Causes And Treatment Of Cervical Cancer

Causes And Treatment Of Cervical Cancer
INTRODUCTION
Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix or cervix uteri. Cervical cancer is the third most
commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide with over 527,000 new cases 1,2 and perhaps the
second most common cancer among women in the third world countries 3–5 It accounts for 9% of the total new cancer cases and 8% (more than
265,000) of the total cancer deaths among females.1,2 More than 80% of these cases and deaths occur in developing countries.1–4
Although cancer of the cervix is known to be a preventable cancer, it still remains one of the major causes of cancer deaths in females under 60 years
old.1,2 In developed regions, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BACKGROUND
The cervix is the lower part or neck of the uterus (womb) connecting the body of the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). It is a cylindrical structure,
which lies below the internal os.11–13 The upper third of the cervix is made up of columnar/glandular cells (similar to the rest of uterus). The lower
two–thirds of the cervix is made up of squamous cells (similar to the vagina) see figure 1. The normal squamocolumnar junction (transformation zone
or T–zone) is located in the ectocervix and can be exposed to carcinogens, resulting in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), an abnormal
proliferation or overgrowth of the basal cell layer.11,12 The T–zone is the most common site for cervical dysplasia which is a premalignant condition to
cervical cancer that results from an abnormal proliferation of cells characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and loss of cellular organization.11,12
Approximately 90% of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.11,12,,14 Another 10% of cervical cancers are of the adenocarcinoma
type.11,12,14 Occasionally, the cancer may have characteristics of both types and is called adenosquamous carcinoma or mixed carcinoma.11,12,14
Figure 1: Adapted from http://www.bing.com/images/
search?q=anatomy+of+cervix&id=4B21A47DFDF1FD4269F79CD47453E03D15FE3FA7&FORM=IQFRBA
Cause/Risks of Cancer of Cervix
The etiological role of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cervical Cancer Awareness
Cervical cancer remains a public health problem that affects women worldwide. Cervical cancer is rated as the fourth type of cancer worldwide and
the second most common cancer in women living in developing countries. In Europe, cervical cancer ranks as the sixth leading cancer of female
cancers and second most common cancer among women aged between 15 to 44 years of age. Early detection and treatment are important for the
prevention of morbidity and mortality related to cervical cancer. International studies conducted suggest that cervical cancer–related morbidity and
mortality are highest among immigrant populations and that immigrant women may be less likely than non–immigrant women to participate in
cervical cancer screening. These studies indicate that Somali women, in particular, constitute one immigrant group that is less likely to participate in
cervical cancer screening. However, little information is known about the perceptions of and perspectives on cervical cancer screening as well as the
barriers to uptake of cervical cancer screening among Somali women in Oslo. The aim of the study is to explore perceptions of and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study also demonstrated women experiences of Pap smear test as unpleasant, painful and upsetting. In addition, the study revealed physical and
emotional barriers such as pain, fear of the outcome and embarrassment. Moreover, practical issues related to child care and lack of time, language
difficulties, cultural and religious factors as well as mistrust of the health care system were also identified as a barrier to cervical screening. In
reducing the barriers to uptake, the participants suggested awareness creation, use of translated materials, and preference for female health providers as
the strategies for reducing the barriers to cervical

Cervical Cancer Essay
Cervical disease is the fourth Largest basic cancer in women around the world, and second for ladies ages 15 to 44(Bailey et al., 2016). About 740
deaths for every day happen because of cervical cancer (Small et al., 2017), making it the second most regular reason for cancer demise in women
(Chabra, 2016). This fact is anticipated to just ascent, with an expected 443,000 yearly deaths by 2030–a 67% growth and twice the normal maternal
mortality from pregnancy inconveniences (Cervical Cancer Action, 2011).
Cervical tumor is a multifactorial gynecological infection. It is additionally subdivided into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma (ADC)
and adenosquamous carcinoma relying upon the beginning tissue. The fundamental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Notwithstanding, cancer with high–risk HPV does not ensure a patient will create cervical tumor as most infection clear inside 1–year and a half, and
there have been exceptionally uncommon occasions where ladies have created cervical tumors that are HPV–negative (Avrich et al., 2006). Cervical
tumors can be resistant to usual courses of chemotherapy and those patients who do react positively to chemotherapy have cancer that can repeat
(Alexander et al., 2005; Dreyer et al., 2005; Lindeque, 2005; Tewari and Monk, 2005).
Morphology and histology of cervix:
The uterus is a mainly female hormone–responsive reproductive sex organ of the a huge part of the warm blooded animal including human. The
cervix (or neck of the uterus) is the lower, thin piece of the uterus where it joins with the upper end of the vagina. It is round and hollow or pointed
pattern and extends through the upper first vaginal barrier. In Latin, Cervix indicates neck. The piece of the cervix expecting into the vagina is
indicated as the portio vaginalis or ectocervix. Everything considered, the ectocervix is 3 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. It has an outcurved, rounded
surface and is divided into front and back lips. The way between the external os and the uterine depression is indicated as the endocervical canal. It
moves fundamentally long and width, nearby the cervix general (Stephen S. Sternberg, 1997).
The epithelium of the

Taking a Look at Cervical Cancer
Let the truth be known that cervical cancer can affect everyone with cervix. That is, all women. It doesn't just happen to those with multiple sexual
partners or women after the age of 30. It can happen even to monogamous women and women in their 20s. But bear in mind that cervical cancer is
preventable and curable especially in its early stages.
Massive now is the campaign and attention given by health workers, media and people who had experienced cervical cancer themselves or within their
families. Listen to the stories of others and learn what must be done to prevent, detect and cure the second most common cancer for women in the
Philippines.
Yes, cervical cancer in the Philippines has become rampant, killing 12 Filipinas everyday. But not many Filipinos still know what it is, how it
develops, how it can be prevented and how it can be cured.
What is cervical cancer?
In cervical cancer, there is an abnormal proliferation of cells in the lower part of the uterus –cervix – that connects it to the vagina. It usually begins in
the cells that line the cervix. The normal cervix of a woman looks smooth, shiny and pink. When abnormal cells first develop into pre–cancerous cells,
changes in the shape, size as well as number of cells occurs in the surface of the cervix. These changes may or may not turn into cancer slowly overtime.
Women with cervical cancer may not initially manifest symptoms. But in the later stages abnormal bleeding and discharges are common.
What is the

