Earthquake before and after

1. E A R T H Q U A K E
BEFOR
E
AFTE
R

2. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
India’s Vulnerability to Disasters
• 57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes.Of these,
12% is vulnerable to severe earthquakes.
• 68% land is vulnerable to drought.
• 12% land is vulnerable to floods.
• 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.
• Apart from natural disasters, some cities in
India are also vulnerable to chemical and
industrial disasters and man-made disasters.

3. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
India’sVulnerabilitytoDisasters

4. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
India’sVulnerabilitytoDisasters

5. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
India’sVulnerabilitytoDisasters
Seismic Activity in India Up to - 2004

6. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
India’sVulnerabilitytoDisasters

7. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
India’sVulnerabilitytoDisasters
Distribution of epicenters of earthquakes greater than magnitude 5.0 for the period
1976-2000, South East Asia and Indian Ocean

8. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
What are Earthquakes?
Q- What happens when plates collide?
A- It depends how the plates are moving when they meet:
When two plates collide head-on, they push each other up and form
mountains. That's how the Himalayas and other great mountain ranges
(including the Rockies, long ago) were created.
When one plate dives below
another plate, it creates a
seduction zone as the diving plate
is crushed and melted. This
process often creates volcanoes as
the magma (molten rock) rises up
to the surface.
There are basically three types:-
􀂉 VOLCANIC 􀂉 TECTONIC 􀂉 COLLAPSE
Occurs in gangatic planes

9. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
What are Seismic Waves?
Response of material to the arrival of
energy fronts released by rupture
Two types:
Body waves
• P and S
Surface waves
• R and L
Seismic Waves
• Earthquake waves are known as seismic waves. There are three
main types of seismic waves.
• Each type of wave has a characteristic speed and manner of travel.

10. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
P or primary waves
• fastest waves.
• travel through solids, liquids, or gases.
• compressional wave, material movement is in
the same direction as wave movement.
S or secondary waves
• slower than P waves.
• travel through solids only.
• shear waves – move material
perpendicular to wave
movement.
Body waves

11. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Surface Waves: R and L waves
• Surface Waves
a. Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
b. Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side
movement
c. Especially damaging to buildings

12. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake
• The point within Earth
where faulting begins
is the focus, or
hypocenter
• The point directly
above the focus on
the surface is the
epicenter

13. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
HOW CAN WE MAKE HIGH RISE AND LOW RISE GOOD
CONSTRUCTION
• ARCHITECTURAL RESTRICTION:
The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its
overall shape, size and geometry, in addition to how the earthquake
forces are carried to the ground.
Size of Buildings:
In tall buildings with large height-to-
base size ratio (Figure 1a), the
horizontal movement of the floors
during ground shaking is large. In short
but very long buildings (Figure 1b), the
damaging effects during earthquake
shaking are many.

14. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Horizontal Layout of Buildings:
In general, buildings with simple geometry in plan
(Figure 2a) have performed well during strong
earthquakes.
• Buildings with re-entrant corners, like those U,
V, Hand + shaped in plan (Figure 2b), have
sustained significant damage. Many times, the
bad effects of these interior corners in the plan
of buildings are avoided by making the
buildings in two parts.
HOW CAN WE MAKE HIGH RISE AND LOW RISE GOOD
CONSTRUCTION
• For example, an L-shaped plan can be broken up into two rectangular plan shapes using
a separation joint at the junction (Figure 2c). Often, the plan is simple, but the
columns/walls are not equally distributed in plan. Buildings with such features tend to
twist during earthquake shaking.

15. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Vertical Layout of Buildings:
The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in
a building need to be brought down along the height to the
ground by the shortest path; any deviation or discontinuity
in this load transfer path results in poor performance of the
building. Buildings with vertical setbacks (like the hotel
buildings with a few storeys wider than the rest) cause a
sudden jump in earthquake forces at the level of
discontinuity (Figure 3a).
HOW CAN WE MAKE HIGH RISE AND LOW RISE GOOD
CONSTRUCTION
Buildings on slopy ground have unequal height
columns along the slope, which causes ill effects like
twisting and damage in shorter columns (Figure 3c).
Buildings with columns that hang or float on beams at
an intermediate storey and do not go all the way to the
foundation, have discontinuities in the load transfer
path (Figure 3d).

16. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Adjacency of Buildings:
When two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each other
during strong shaking. With increase in building height, this collision can be a greater
problem. When building heights do not match (Figure 4), the roof of the shorter
building may pound at the mid-height of the column of the taller one; this can be
very dangerous.
HOW CAN WE MAKE HIGH RISE AND LOW RISE GOOD
CONSTRUCTION

17. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005
“In order to Coordinate Central Govt. efforts in Preparedness,
Prevention, Response, Mitigation, Relief and Rehabilitation
and for adoption of a Holistic Pro-active Approach to
Disaster Management, a ‘NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY’ has come into being by an Act
of Parliament in December 2005 under the Chairmanship of
Prime Minister as the NODAL AGENCY for Disaster
Management in the Country.”

18. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Areas of Concern
• ACTIVATING AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
NETWORK AND ITS CLOSE MONITORING.
• MECHANISMS FOR INTEGRATING THE SCIENTIFIC,
TECHNOLOGICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES
FOR EFFECTIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT.
• TERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATION LINKS WHICH
COLLAPSE IN THE EVENT OF A RAPID ONSET
DISASTER.
• VULNERABILITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
(POWER SUPPLY, COMMUNICATION, WATER SUPPLY,
TRANSPORT, ETC.) TO DISASTER EVENTS.

19. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Areas of Concern
• FUNDING : PRIMACY OF RELIEF AS DISASTER
RESPONSE.
• PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION VERY OFTEN
IGNORED.
• LACK OF INTEGRATED EFFORTS TO COLLECT AND
COMPILE DATA, INFORMATION AND LOCAL
KNOWLEDGE ON DISASTER HISTORY AND
TRADITIONAL RESPONSE PATTERNS.
• NEED FOR STANDARDISED EFFORTS IN COMPILING
AND INTERPRETING GEO-SPATIAL DATA, SATELLITE
IMAGERY AND EARLY WARNING SIGNALS.
• WEAK AREAS CONTINUE TO BE FORECASTING,
MODELLING, RISK PREDICTION, SIMULATION AND
SCENARIO ANALYSIS, ETC.

20. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Areas of Concern
• ABSENCE OF A NATIONAL LEVEL, STATE LEVEL, AND
DISTRICT LEVEL DIRECTORY OF EXPERTS AND
INVENTORY OF RESOURCES.
• ABSENCE OF A NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT
PLAN, AND STATE LEVEL AND DISTRICT LEVEL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS.
• SUSTAINABILITY OF EFFORTS
• EFFECTIVE INTER AGENCY CO-ORDINATION AND
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR
STAKEHOLDER GROUPS, ESPECIALLY CRITICAL
FIRST RESPONDER AGENCIES.
• EMERGENCY MEDICINE, CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE,
TRIAGE, FIRST AID

21. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
LIFE OF R.C.C. STRUCTURE
• Expected Service Life of Structures
• There is very little literature available on the subject of expected service life of
structures. The lifespan of RCC generally is taken as 100 years. However, there are
some expected as well as prevalent conventions about design life span, which are
given here:
• Monumental Structures like temple, mosque or church etc. - 500 to 1000 years
• Steel Bridges, Steel Building or similar structures. - 100 to 150 years
• Concrete bridges or High rise building or stone bridges etc. - 100 years
• residential houses or general office/commercial buildings etc.- 60 to 80 years
• Concrete pavements - 30 to 35 years
• Bituminous pavements - 8 to10 years
Dr. Y. P. Gupta, Advisor, Naini Bridge Information Centre; COWI - DIPL Consortium, Allahabad

22. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
LIFE OF R.C.C. STRUCTURE
• Expected Service Life of Structures
• There is very little literature available on the subject of expected service life of
structures. The lifespan of RCC generally is taken as 100 years. However, there are
some expected as well as prevalent conventions about design life span, which are
given here:
• Monumental Structures like temple, mosque or church etc. - 500 to 1000 years
• Steel Bridges, Steel Building or similar structures. - 100 to 150 years
• Concrete bridges or High rise building or stone bridges etc. - 100 years
• residential houses or general office/commercial buildings etc.- 60 to 80 years
• Concrete pavements - 30 to 35 years
• Bituminous pavements - 8 to10 years
Dr. Y. P. Gupta, Advisor, Naini Bridge Information Centre; COWI - DIPL Consortium, Allahabad

23. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
6.5 RICHTER SCALE __EFFECTED CITIES
• San Fernando,
California, Feb
9, 1971.
Highway
interchange
heavily
damaged by the
magnitude 6.5
earthquake.

24. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
6.5 RICHTER SCALE __EFFECTED CITIES
• A strong earthquake in southern China's
Yunnan province on Aug 3, 2014 has killed at
least 398 people and injured more than 1,800.
• The 6.5 magnitude earthquake caused some
buildings, including a school, to collapse in the
remote mountainous region and 181 people are
still missing.
• About 12,000 homes collapsed when the quake
struck Sunday afternoon in impoverished Ludian
county, around 230 miles northeast of Yunnan's
capital, Kunming, China's official Xinhua News
Agency reported.

25. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
6.5 RICHTER SCALE __EFFECTED CITIES
• Indonesia
Earthquake
2012: Aftershock
Measuring 6.5
Richter Scale Felt

26. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Hotels in Nepal __ safety measures
“The Radisson Hotel Kathmandu was not
affected by the earthquake, and all staff and guests
have been accounted for,” the statement said. “The
building has been inspected and verified for structural
safety. Radisson Hotel Kathmandu is not taking any
bookings until further notice and remains committed
to the safety and well-being of staff and its guests.”

27. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Hotels in Nepal __ safety measures
Binks said that initially the group was
not allowed into their hotel rooms but
were later allowed in when it was
clear that the hotel was not damaged.
He said the hotel his group was
staying at, the Yak and Yeti Hotel, was
modern and had not been damaged
at all although several people said
they would be sleeping in the hotel’s
garden or in the lobby instead of their
rooms.
With files from Kam Razavi

28. E A R T H Q U A K E “BEFORE AND AFTER”
Hotels in Nepal __ safety measures
I would like to congratulate Mrs. Sinead
O’Reilly-Henell, the GM of the Hayatt-
Kathmandu and her entire winning team
for the great job done during the recent
Earthquake experience! The whole "crew"
did an amazing work under very demanding
conditions with ambition to safety, safety and
safety! The emergency response plan worked
to a good level and every resident has been
evacuated. It was an unforgettable
experience since the first earthquake wave
(of 7.9 Richter scale) has been experienced
inside my room!
A VISITOR AT HAYATT KATHMANDU.
Following the earthquake Hyatt Regency was
left without running water or electricity, and
engineers are on site to make it structurally
safe so international relief organizations can
base their operations there.
PRESS RELEASE FROM HAYATT-KATHMANDU.