease.
· Think about a personalized plan of care based on these
influencing factors and patient history in your case study.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Post a description of the patient case from your experiences,
observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years.
Then, describe factors that might have influenced
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient
you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan
of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and
patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples.
By Day 6 of Week 1
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at
least two of your colleagues on two different days by suggesting
additional patient factors that might have interfered with the
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patients
they described. In addition, suggest how the personalized plan
of care might change if the age of the patient were different

and/or if the patient had a comorbid condition, such as renal
failure, heart failure, or liver failure.

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