Essay On Cervical Cancer
Introduction
The cells in our bodies all have certain jobs to do. Normal cells divide in an orderly way. They die when they are damaged, and new cells take their
place. Cancer is when the cells start to growth out of control, meanly know as malignancy. The cancer cells keep on growing and making new cells.
They crowd out normal cells. This causes problems in the part of the body where the cancer started. Cancer is not just one disease. There are many
types of cancer. Cancer can start in the lungs, the breast, the colon, or even in the blood. Cancers are alike in some ways, but they are different in the
ways they grow and spread. The most common types of cancer in the U.S are; Bladder cancer, Breast cancer,Cervical cancer, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Start a sexual active life at an early age, and have sex with different sexual partners follows as a risk factor. HIV, multiple pregnancy, and the birth
control pills, are others risk factors associated to the cervical cancer. Smoking is an important risk factor, nicotine has been found in the cervical
mucus; it increases the possibilities to develop cervical cancer by weakening the immune system and the person is more susceptible to be infected by
HPV (American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, 2010). In thinking about risk factors, it helps to focus on those you can change or
avoid (like smoking or human papilloma virus infection), rather than those you cannot (such as your age and family history). However, it is still
important to know about risk factors that cannot be changed, because it's even more important for women who have these factors to get regular Pap
tests to detect cervical cancer early.
The NHS (National Health Service) Cervical Screening Program began in 1988, the rate of women diagnosed with cervical cancer in the United
Kingdom has halved from 16 per 100,000 in 1988 to 8 per 100,000. (See image 1A, page

Cervical Cancer Problem
Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in Fiji and internationally as well, especially in developing countries where it is the most common
cancer in women. Developing countries endure an uneven burden of the disease, experiencing age–standardised mortality rate that are twice those
experienced in developed countries.
Cervical cancer in Fiji
Fiji is a small Pacific island nation of 837000 people, consist of of two main ethnic groups: indigenous Fijians (I–Taukei, 55%) and Indians
(Indo–Fijians, 45%), of whom 292600 (35%) are women aged more than 15 years of age. Cervical cancer was the most common cancer and the tenth
most common cause of mortality in women in Fiji. Although high rates of cervical cancer in Fiji, relatively little research has been carried out to
recognise those groups of women most at risk and trends over time. Cervical cancer was once identified as the most deadly cancer in America until
the years 1955 to 1992 when its rates declined by 70% due to increase in pap smear screening and more awareness among society, it is said to decline
by 3% each year but the numbers still remain high (Ministry Of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even with the risks of the HPV virus both males and females are barely conscious of the virus and the risks it carries. Cancer fatalism has continued to
increase among especially in young women, this is the belief that women have had that diagnosis of cancer openly explains to expected death therefore
they find it better to avoid going for screening and are with no knowledge of any kind on their health status. Education and information on both breast
cancer and cervical cancer has continued to decrease as the cancer fatalism increases not because there is no existing information but because the
women have been unaware to educate

Preventing Cervical Cancer ( Hpv )
Can we do anything to prevent cervical cancer? The answer is an unequivocal, yes. We can immunize our children against the Human Papillomavirus
(HPV). If it were mandated for the HPV vaccine to be given to girls, it would be the first vaccine given to prevent cervical cancer. This would also be
the first time that a person could be immunized against a sexually transmitted disease, which is how the Human Papillomavirus is transmitted. The HPV
vaccine has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) along with other
professional originations in an effort to prevent the spread of the Human Papillomavirus. Making the Human Papillomavirus vaccine mandatory would
save lives, and why would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another concern is that girls might get a false sense of security by thinking the vaccine gives them protection from other sexual transmitted diseases
when it does not (Thomas, 2008). Parents have worries about the safety of vaccines, and do not want to give the HPV vaccine or any other vaccines
for that matter. There seems to be a bigger fear of gluten right now than Polio.
Over the last few years more and more parents have obviously been making the decision not to vaccinate their children as evidence by the increase in
measles cases, going from less than one hundred in 2002 to over six hundred in 2014 ("Measles Cases and Outbreaks," 2015). The measles outbreak
in California shows that there are active anti–vaccine groups in the United States at this time. Although The Centers for Disease Control does
acknowledge that all vaccines have a potential for allergic reactions. The HPV vaccine has been only known to cause pain at the injection site, fever,
nausea and fainting ("HPV Vaccine Information for Clinicians– Fact Sheet," 2015). The National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) discusses the
possibility of vaccines, including the HPV vaccine being associated with learning disabilities ("National Vaccine Information Center Archives," n.d.).
However, there is no proof to support that consensus, and there is medical scientific evidence that disproves the false conceptions in regards to the

Essay On Cervical Cancer
Abstract
The National Institute of Health (INH), defines cervical cancer as abnormal growth of cells in the cervix due to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
Anatomically the cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus, (the organ where a fetus grows). The cervix leads from the uterus to the vagina, (Bruner
and Suddath 11th ed). Reports by the Washington Department of Health, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organization
(WHO), states that cervical cancer is one of the deadliest, but, most easily preventable form of cancer for women. It claims 270 000 deaths annually,
85% occur in developing countries.
Introduction
Cervical cancer has become a silent killer and a concern in Africa and other developing countries. Growing up in Africa I can say I never knew of
a Pap smear test. I remember my energetic grandmother visiting the clinic numerous times due to prolonged vaginal bleeding which was
misdiagnosed as menopause. Years went by and by the time she was referred to the teaching hospital to be evaluated by a gynecologist she was very
weak due to blood loss, as her care giver at that time, I accompanied her to the city and a Pap test was done and numerous blood studies. A diagnosis
of cervical cancer was pronounced. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is indicated types 16 and 18 cause about 70% of causes of cervical cancer while type 6 and 11 cause 90% of genital warts, (CDC nd). However,
predisposing risks such as smoking, insertion of traditional herbs especially in African women for vaginal, "tightening" has being listed among risk
factors as well as genetic factors and those with a weekend immune system such as HIV/AIDS, or transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive
medications have higher chances of developing cervical

The Primary Causes Of Cervical Cancer Essay
Abstract The primary cause of cervical cancer in women is Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is an infection transmitted through sexual intercourse
(Buchwald et al 2014). In all cultures around the world, there is the recognition of the vulnerability of the sexually active, young women. Also,
measures are being taken by various countries to introduce the HPV vaccination. However, the various efforts have not been successful due to the
emotional charged and divisive social nature of the sexual behaviors of the active, young women as well as the sexually acquired infections. This
research presents a study on the American Indian women, their attitude and knowledge towards the HPV vaccination. The research then uses the
findings of the study in exploring the implications for the nurses who are dealing with the area.
Problem Statement Cervical cancer is second among the most common cancer that affects women globally. The challenge towards the measures taken
to reduce the disease among women is the lack of proper information on the link between the disease itself and the leading cause of it. The disease can
be reduced by limiting sexual partners and practicing safe sex, which are challenging and difficult to promote. Therefore, one of the effective ways
towards reducing the various cases of cervical cancer is through the HPV vaccination. Most women do not have the information on the connection
between cervical cancer and HPV. Consequently, there is the uncertainty among women

