1. PROJECT REPORT
ON
AUTOMATIC INFLATION
OF TIRES
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
Gursharan singh (100441130706) Prof. Sandeep Devgan
Jagmohan Manes (100441130714) Mechanical Engg.Deptt.
Anuj Khattri (100441121465)
Shukhjinder Singh (100441130776)
K.C.E.T AMRITSAR
2013
K.C.E.T
AMRITSAR
2. BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “Automatic inflation of tires” is the bonafide
work of “Gursharan singh, Jagmohan Manes, Anuj Khattri, Shukhjinder Singh ”
they carried out the project work under my supervision and guidance.
ProjectGuide:-
Er. JasjevanSingh
Lec. MechanicalEngg. Deptt
SIGNATURE
3. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TIRE INFLATION BASICS
3. SELF INFLATING SYSTEMS
4. CENTRAL TIRE INFLATING SYSTEM
5. DESIGN OF MODEL
6. AIR COMPRESSOR
7. PRESSURESWITCH
8. NON RETURN VALVE
9. AIR SEAL
10.WORKING OF MODEL
11.COST REPORT
12.ADVANTAGES
13.CONCLUSION
14.REFRENCES
4.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we thank to avail this opportunity to express my sincere
gratitude towards Mr. R.S Mahal , Head of Mechanical Engineering Department,
for permitting us to make this project. We also want to express our profound
gratitude towards our project guide Mr. Jasjevan Singh, for his inspiring
assistance, encouragement and useful guidance.
We are also indebted to all the teaching and non- teaching staff of the
department of mechanical engineering for their cooperation and suggestions, which
is the spirit behind this project. Last but not the least, we wish to express our
sincere thanks to all my friends for their goodwill and constructive ideas.
6. Introduction
This project work titled automatic tire inflation system deals with the difficulty in
driving the vehicles with low and high tyre pressure. The irregular and uneven tyre
pressures causes difficulty in driving and even leads to the accidents. This can be
implemented on the vehicles which have air braking system .The project automatic
tyre inflation system is concentrated in maintaining the tyre pressures and thereby
reducing the driving difficulties. This is done by mechanical means and not by
using any sensors and other electronics. The air can be inflated into the tyres
without stopping the vehicle. The air from the air tank is used for inflating the
tyres. The air from the tank is sent to the tyres through a one way valve. The twist
made in the air hose is prevented by a joint. The design of the system is very
simple and also very economical. Therefore it can be implemented easily in the
vehicles. The space requirement for the installation is also very less.
Automatic tire inflation systems can save tire maintenance costs and improve
fuel economy by nearly 1 percent, saving 100 gallons of fuel and eliminating 1
metric ton of greenhouse gas emissions per year. Properly inflated tires also
have fewer punctures and a longer life expectancy.
What is the challenge?
When not properly inflated, tires flex more under load. This produces heat and
increases rolling resistance, which wastes fuel. Truck tires inflated 10 pounds per
square inch (psi) below recommended air pressure levels can reduce truck fuel
7. economy between 0.5 percent and 1 percent. Since the bulk of the load is carried in
the trailer, a 10-psi underinflation in a trailer tire may have nearly twice the impact
on truck fuel economy as the same amount of underinflation in a drive tire.
Heat and stress from improper inflation softens and deflects tire components,
causing faster and more uneven wear, which shortens the life of the tire.
Underinflated tires have more frequent punctures, increasing the risk of tire
failures that could lead to costly road service and loss of revenue.Despite the
importance, a recent survey of combination trucks found that less than half the
tires surveyed were within 5 percent of the recommended inflation pressure.
Another industry survey indicates only 8 percent of truck drivers check tire
pressure with a tire gage before each trip. One reason fleets may find it difficult to
keep tires properly inflated is because truck tires can lose up to 2 psi each month,
even if the rim seal and valve stems are tight. A fleet may not be able to inspect or
monitor its’ trailer tires regularly due to the fact that extended periods of time are
spent away from service yards and because trailers are interchangeable. This places
greater responsibility for checking tire pressure onto drivers.
