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E-waste.ppt
1.
2. What is electronic waste?
Why is it a problem?
What is being done about e-waste?
Lead vs. Lead free
3. American definition
◦ Anything with a PCB or slightly complicated
electronic components
European
◦ Anything with a plug
4. More than 4.6 million tons of electronic waste
(e-waste) was produced in the US in the year
2000 [Bhuie]
◦ EPA has it that we disposed of 2.4 million tons in
2012.
In Europe, quantity of e-waste increases 3 to
5% a year [Bhuie]
◦ 3 times larger growth than other waste growth
5. Electronics are becoming more and more a
part of everyday life
Embedded systems are every place
◦ Microwaves, printers, key fobs, cars, appliances,
cell phones
6. Electronics becoming disposable
Cell phones
◦ Life span is about 1.5 years now
◦ 130 million are retired a year
◦ Over 500 million are stockpiled [Bhuie]
Computers
◦ 20 million retired a year
◦ 240 million already stockpiled [Bhuie]
Estimated that for every new cell phone or
computer one becomes obsolete [Bhuie]
7. Hazardous materials found in electronics
◦ Examples: Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Nickel,
Zinc, Antimony, Lead
◦ Can cause damage to brain, lungs, and other
organs
◦ Lead especially toxic to developing children
[Jackson]
8. Hazardous materials not only found in
electronic components
Toxins are found in the plastics
◦ Brominated flame-retardants (BFR) added to
plastics to reduce chance of fire
◦ Damage to sexual development and growth
attributed to some BFRs [Jackson]
9. Recycling programs
Many programs try to refurbish and sell old
equipment
Programs in place to mine precious metals
from old equipment
10. Computer companies have started recycling
programs
◦ Some charge fee
◦ Some give customers rebates on new products
Cell Phone recycling
◦ Largest programs are Verizon’s Hopeline and
Wireless Foundation’s Donate-a-Phone programs
11. Cell phone rates of recycling appear to be at
8% in the US in 2009. [EPA]
◦ One study had it at 70% in the world in 2004.
PCs are 38% by EPA
◦ 10% worldwide by the same study in 2004.
12. Cost (US $) Cell Phone PC
Collection 6.00 23.50
Transportation 0.35 0.43
Sorting - 3.50
Dismantling 0.03 2.75
Refining 0.32 7.87
Disposal of
non-hazardous
0.01 0.83
Disposal of
hazardous
0.03 5.00
Bhuie, A. K., O. A. Ogunseitan, et al. (2004).
13. High cost of labor for recycling
Outsource to China
◦ Cheap labor
◦ Laws are less strict
City of Guiyu: e-waste hub of world
◦ Drinking water has to be brought in [Johnston]
◦ Horrible working conditions [Grossman]
◦ Studies show problems in workers from recycling
[Grossman]
17. There is a lot of money to be had processing
electronic waste
Chinese government trying to come up with
system
Laws have been passed
Electronics companies taking some
responsibility in making sure waste handled
properly [Johnston]
18. Poor conditions not only overseas
Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR) run
electronic waste processing in prisons
[Jackson]
◦ The Department of Justice’s Inspector General in
2010 found:
Numerous violations of health, safety, and
environmental laws and regulations
“Gross misconduct” by staff working for the Federal
Prison Industries, also known as UNICOR. [ETB]
19. Some take old equipment and pass on to schools
and nonprofits
Others mine for metals
◦ 30 to 50% circuit is made of metal [Grossman]
950 e-waste processors in North America
◦ 400 to 500 in the United States [Grossman]
700 million dollar industry in 2003 [Grossman]
Estimated that by 2010 the industry will have $3.5
billion dollars in revenue [Grossman]
20. Two directives have been passed
◦ Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
◦ Restrictions of the Use of Certain Hazardous
Substances (RoHS)
Move responsibility of end of life impact to
producer (“producer responsibility”) [Tetra
Tech]
21. Producers responsible for collection, treatment,
and disposal of e-waste [Tetra Tech]
Logos must be placed on products alerting
customers not to throw away in normal trash
[Tetra Tech]
Provide list of materials in products to recyclers
[Tetra Tech]
22. The name is fitting
Restricts:
◦ Lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, cadmium,
and some brominated flame retardants [Tetra Tech]
◦ If there is no alternative you can use the above
Every 4 years review to see if you can stop using
restricted substance [Grossman]
23. Has a large impact on electronics [Mueller]
Lead is used in practically everything
Getting rid of lead clearly makes end of life
better [Mueller]
Yet some environmentalists are opposed to
lead ban
24. SnAgCu is common replacement to SnPb
US EPA finds that SnAgCu has greater
environmental impact on:
◦ Non-renewable resources
◦ Energy use
◦ Water Quality
◦ Ozone depletion
◦ Global Warming
Per 1000 cc of solder, lead free uses an
energy equivalent of 162 gallons more of
gasoline [United States EPA]
25. Increased environmental impact comes
from material and process related issues
[United States EPA; Mueller]
Metals used are more costly to extract
[Mueller]
Melting point is higher which results in
more energy use [Mueller]
Tin based solders form whiskers [Mueller]
26. Improvements cannot be made to impact of
lead at end of life
Processes used to produce and use lead free
solder could be improved
Forcing lead free could force companies to
come up with recycling friendly designs to
reduce cost
27. Electronics are becoming more and more of
part of everyday life
New legislature is forcing electronic industry
to pay attention to environmental impact
It is unsure if such laws are beneficial
28. Tetra Tech. (2005). "Factsheet: WEEE and RoHS Directives." Retrieved 10/21, 2006, from
http://www.mdsmap.com/en/pdf/weee%20rohs%20directive%20factsheet.pdf.
Bhuie, A. K., O. A. Ogunseitan, et al. (2004). Environmental and economic trade-offs in
consumer electronic products recycling: a case study of cell phones and computers. Electronics
and the Environment, 2004. Conference Record. 2004 IEEE International Symposium on, 10-13
May 2004, Page(s): 74 – 79
Grossman, E. (2006). High tech trash: digital devices, hidden toxics, and human health.
Washington, Island Press/Shearwater Books.
Jackson, A. S., A. Shuman, et al. (2006). "Toxic Sweatshops: How UNICOR Prison Recycling
Harms Workers, Communities, the Environment, and the Recycling Industry." Retrieved 10/22,
2006, from http://www.computertakeback.com/docUploads/ToxicSweatshops.pdf.
Johnston, B. R. (2003). "The Political Ecology of Water: An Introduction " Capitalism, nature,
socialism 14(3): 73 - 90.
Mueller, J., H. Griese, et al. (2005). Transition to lead free soldering - a great change for a
better understanding of materials and processes and green electronics.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). "Solders in electronics a life-cycle
assessment." Retrieved 10/20, 2006, from
http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/dfe/pubs/solder/lca/lfs-lca-final.pdf.
http://www.electronicstakeback.com/global-e-waste-dumping/prison-
recycling/investigation-finds-workers-exposed-to-heavy-metals/
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htm