Informative Speech On Cervical Cancer
Imagine one day you received a call from your doctor after a "normal" physical. You thought everything was well and normal but then the doctor tells
you the news. You're diagnosed with cervical cancer, would you know what to do. An estimate of 12,820 women in the United States will be diagnosed
with cervical cancer a year but only 47% catch it at an early stage. Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control.
This means that if the disease spread your survival rate is lower to 57% for the next 5 years. It is important to be informed about the process of
cervical cancer and any other disease to keep your body in a healthy state.
Recognizing Cervical Cancer
The symptoms of cervical cancer rarely occur. The major symptoms you should look for are cervix swelling, urinary problems, weight loss,and
abnormal vaginal bleeding and pain. Most symptoms occur during later stages of the disease. Cervical cancer can cause the cervix to swell until it
pushes against neighboring blood vessels. The cervix can then block blood flow from the bottom of the legs to the rest of the body causing pain.
Cervical cancer can lead to a blockage in the kidneys and the muscles that propel urine to the bladder, making it difficult to urinate. The cervix can
swell to press against the stomach, limiting the space available for food. All can result in extreme or sudden weight loss. ... Show more content on
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The stage of a cervical cancer describes its size, depth of invasion, and how far it has spread. Depending on the type and stage of your cancer, you
may need more than one type of treatment. For the earliest stages of cervical cancer, either surgery or radiation combined with chemo may be used. For
later stages, radiation combined with chemo is usually the main treatment.
Risk

The Prevention Of Cervical Cancer Essay
1.A) Nowadays, all the nations releases many health promotion programmes related to diseases. Therefore,Ministry of Health in NZ is mainly focus
on early detection of diseases especially in diagnosing cancer. From that one of the foremost programme allied to women cancer is cervical cancer
screening in Pacific island woman. Cervical cancer is the most leading disease problem in NZ which is more in the pacific area .Cervical cancer is
the cancer of the cervix. It is a preventable disease which is detected in early. In NZ the rate of screening is still increasing because of the
introduction of National cervical screening programme which was launched in 1990. The programme represents the reduction of cervical cancer in
early stage and to reduce the number of deaths. Through the screening programme more than half of the woman can prevent from cervical cancer. The
main purpose of the programme is to give proper awareness about the regular screening and the follow up screening. The programme also tries to
address decreasing inequalities between the Maoris and non–Maoris in health and to improve the health of the woman in NZ.
b) Cervical cancer issue is began or intervened from different extents .it is listed below
Publications related to cancer that is cancer –historical summary (1948–2011). It keeps the record of new patients and death happened in that year. The
other publications are cancer– new registrations and deaths 2012,national collection and surveys

Cervical Cancer Research Papers
Cervical cancer is a malignant cancer located in the lower region of the uterus (cervix). This cancer originally starts as a mas of cells in the uterine
lining that starts to develop pre–cancerous symptoms. That may later become cancerous if this form of cancer is caught is caught early, it can be
treated by a medical professional. For those who develop cervical cancer, there are certain signs and symptoms that develop. There is often bleeding
of the vagina; bleeding after sex, menopause, and between periods. Periods will sometimes last longer or be heavier than a normal period. There may
be bloody discharge occurring between periods and after menopause. There are many risk factors that may lead up to a woman developing cervical
cancer. The most common risk factor is the Human Papilloma virus (HPV). Doctors have discovered that cervical cancer does not develop without
HPV present. Smoking is almost always a risk factor in the development of cancerous cells. For women that smoke, tobacco by–products can be found
in their cervical mucus. The by–products also cause damage to DNA of the cervix cells Which in turn cause the immune system to break down ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the results do find something out of the ordinary, further testing will need to be done to find the cancerous or pre–cancerous cells. Therefore, a
colposcopy often follows. The colposcopy is very similar to a pelvic exam; a small scope is placed into the vagina in order for the doctor to see the
cervix. The colposcope has a magnifying lens giving the doctor a closer look at the lining of the cervix. If the doctor finds the spot of abnormality, he
will next conduct a biopsy of the cervical tissue. Once the biopsy is run and it is determined it it's cancerous or pre–cancerous, the next process would
be for the doctor to run a diagnostic test to see how much the cancer has

What Is Cervical Cancer?
Background: What is Cervical Cancer?
This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer
Institute ("Cervical Cancer", 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus
and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, the HPV virus is so common that nearly all sexually active women and men get it at some point in their lives. Many types of HPV exist,
some causing genital warts and potentially cervical cancer. Individuals can get HPV by having unprotected genital to genital touching, oral, vaginal, or
anal sex. Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, and can develop symptoms years after they had sex with someone who is infected, making it
difficult to know when they first became infected.
There are approximately 12 high risk HPV infection types. Although HPV is quite common, most infections are suppressed by the individual's
immune system within a few years without causing cancer but they may cause temporary chances in cervical cells. However, an infection with high
risk HPV has the potential to form into more severe precancerous lesions, which if not treated, can progress to cancer. As mentioned before, HPV is
slow growing; it may take 10 to 20 years or more for a reoccurring HPV type to develop into

Cervical cancer malignant cancer of the cervix uteris or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the
cancer is in its advanced stages, which has made cervical cancer the focus of intense screening efforts using the Pap smear. About 2.2 percent of
women carry one of the 2 virus strains most likely to lead to cervical cancer. One of the symptoms of Cervical Cancer is very Unusual amount of
discharge. Treatment consists of surgery in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease. An effective HPV
vaccine against the two most common cancer–causing strains of HPV has recently been licensed in the U.S. These two HPV strains together are ...
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Although there are several known risk factors for getting cervical cancer, no one knows exactly why one woman gets it and another doesn't. One of
the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease
that is incredibly common in the population, one study showed that 43% of college age women were infected in a 3–year period. HPV is the virus that
causes genital warts, but having genital warts doesn't necessarily mean you are going to get cervical cancer. There are different subtypes, or strains,
of HPV. Only certain subtypes are likely to cause cervical cancer, and the subtypes that cause warts are unlikely to cause a cancer. Often, infection with
HPV causes no symptoms at all, until a woman develops a pre–cancerous lesion mostly of the cervix. Because infection with a STD is a risk factor for
cervical cancer, any risk factors for developing STD are also risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Women who have had many or several male
sexual partners, having sexual intercourse at an early age, or have had male sexual partners who are considered high risk (meaning that they have had
several sexual partners and/or began having sexual intercourse at an early age) are at higher risks for developing Cervical