What is the solution?
Automatic tire inflation (ATI) systems monitor and continually adjust the level of
pressurized air in tires, maintaining propertire inflation automatically even while
the truck is in motion. One ATI system uses the vehicle’s own air-brake
compressorto supply air to all the tires. Once an ATI system is installed, it should
not require any special attention from the drivers. This eliminates the need to check
8. tire pressuremanually, which saves time and labor while ensuring consistent and
propertire inflation.
Automatic Air Inflation System
9. Tire-Inflation Basics
According to AAA, about 80 percent of the cars on the road are driving with one or
more tires underinflated. Tires lose air through normal driving (especially after
hitting pot holes or curbs), permeation and seasonal changes in temperature. They
can lose one or two psi (pounds per square inch) each month in the winter and even
more in the summer. And, you can't tell if they're properly inflated just by looking
at them. You have to use a tire-pressure gauge. Not only is underinflation bad for
your tires, but it's also bad for your gas mileage, affects the way your car handles
and is generally unsafe.
10. When tires are underinflated, the tread wears more quickly. According to
Goodyear, this equates to 15 percent fewer miles you can drive on them for every
20 percent that they're underinflated. Underinflated tires also overheat more
quickly than properly inflated tires, which causes more tire damage. The faded
areas below indicate areas of excessive tread wear.
Because tires are flexible, they flatten at the bottom when they roll. This contact
patch rebounds to its original shape once it is no longer in contact with the ground.
This rebound creates a wave of motion along with some friction. When there is less
air in the tire, that wave is larger and the friction created is greater -- and friction
creates heat. If enough heat is generated, the rubber that holds the tire's cords
together begin to melt and the tire fails. See How Tires Work to learn more.
11. Because of the extra resistance an underinflated tire has when it rolls, your car's
engine has to work harder. AAA statistics show that tires that are underinflated by
as little as 2 psi reduce fuel efficiency by 10 percent. Over a year of driving, that
can amount to several hundred dollars in extra gas purchases.
How Tires Fails:-
Tires flatten at the bottom when they roll.
Rebounds to its original shape once it is no longer in contact with the
ground.
Creates a wave of motion along with some friction.
Under inflated tires, waves are larger and the friction created is greater
Friction creates heat.
If enough heat is generated, the rubber that holds the tire's cords together
begin to melt
And the tire fails
Disadvantages of improper inflation:-
Hence the friction created is greater.
Friction creates heat and if enough heat is generated the rubber that holds the
tire cords melts and tire trails.
Because of the extra resistance an under inflated tire has when it rolls,the
cars engine has to work harder.
As it effects mileage it can cause severe loss in the cost considerations.
12. Self-inflating Systems:-
Tire-inflation systems general goals:
Detect when the air pressure in a particular tire has dropped - This
means they have to constantly (or intermittently) monitor the air
pressure in each tire.
Notify the driver of the problem
Inflate that tire back to the proper level - This means there has to be an air
supply as well as a check valve that opens only when needed.
13. Parts of A Self-inflating System
Valve to isolate individual tires
Central sensors for sensing the tire pressures.these
Air source, which is usually an existing onboard source
Get the air from the air source to the tires, which is usually through
the axle Systems either use a sealed-hub axle with a hose from the hub
to the tire valve or else they run tubes through the axle with the axle
acting as a conduit.
A pressure relief vent to vent air from the tire without risking damage
to the hub or rear-axle seals.
14. Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS):-
The idea behind the CTIS is to provide control over the air pressure in each
tire.
As a way to improve performance on different surfaces.
Driver can give direct control over the air pressure in each tire
To maintain pressure in the tires if there is a slow leak or puncture.
System controls inflation automatically based on the selected pressure the
driver has set.
CTIS: Inside:-
Parts are:
A wheel valve
Electronic control unit
Pneumatic control unit
Operator control panel
Speed sensor
Pressure switch
15. Wheel valve:-
A wheel valve is located at each wheel end.
Part of the wheel valve's job is to isolate the tire from the system when it's
not in use in order to let the pressure off of the seal and extend its life.
