As we understand, when soil particles binds to each other more strongly and forms groups called as soil aggregates and their stability is defines in terms of resisting disintegration of soil particles when disruptive forces associated with tillage and water or wind erosion are applied externally. Changes in aggregate stability indicate about recovery or degradation of soils. Further Aggregate stability is an indicator of organic matter content, biological activity, and nutrient cycling in soil. Microbial decomposition of fresh organic matter releases products (that are less stable) that bind small aggregates into large aggregates (> 2-5 mm). These large aggregates are more sensitive to management effects on organic matter. Greater amounts of stable aggregates suggest better soil quality. When the proportion of large to small aggregates increases, soil quality generally increases. Pore space is also essential for air and water entry into soil, and for air, water, nutrient, and biota movement within soil. Stable aggregates favor high infiltration rates and appropriate aeration for plant growth. Factors affecting aggregate stability can be grouped as abiotic (clay minerals, sesquioxides, exchangeable cations), biotic (soil organic matter, activities of plant roots, soil fauna and microorganisms), and environmental (soil temperature and moisture). Soil microorganisms like bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa played a vital role in maintaining stability of soil through the bio physicochemical activities in the soil through deposition of extracellular polysaccharides and formation of degraded, aromatic humic materials that form clay–polyvalent metal–organic matter complexes. In short, it is understood that activities of soil organisms interact in a complex food web with herbivores and predators, detritivores , on fungi or on bacteria, and others living off but not consuming their hosts (parasites). Soil fauna and most fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes are heterotrophs, they rely on organic materials either directly (primary consumers) or through intermediaries (secondary or tertiary consumers) for C and energy needs. Actinomycetes are a broad group of bacteria that form thread-like filaments in the soil. Actinomycetes form associations with some non- leguminous plants and fix N, which is then available to both the host and other plants in the near vicinity. Bacteria produce a sticky substance in the form of polysaccharides that helps bind soil particles into small aggregates, conferring structural stability to soils. Decomposers like saprophytic fungi - convert dead organic material into fungal biomass, CO2, and small molecules, such as organic acid. Mycorrhizae extend plant reach to water and nutrients, allowing plants to utilize more of the resources available in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can also benefit the physical characteristics of the soil because their hyphae form a mesh to help stabilize soil aggregates thus in .

1. As we understand, when soil particles binds to each other more strongly and forms groups called
as soil aggregates and their stability is defines in terms of resisting disintegration of soil particles
when disruptive forces associated with tillage and water or wind erosion are applied externally.
Changes in aggregate stability indicate about recovery or degradation of soils. Further Aggregate
stability is an indicator of organic matter content, biological activity, and nutrient cycling in soil.
Microbial decomposition of fresh organic matter releases products (that are less stable) that bind
small aggregates into large aggregates (> 2-5 mm). These large aggregates are more sensitive to
management effects on organic matter. Greater amounts of stable aggregates suggest better soil
quality. When the proportion of large to small aggregates increases, soil quality generally
increases. Pore space is also essential for air and water entry into soil, and for air, water, nutrient,
and biota movement within soil. Stable aggregates favor high infiltration rates and appropriate
aeration for plant growth. Factors affecting aggregate stability can be grouped as abiotic (clay
minerals, sesquioxides, exchangeable cations), biotic (soil organic matter, activities of plant
roots, soil fauna and microorganisms), and environmental (soil temperature and moisture).
Soil microorganisms like bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa played a vital role in
maintaining stability of soil through the bio physicochemical activities in the soil through
deposition of extracellular polysaccharides and formation of degraded, aromatic humic materials
that form clay–polyvalent metal–organic matter complexes. In short, it is understood that
activities of soil organisms interact in a complex food web with herbivores and predators,
detritivores , on fungi or on bacteria, and others living off but not consuming their hosts
(parasites). Soil fauna and most fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes are heterotrophs, they rely on
organic materials either directly (primary consumers) or through intermediaries (secondary or
tertiary consumers) for C and energy needs. Actinomycetes are a broad group of bacteria that
form thread-like filaments in the soil. Actinomycetes form associations with some non-
leguminous plants and fix N, which is then available to both the host and other plants in the near
vicinity. Bacteria produce a sticky substance in the form of polysaccharides that helps bind soil
particles into small aggregates, conferring structural stability to soils. Decomposers like
saprophytic fungi - convert dead organic material into fungal biomass, CO2, and small
molecules, such as organic acid. Mycorrhizae extend plant reach to water and nutrients, allowing
plants to utilize more of the resources available in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can also
benefit the physical characteristics of the soil because their hyphae form a mesh to help stabilize
soil aggregates thus in brief we can say that by maintaining mutualistic interrelationship between
all macro and micro organism the stability of soil is established.
Solution

2. As we understand, when soil particles binds to each other more strongly and forms groups called
as soil aggregates and their stability is defines in terms of resisting disintegration of soil particles
when disruptive forces associated with tillage and water or wind erosion are applied externally.
Changes in aggregate stability indicate about recovery or degradation of soils. Further Aggregate
stability is an indicator of organic matter content, biological activity, and nutrient cycling in soil.
Microbial decomposition of fresh organic matter releases products (that are less stable) that bind
small aggregates into large aggregates (> 2-5 mm). These large aggregates are more sensitive to
management effects on organic matter. Greater amounts of stable aggregates suggest better soil
quality. When the proportion of large to small aggregates increases, soil quality generally
increases. Pore space is also essential for air and water entry into soil, and for air, water, nutrient,
and biota movement within soil. Stable aggregates favor high infiltration rates and appropriate
aeration for plant growth. Factors affecting aggregate stability can be grouped as abiotic (clay
minerals, sesquioxides, exchangeable cations), biotic (soil organic matter, activities of plant
roots, soil fauna and microorganisms), and environmental (soil temperature and moisture).
Soil microorganisms like bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa played a vital role in
maintaining stability of soil through the bio physicochemical activities in the soil through
deposition of extracellular polysaccharides and formation of degraded, aromatic humic materials
that form clay–polyvalent metal–organic matter complexes. In short, it is understood that
activities of soil organisms interact in a complex food web with herbivores and predators,
detritivores , on fungi or on bacteria, and others living off but not consuming their hosts
(parasites). Soil fauna and most fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes are heterotrophs, they rely on
organic materials either directly (primary consumers) or through intermediaries (secondary or
tertiary consumers) for C and energy needs. Actinomycetes are a broad group of bacteria that
form thread-like filaments in the soil. Actinomycetes form associations with some non-
leguminous plants and fix N, which is then available to both the host and other plants in the near
vicinity. Bacteria produce a sticky substance in the form of polysaccharides that helps bind soil
particles into small aggregates, conferring structural stability to soils. Decomposers like
saprophytic fungi - convert dead organic material into fungal biomass, CO2, and small
molecules, such as organic acid. Mycorrhizae extend plant reach to water and nutrients, allowing
plants to utilize more of the resources available in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can also
benefit the physical characteristics of the soil because their hyphae form a mesh to help stabilize
soil aggregates thus in brief we can say that by maintaining mutualistic interrelationship between
all macro and micro organism the stability of soil is established.