Informative Speech On Cervical Cancer Surgery
Cervical Cancer Surgery: What To Expect?
Cervical Cancer – Topic Overview
The cervical cancer indicates the growth of abnormal cells on the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical
cancer has the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide as it is the
fourth most causes of death from cancer in women. The American Cancer Society estimates that about 12,900 new cases of cervical cancer will be
diagnosed in 2015 and about 4100 women will die from it. The cervical cancer can be successfully treated if it's detected early through a Pap test. Here
we'll discuss about the causes, symptoms, treatment and cervical cancer surgery. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hysterectomy: During this type of surgery for treating cervical cancer, the uterus and cervix is removed.
2.Radical hysterectomy: Usually, this type of surgery is recommended for a very small percentage of women with early cervical cancer. This
procedure involves the removal of the uterus and cervix as well as the surrounding tissue and the upper part of the vagina. During this procedure, the
lymph nodes in the pelvis are removed. If this surgery is performed on older women then the ovaries are removed and if it is performed on the
younger women, then the ovaries are left behind so as to preserve the ovarian function.
3.Pelvic extenteration: This type of surgery is an option for women with recurrent or advanced cervical cancer. During this surgery, the cervix, uterus,
vagina, bladder, ovaries, rectum and nearby lymph nodes are removed. The tissues from elsewhere from the body is used for reconstructing the vagina.
The urine and stool is made to pass into the external bags.
Cervical Cancer survival rates:
The five year survival rate is the percentage of women who survive at least for five years after detection of cancer. The cervical cancer survival rates
for all stages are about 68%. If the cervical cancer is detected at an early stage, then the five–year survival rate is nearly

Understanding Cervical Cancer Essay
Cervical cancer, also called cervical carcinoma, develops from abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix (McKesson Clinical...). The cervix connects
the vagina and the uterus. During birth, the cervix dilates and allows a baby to pass from the womb to the birth canal (Hixson, 37). Sadly, cervical
cancer used to be the common cause of cancer deaths in women, but fatalities greatly reduced since the development of the Pap smear in the 1930s
(American Cancer...). Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer may increase the possibility of pregnancy.
Even though it is unknown why cancer happens in some people and not in others, heredity seems to have an effect in some forms of cancer. Because
of this, family history may be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study found a risk for cervical cancer among women in a family. The study also indicated that women are at risk for cervical cancer at a
younger age if their mother or a sister had the disease (Peterson). In its early stages, the presence of cervical cancer may not create any noticeable
symptoms. As the cancer progresses, the woman may experience a watery vaginal discharge and painless bleeding. Over time, the bleeding
becomes heavier and more frequent, and pain becomes noticeable in the lower abdomen or back. The best tool for diagnosing cervical cancer is
the Pap smear. In this simple test, cells are removed from the cervical epithelium with a cotton swab or wooden scraper and examined under a
microscope for precancerous cell changes and signs of malignancy (Peterson). If the Pap smear shows more significant abnormalities, the health care
provider will want to look at the cervix with a colposcope (a special type of microscope that allows the provider to examine the vagina and cervix).
The earlier cervical cancer is diagnosed and treated, the greater the chances are that the patient will survive (McKesson Clinical...). Surgery may be
used to remove tissues showing precancerous changes and cancers in situ. Cryotherapy, which uses extreme cold to destroy tissues, and
electrocoagulation, which uses heat to remove tissue, may also be used. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

What Causes Cervical Cancer
What are the causes and symptoms of cervical cancer?
The cervical cancer starts in the cervix (the narrow opening into the uterus from the vagina) and it mainly occurs during the mid life and major
number of women diagnosed with this are at the age between 35 and 55 years. It is a rare case that a woman nearly 20 years of age suffer from this
cancer. It has been found out by the cervical cancer specialists that nearly 20 percent of diagnosed women are older than 65 years.
Causes of Cervical Cancer
The main causes as well risk factors that cause cervical cancer mainly include Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, multiple sexual partners, intake
of birth control pills, smoking, and engaging in sexual contact at an early age.
It has been also

The Problem Of Cervical Cancer
Decision situation Cervical cancer is the third leading cancer and fourth cause of cancer–related mortality in women (Jeronimo, Bansil, Lim, Peck,
Paul, Amador, & Asthana, 2014). Eighty five percent of cervical cancer incidences occur in developing countries that do not have adequate cervical
cancer screening or treatment programs (Jeronimo et al, 2014) Cervical cancer is a preventable disease caused by the oncogenic strains of human
papillomavirus (HPV) infection (Boggan, Walmer, Henderson, Chaktoura, Mccarthy, Beauvais, & Smith, 2015). These high risk oncogenic HPV
strains cause almost every case of cervical cancer.
Clinical Significance Research shows that persistent HPV infection is the main risk factor for developing cancerous cervical lesions (Lorenzi, Fregnani,
Possati–Resende, Neto, Villa, & Longatto–Filho, 2013). Routine screening and early detection of HPV infection is important for identifying women
at risk for developing cervical cancer (Lorenzi et al, 2013). Therefore, checking for high risk HPV types is recommended as a method for screening
for cervical cancer. Majority of cervical cancer mortality and morbidity happens to women who have never been screened before with traditional
cervical cancer screening methods, largely due to resource limited settings, lack of access to healthcare services or discouragement to participate in a
speculum examination (Haguenoer et al, 2014). Research reveals that HPV DNA testing can reduce the incidence cervical cancer

Cervical Cancer : A Tumor Of The Cervix
Cervical Cancer Myths
Tigist Kiflu
English 2130 Professor Bosher 26 November 2016
Introduction Cervical cancer is a tumor of the cervix. The cervix is the part of the womb, which projects into the vagina. It measures less than one
inch across and about one and a half inches in length. It is a block of a special type of muscle covered by a thin layer of surface cells. Cancer of the
cervix develops in these surface cells, which first start to grow in an abnormal way (precancerous cells). According to Association of the Reproductive
Health Profession, "Removing cells that are pre–cancerous can prevent cervical cancer from developing. If left untreated, pre–cancerous cells may
progress to cancer cells, but that can take 10 to 15 years." Meaning that the cells spread into the muscle of the cervix, surrounding tissue and then to
other parts of the body. It is common cancer in women and can be prevented by detecting precancerous cells in a cervical smear. Precancerous cells in
the cervix seem to develop after an infection of the cervix by a sexually transmitted virus called human papillomavirus(HPV). This virus also causes
genital warts. "Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV)" Other factors
associated with the development

Informative Essay On Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer has caused life to be difficult for women who have been diagnosed with it. It is hard for them to continue with a normal life due to
treatments and just worrying about what could happen to them. Another complication with cervical cancer is your ability to have children. But, there
are ways to prevent cervical cancer that everyone should be educated with. Hela cells were and still are used in cancer research in several different
ways. "HeLa cells comprise an immortalized, continuously cultured cell line of human cancer cells. Unlike normal body (somatic) cells, HeLa cells
thrive indefinitely in laboratory tissue cultures, a trait that has allowed them to assume tremendous importance in biomedical research"(Editors,
AccessScience). With HeLa cells being so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are just three of the several treatments for cancer. They all come with risks, just like almost anything in
life. There are specially trained doctors for performing surgery to treat cancer; these doctors are called oncologists. Surgery may not be an ideal option
for all cervical cancer patients though. "Radiation therapy is the use of high–energy x–rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells... Radiation therapy
may be given alone, before surgery, or instead of surgery to shrink the tumor. Many women may be treated with a combination of radiation therapy and
chemotherapy" (Cervical Cancer: Treatment Options). "Radiation and Chemotherapy are the most common forms of treatment" according to (Cervical
Cancer: Treatment Options). "Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, usually by stopping the cancer cell's ability to grow and
divide" (Cervical Cancer: Treatment Options) Although each form of treatment is somewhat similar, some people might prefer one or the other for
various

The Incidence Of Cervical Cancer
According to the American Cancer Society (ACS) cervical cancer incidence rate among Hispanic women residing in the United States, is about 60%
higher than among non–Hispanic white women. A geographic analysis in the United States found that, Hispanic women experience the highest cervical
cancer incidence rates of any racial/ethnic group in every region; the highest rates were found among Hispanic women in the Midwest, likely due to
large numbers of new immigrants in this region (ACS, 2016). This paper will briefly analyze the most relevant literature related to the incidence of
cervical cancer the relationship with Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination rates among Hispanic women.
METHODS
My search consisted of the words; HPV and Hispanic women, HPV vaccination and Hispanic women, HPV rates among Hispanics, access to HPV
vaccine, cervical cancer, health care access, and disparities. The databases that I searched were CINAHL, the American Cancer Association and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. My only search criteria was that the articles had to have been published after the year 2011 and
be in English. Finding articles related to the subject was not difficult since this is a well addressed and relevant health subject.
RESULTS
According to the literature, the following are considered to be some of the primary barriers and limitations affecting the access of Hispanic women to
the HPV vaccine. Social, economic and cultural barriers play a very

Cervical Cancer: Gynecologic Carcinoma
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer is a typically slow–growing type of gynecologic carcinogenesis caused predominantly by persistent infection with
the human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly the high–risk genotypes HPV–16 and HPV–18.3 Cervical cancer typically originates in the
transformation zone of the cervix, where there is a junction of ectocervix and endocervix. The most common type of cervical carcinoma is squamous
cell carcinoma and makes up 70–80% of cervical cancers. This type of cervical cancer occurs in the squamous cells of the ectocervix. The second most
common type is an adenocarcinoma, occurring in glandular cells of the endocervix, and makes up 10–15% of cervical cancers. Cervical cancers can
also be a mixture of dysplastic squamous cells and glandular cells; this type of carcinoma is termed adenosquamous carcinoma and makes up 1–2% of
cervical cancers. The final type of cervical cancer is associated with HPV–6 rather than HPV–16 or HPV–18. It is termed verrucous squamous
carcinoma and is very rare.5, 6 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The opening of the cervix is termed the cervical os. The internal part of the cervical os is termed the internal os and opens into the uterus. The
external part of the cervical os is termed the external os and opens into the vagina. The cervix can be divided into two sections based on location. The
cervical canal is termed the endocervix and is lined with glandular cells of columnar epithelium. The portion of the cervix that descends downward into
the vagina is termed the ectocervix and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The area where the glandular cells meets the squamous cells is
termed the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). As women age, the SCJ recedes back into the endocervical canal as columnar cells undergo squamous
metaplasia. Right next to the SCJ is the area termed the transformation zone. This transformation zone is where HPV has its negative, carcinogenic

Cervical Cancer
Young women can reduce the risk of cervical cancer in many ways. One way is to use protection when having intercourse. If you do not there could be
a chance of you contracting HPV. Although this won't always protect you from getting this infection. You could also get the HPV vaccine; this is more
certain you won't get the infection. HPV can lead to cancer so it's best to have the vaccine or use protection. Children are given the HPV vaccine when
they are around 12 or 13, sometimes women will get it when they are 18–26 to make sure they don't get the disease. Another way of reducing the risk
of cervical cancer is doing a pap test. It is when the doctor takes cells from your cervix. They send it to a lab to see if the cells are healthy and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If celebrities speak up about these kind of things and encourage women to speak, they will. People listen to celebrities because they see people are
accepting the celebrities for what they did like Angelina Jolie. She spoke up about the surgeries she had like a mastectomy which encouraged other
women to speak up. The GP referral rates went up two and a half times higher when Angelina told the media what she had done. The effects of
celebrities speaking up obviously had an impact so the government should also motivate celebrities to speak up to help women who need confidence
to visit a doctor. Making it seem okay to visit a doctor if you are worried about a small thing could make a big difference. Women just need the
confidence to see a doctor even for the smallest things. The government could make pamphlets and give it to women to help them become more aware
and more confident.
9.
Endometriosis can impact women greatly. They will face many challenges throughout the journey of having endometriosis. A woman with
endometriosis will have many problems relating her physical health. One being she will be infertile and struggle to become pregnant. This will me
hard when she is trying to have a baby and she might have to have surgery to remove the endometriosis tissue but it's not always certain that they will
become pregnant, although a percentage of women do. Women with this condition also experience many symptoms like severe period pain. This
would be hard as some

Cervical Cancer Research Paper
Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cells of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connect the body of the uterus to the vagina. It
is made up of two parts: the endocervix and the exocervix. The endocervix is covered by glandular cells and the part of the cervix closest to the
uterus. The excocervix is covered in squamous tissue and is the part of the cervix closest to the vagina. The squamous and glandular cells meet at the
transformation zone and this is where most cervical cancer. There are 3 types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and
adenosquamous carcinomas. Up to nine out of ten cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinomas and starts in the exocervix. Adenocarcinomas develops
in the

Hpv Vs Cervical Cancer
Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life–threating disease. However, over recent
years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance
of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre–cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market,
which provides close to a 100% protection against pre–cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related.
However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection
procedures, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the CDC, if the test results are normal from both the Pap test and HPV test, the chance of getting cervical cancer in the next few years
is very low. The doctor may even recommend to the patient that she may wait as long as five years before her next screening. But she should still go
to the doctor regularly for a checkup. For women age 21–65 it is important for them to get regular Pap test as directed by their doctor, even if they feel
like they are too old to have a child or not having sex anymore. Women over the age of 65 may not have to get a pap test anymore, if they have had a
normal Pap test result for several years, or had their cervix removed as part of a total hysterectomy for non–cancerous

Cervical Cancer Argumentative Essay
Cervical cancer has been around since the late 1900's. Scientists like Zur Hausen found novel HPV– DNA biopsies, this discovering HPV causes
cervical cancer. Cervical cancer affects the lower part of the vagina or the walls of the pelvis. (Medline plus) Cervical cancer has been detrimental to
women all over the U.S. Cervical cancer shows promising signs to doctors and patients around the world. Although cervical is a deadly cancer for all of
the women around the world there is are some positive sides to the matter. One girl in particular brought some light to the matter. Henrietta Lacks
was a African American women who had cervical cancer, her cells were abnormal when she died. Her cells were called "HeLa" cells. HeLa cells...
Three ways to relieve this type of cancer is Endocervical curettage, A procedure to collect cells or tissue from the cervical canal using a curette
(spoon–shaped instrument). Tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. This procedure is sometimes done at the
same time as a colposcopy. Another way is, Colposcopy A procedure in which a colposcope (a lighted, magnifying instrument) is used to check the
vagina and cervix for abnormal areas. Tissue samples may be taken using a curette (spoon–shaped instrument) or a brush and checked under a
microscope for signs of disease. Last way is a Biopsy, If abnormal cells are found in a Pap test, the doctor may do a biopsy. A sample of tissue is cut
from the cervix and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. "A biopsy that removes only a small amount of tissue is
usually done in the doctor's office. A woman may need to go to a hospital for a cervical cone biopsy (removal of a larger, cone–shaped sample of
cervical tissue)". "(cancer.gov)" There are 4 different stages to cervical cancer, "stage I cancers that can be seen without a microscope. This stage
also includes cancers that can only be seen with a microscope if they have spread deeper than 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) into connective tissue of the
cervix or are wider than 7 mm." "(cervical cancer)" Stage two is when the cancer

HPV & Cervical Cancer Essay
HPV & Cervical Cancer – What Every Woman Should Know
I was eighteen years old when I had my first abnormal pap smear. I received a call from my OB/GYN's office and was informed that I had the
Human Papilloma Virus show up on my pap smear. This was the first pap smear I had ever had, and I was terrified. The news got worse. I researched
this virus and learned that it was actually a sexually transmitted disease that could either cause cervical cancer, or genital warts! I didn't understand, I
had been with my boyfriend for five years and he was my first partner. How could I have contracted a sexually transmitted disease?
I had a biopsy done to test my cervix for cancer. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cells are then sent out to a laboratory for testing. This generally takes two weeks. Most labs use the Bethesda System SIL to measure the amount
of cell changes, if any. This system measures "normal" at one end of the chart, to "invasive cancer" at the other end. Generally it is difficult to
determine the stage or grade of cell changes which occur. This often means diagnosis and treatment are difficult to make. (623).
The Boston Women's Health Collective has estimated that 40% of all women tested will have at least one abnormal pap smear within their lifetime.
Therefore it is recommended that women of all ages receive annual pap smears to find any pre–cancerous changes before they become invasive. (624).
Recommendations:
The American Cancer Society has made recommendations as to when women should be tested. They are as follows:
All women should begin having the Pap test about 3 years after they start having sex (vaginal intercourse), but no later than 21 years of age.
The test should be done every year if the regular Pap test is used, or every 2 to 3 years if the newer liquid–based Pap test is used. Either test is OK.
Beginning at age 30, women who have had 3 normal test results in a row may get the test every 2 to 3 years. Another option for women over 30 is to
have one of the Pap tests every 3 years PLUS the HPV DNA test.
Women who have certain risk factors

Cervical Cancer Research Paper
Cervical Cancer: Teal is the New Pink
Cervical Cancer is a type of cancer that is caused by an abnormal growth of cells in a woman's cervix. The cells reproduce very rapidly and can become
cancerous or remain benign. Every woman is considered at risk for developing this form, but it is seen more in women who are 30 years or older.
Around 12,000 women will get cervical cancer each year (CDC, 2012). No one wants to hear a that they have a diagnosis of cancer, but the good news
is that with early diagnosis and treatment survival rates for women with cervical cancer are extremely high. Here we will discuss risk factor, signs and
symptoms, prevention, and treatments for cervical cancer. Like any other disease, cervical cancer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It usually comes about after an abnormal pap or positive HPV screen. There are many treatment options out there today. First thing the patient will
be referred to a gynecological oncologist to figure out what the best treatment will be. The doctor will perform a biopsy to remove the cancerous
tissue from the cervix. Some biopsies can be used to remove all of the cancer. Some of these include endocervical curettage, cone biopsy, loop
electrosurgical procedure (LEEP), and cold knife cone biopsy ("Cervical", n.d.). If these treatments are not successful the use of radiation and
chemotherapy are used to eradicate any remaining cancerous tissues or tumors ("How is cervical",2014). To increase your survival rate and decrease
your chances of reoccurrence you should receive prompt and effective treatment as soon as

Importance Of Cervical Cancer Screening
The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends cervical cancer screening with cytology testing (also known as a Pap Smear)
every three years in women ages 21 to 65 (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2016a). The USPSTF has graded this recommendation
with an "A" indicating that they have a high level of certainty that the screening will prove to be beneficial, rather than harmful to the patient (USPSTF,
2016a). However, if this patient would prefer to receive cervical cancer screening every five years, the USPSTF also has a high level of certainty that
this will prove to beneficial rather than harmful if human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology are both performed during this screening (USPSTF,
2016a). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(5 pts.)
Getting a cervical cancer screening with a Pap Smear can enable a practitioner to detect early signs of cervical cancer by allowing identification of
precancerous lesions (USPSTF, 2016a). Early detection can decrease the incidence of cervical cancer and, ultimately, reduce mortality rates related to
cervical cancer (USPSTF, 2016a).
Question 4: What are the harms of Pap Smear for an average 54–year–old woman? (5 pts.)
Harms related to cervical cancer screening with a Pap Smear are related to abnormal results. Abnormal results of a Pap Smear can cause short–term
psychological harms that include anxiety and distress (USPSTF, 2016a). Abnormal results can also lead to further or more frequent testing (USPSTF,
2016a). Diagnostic procedure harms include vaginal bleeding, pain, and infection (USPSTF, 2016a). Harms of cervical treatment primarily include
risks related to "adverse pregnancy outcomes" which include preterm delivery, low birthweight, and perinatal death (USPSTF, 2016a). Harms related to
cervical treatment are also associated with false–positives (USPSTF, 2016a). Thus, overtreatment can be detrimental to the patient (USPSTF, 2016a).
Question 5: Your patients asks, "My daughter is 19, and she has started having sex. When should she get a Pap Smear?" (5 pts.)
According to the recommendations of the USPSTF (2016a), your daughter should start getting a Pap Smear at age

What Are Cervical Cancer?
Abstract
(TBD)
Background: What is Cervical Cancer?
This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer
Institute ("Cervical Cancer", 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus
and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, the HPV virus is so common that nearly all sexually active women and men get it at some point in their lives. Many types of HPV exist,
some causing genital warts and potentially cervical cancer. Individuals can get HPV by having unprotected genital to genital touching, oral, vaginal, or
anal sex. Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, and can develop symptoms years after they had sex with someone who is infected, making it
difficult to know when they first became infected.
There are approximately 12 high risk HPV infection types. Although HPV is quite common, most infections are suppressed by the individual's
immune system within a few years without causing cancer but they may cause temporary chances in cervical cells. However, an infection with high
risk HPV has the potential to form into more severe precancerous lesions, which if not treated, can progress to cancer. As mentioned before, HPV is
slow growing; it may take 10 to 20 years or more for a reoccurring HPV type to

Cervical Cancer
Kelly Dunn
HED 414
C. Rath
Cervical cancer is considered to be a slow–growing reproductive disease that affects thousands of women in the United States annually. This particular
type of cancer forms within and/or on the tissue of the cervix. The cervix is part of the female reproductive tract, which connects the uterus to the
vagina. Cervical cancer begins when surface level cells on the cervix divide uncontrollably causing cervical lesions, which if left untreated can
progress into cancer. If not found in the early stages, cervical cancer can spread from the surface of the cervix, deep into the tissue of the cervix as
well as the surrounding tissues within the vagina and uterus (Slaz,
2010). It is estimated that there is an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Engaging in smoking and a weak immune system can also increases one's risk of developing cervical cancer because the body's ability to fight
infection and disease is lessened
(Lindau, 2001). Furthermore, tobacco products contain numerous known carcinogens, which physically affect an individual's overall health as well.
Lastly, the lack of regular PAP smear testing can be crucial in determining whether or not a woman will develop cervical cancer.
Annual PAP smears are extremely important because this is not only an opportunity for a woman to have the capability to monitor her own sexual
health, but it is also a chance for physicians to ensure that no abnormalities are present.
In the early stages of cervical cancer there may not always be noticeable symptoms, which reinforces why women should receive annual PAP
smears. The PAP smear itself is a procedure where a gynecologist scrapes cells from the top layers of the cervix, which are then analyzed to check
for any abnormalities. The PAP smear test is extremely important for women because the tests can find abnormal cells in early stages, thus allowing
physicians to treat women earlier (Slaz, 2010; Hughes, 2009; Charney, 2006). Early detection and treatment is more likely to be effective in combating
cervical cancer, as opposed to finding abnormalities in later stages which could have already progressed into cancerous lesions. Today, there are three
main options that physicians

Background/Significance It is estimated that 79 million Americans are currently infected with a strand of Human Papilloma virus (HPV), and that 14
million Americans become infected annually (CDC HPV Questions and Answers, 2016). HPV was discovered in 1979 when HPV–16 and HPV–18
were found to be linked to cervical cancer (Hausen, n.d.). Every year 27 million Americans get cancer from HPV (CDC What Is HPV, 2016). Cancers
associated with HPV whose rates were larger than the mean U.S. rate (11.7 per 100,000) were located in the Southern United States(CDC MMWR,
2016). The morbidity and mortality rates for cervical cancer caused by HPV in the United States are 8.1 and 2.4 per 100,000 respectively; worldwide
the mortality rate for cervical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cost annually for HPV infections up to age 24 is $2.8 billion for females and $62 million for males (Chesson, Blanford, Gift, Tao, & Irwin, 2016).
Alternatively, the cost of the HPV vaccine range from $130–150 per shot, totaling $390–$450 for the vaccine series (Understanding HPV Vaccines,
n.d.). The Vaccine for Children Program includes the HPV vaccine for males and females up to age 18, and the HPV vaccine is covered by most
insurance (Understanding HPV Vaccines, n.d.).
Purpose/Aims
The aim of this study is to determine if HPV vaccine compliance is increased when presented to the patient and guardian as a cancer vaccine instead
of a STD vaccine. This will be a quantitative study focusing on boys and girls age 11–26 with a comparison control group. The purpose is to determine
the rates of HPV vaccination depending on the wording used to present the HPV vaccine to patient and parent by the health care practitioner.
References
Center

Cervical Cancer: A Case Study
With so many potential cancers that can affect our body, cervical cancer sneaks up with little warning. It is the fifth leading cancer death in the United
States for women. A woman's cervix is in the lower, slender end of the uterus which leads to the vagina. If cervical cancer is found at an early stage, it
can normally be cured with various techniques of treatment.
Symptoms and Causes
Women who have earlycancer and pre–cancer normally have no symptoms until the cancer becomes harmful and spreads into nearby tissue. Most
common symptoms to look for are abnormal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge and pain during and after sexual intercourse. Having a Pap test will
check the cervix for abnormal changes in the cervix cells.
With every cancer, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also called carcinoma in situ (CIS).
Stage I cervical cancer describes that the cancer has grown deeper into the cervix, but has not spread beyond that. This stage is separated into two
subcategories: Stage IA: There is a very small amount of cancer, it can only be seen under a microscope. Stage IB: The cancer can be seen and
measures 4cm or less.
Stage II cervical cancer describes the cancer growing beyond the cervix and uterus, but it has not reached the walls of the pelvis or the lower part
of the vagina. Also in this stage, the disease has not spread to the lymph nodes or any distant sites. Stage II is also divided into two subcategories:
Stage IIA: Cancer has not spread into the tissues close to the cervix (parametria), but there is a possibility it has grown into the upper area of the
vagina. Stage IIB: Cancer spread into the tissues close to the cervix.
Stage III cervical cancer describes the cancer has spread to the lower part of the vagina or onto the walls of the pelvis. It has not spread to the nearby
lymph nodes or other parts of the body. This stage is also separated into two

Preventing Cervical Cancer with the HPV Vaccination
HPV vaccination is the most common used method for preventing cervical cancer in young girls ranging from age nine to eleven years old. The
overall perception of the vaccine is positive by the public because of its wide use and support by state laws, school systems and medical associations.
According to the American Pediatric Association the vaccine has an excellent safety record. (Nirvi,1) A reasonable amount of parents still feel
skeptical about mandatory HPV vaccination on their kids and lack great knowledge regarding the vaccine's effectiveness.
HPV is the leading sexually transmitted disease amongst women. "In June 2006, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine
against HPV. Sold as Gardasil, the quadrivilent vaccine is intended to prevent four strains of HPV associated withcervical cancer, precancerous genital
lesions, and genital warts."(Gail,1). HPV can provide enormous potential for cervical cancer prevention, but for a person who is already infected with
the virus there will be little to no benefits gained from the vaccine. The HBM which is the acronym used to describe The Health Belief Model, a
psychological model that explains and predicts health behaviors accounts that most undergraduate women ranging from ages twenty to twenty five
years hold a positive view towards the administration and use of HPV vaccination, it also states that older women were more open towards acceptation
of the vaccination it they considered it a high threat to

Different Types Of Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer is defined by the cells of the cervix that become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably then which forms tumors. This type of
cancer is one of the top common cancers that women get in the United States, particularly in women ages of 35–54. There are two different types of
cervical cancers. The first one and most common type of cervical cancer women get would be squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas is
on the surface of the cervix on the thin squamous cells. The second type of cervical cancer which only about 10% of women get is adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma occurs in the mucus–producing cells near the body of the uterus. In some cases women may have some of both types occurring
which is called mixed carcinoma. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those being surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. Depending on the stage of the cancer will determine the type of treatment
plan used. There are several different types of surgery that can be used to treat cervical cancer, a few of them being conization, total hysterectomy,
radical hysterectomy, and modified radical hysterectomy. Conization is a procedure to remove a cone–shaped piece of tissue from the cervix, the tissue
can be removed by a scalpel, a wire loop, or a laser beam. Total hysterectomy is a surgery to remove the uterus and the cervix. Radical hysterectomy
removes the uterus, cervix, and parts of the vagina. Lastly, modified radical hysterectomy removes the uterus, cervix, upper part of the vagina, and
ligaments and tissues that surround the organs. With radiation therapy doctors use high–energy x–rays to kill the cancer cells. Chemotherapy uses
drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells. And targeted therapy uses drugs that only attack the cancer cells while leaving the normal cell

Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the second foremost occurring cancer in women after breast cancer. Cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the
human papillomavirus, or HPV. Infection by HPV typically occurs in the early years of sexual activity according to the World Health Organization
(WHO), but it can take up to a full twenty years for it to develop into a full–blown malignant tumor. Scientists believe that for all intents and purposes
all cervical cancer cases are caused by infection with a few types of cancer. Great strides have been made in recent years in the development of a
vaccine to treat the cervical cancer. Scientists have cultivated a prophylactic vaccine that would protect against the human papillomavirus. HPV's ...
Treatment for stage I cervical cancer is a simple hysterectomy, unless the cancer is more than 3 mm or has invaded the blood vessels or lymph vessels,
in which case a radical hysterectomy may be needed. Radiation therapy may be used post–op if the cancer cells extend to the edges of the organs that
were removed. Recent clinical trials show that a combination of radiation and cisplatin can be more effective than radiation therapy alone . Stage II
cancer occurs when the tumor(s) have extended beyond the cervix, but not as far as the pelvic wall. Stage II is also classified into two separate
subdivisions. Stage IIA is when the cancer has extended to the upper portion of the vagina, but not as far as the surrounding tissue, or parametria.
Stage IIB occurs when the cancer extends to the parametrial tissues, but not as far as the pelvic wall. One treatment option for Stage II cervical cancer
is high–dose internal and external radiation therapy. As with Stage I treatment, radiation therapy in conjunction with medication can prove more
effective than with radiation therapy alone. A second treatment option is radical hysterectomy with selective para–aortic and radical bilateral (both
sides) pelvic lymph node dissection. Stage III entails the cancer moving beyond the parametrial tissues, but not into the pelvic area. As with Stage I
and II, stage III is also classified into two separate subdivisions. Stage IIIA indicates that the

The Prevention Of Cervical Cancer Essay
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality in countries such as India accounting for more than 17% of all cancer deaths in
women aged 30–69. [3] Cervical cancer is one such type of cancer in which screening plays a significant role. Clinical trials done in below poverty
level populations do encounter ethical issues to a certain extent with regards to informed consent as most or all of these patients are illiterate. However
informed consent is extremely important when justifying data for such clinical trials. Countries such as US have implemented Pap smear screening as
one of the most important cervical cancer screening methods. In countries as densely populated as India where proper healthcare facilities does not
reach slums and extremely poverty stricken societies, alternatives for screening are indicated– VIA or Visual inspection with acetic acid
The Issue:
The death of 254 Indian women from low income backgrounds in the course of a 15–year US–funded clinical trial has triggered a raging debate about
its ethicality. The trial was for a cervical cancer screening method and the women who died were part of a control group kept without screening to
study death rates in unscreened populations. [1]
Two large US funded studies are being investigated on the above by the US Office of Human Research Protection (OHRP) for ethical violations.
Three separate randomized controlled trials for cervical screening have been conducted among Indian women of the

Human Papillomavirus And Cervical Cancer Burden
Sheetal M. PATEL
The University of Findlay
ENVM 510 – Environmental Health and Epidemiology
2ND September, 2016
References:
(1)
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer–Burden ... (n.d.). Retrieved September 2,
2016,from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/F_Bosch/publication/10707106_Chapter_1_Human_Papillomavirus_and_Cervical_Cancer
Burden_and_Assessment_of_Causality/links/55d2071708aec1b0429dcccc.pdf?origin=publication_list
(2)
Bosch, FX and S. De SanjosГ©. 2003. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer burden and assessment of causality. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.
Monogr.31:3–13
Describe the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the international population.
a.Which geographic locations have the highest prevalence of HPV infection?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the causative operator of cervical disease, which is a standout amongst the most unmistakable tumors in ladies.
HPV is a sexually transmitted malady that can influence both men and ladies. The immunizer discovery systems uncovered that the greater part of the
ladies (those that are sexually dynamic) worldwide and roughly 70% of the sexually dynamic ladies of US populace have been presented to the
papilloma infection sooner or later in time. The African area is having the most astounding rate of commonness with an expected number of 379153
cases amid the year 2000.
b.Which geographic locations have the lowest prevalence of HPV infection?
The Australia/N. Zealand district

Causes And Treatment Of Cervical Cancer

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