The wheel valve also enables on-demand inflation and deflation of the tires.
16. Operator control panel:-
An operator control panel allows the driver to select tire-pressure modes to
match current conditions.
This dash-mounted panel displays current tire pressures, selected modes and
system status.
When the driver selects a tire-pressure setting, signals from the control panel
travel to the electronic control unit to the pneumatic control unit to the wheel
valves.
Pressure Switch:-
This type of system uses air from the same compressor that supplies air to
the brakes.
A pressure switch makes sure the brake system gets priority, preventing the
CTIS from taking air from the supply tank until the brake system is fully
charged.
Future of self inflating tyres:-
one of the major systems in the developmental stages is the entire system.
This system uses a valve that pulls in air from the atmosphere.it then pumps
the air into the underinflated tire using a peristaltic pump action. The goal is
to maintain a specific pressure.
17. Model:-
This is the general layout of our model of the automatic inflation of tires. It
shows all the parts of the model and gives a general idea of it’s working.
18. Air Compressor
An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an electric motor,
a diesel engine or a gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and
pressurizing air, which, on command, can be released in quick bursts.
19. In fact, nowadays it is used for such purposes which you would not have imagined
in till the recent past. Basically, a modern air compressor amplifies the damaging
effect of water vapor and airborne particles by virtue of air compressors lowest
prices the compression process. Those days of spending hours pounding nails to
complete a project are over! sewing They are more susceptible to debris because
they do not have suction valves. Therefore, if space is not a significant issue, then
there is no need to focus specifically on the direction that the online shop target air
compressor’ s tank lays. Most of these have oil free target pumps which make them
very low maintenance. They can literally help you perform hundreds of functions
and can be taken just about anywhere. For garage purposes, an electric air
compressor will do fine. Plus make sure that any moisture has been removed from
the compressed air source before connecting prices the tool. Air Sander. Brands
names that would seem more comfortable in the use of a nail gun or jack hammer.
Installing and maintenance takes working knowledge of the application and the
vehicle where it is being installed. The compression that occurs in the air tanks of
your compressors compressor causes moisture to accumulate inside those tanks.
Poly Vinyl Chloride ( PVC) is another synthetic sewing laundry material
composed of thermoplastic lowest polymers which is used to make hose for air
compressors lowest prices special online applications. Everything seemed just fine.
These purchases often entail very few, if any, guarantees. Owning this kind of
compressor sounds fun and helpful but it shop is first important to consider the
things before buying it. This is the volume of the air that the gas compressor
20. delivers. It is recommended that you purchase an air compressor with a CFM
capacity of 25% greater than what you will need. All you have to do while going
online is find the latest models in the popular search engines and you would get
access to a plethora of information. The laundry second compressor takes this
already compressed air from the tank and air then recompresses it a second air
compressors lowest prices time and stores this air in a separate tank. Coleman air
compressor is remarkable in its use; it does not have a match because of the
incredible duty and power it possesses. Used air compressors have become a
highly sought out commodity due to this fact.
21. Pressure switch
A pressure switch is a form of switch that makes electrical contact when a certain
set pressure has been reached on its input. This is used to provide on/off switching
from a pneumatic or hydraulic source. The switch may be designed to make
contact either on pressure rise or on pressure fall.
22. Uses of pressure switches include:
Switching off an electrically driven gas compressor when a set pressure is
achieved in the reservoir.
Switching off a gas compressor, whenever there is no feed in the suction
stage.
in-cell charge control in a battery
Switching on/off an alarm light in the cockpitof an aircraft if cabin pressure
(based on altitude) is critically low.
23. Non return valve
A non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical
device, a valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in
only one direction.
24. Non-return valve are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in
the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various
types of check valves used in a wide variety of applications. non-return valve are
often part of common household items. Although they are available in a wide
range of sizes and costs, non-return valve generally are very small, simple, and/or
inexpensive. non-return valve work automatically and most are not controlled by a
personor any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or
stem. The bodies (external shells) of most non-return valve are made of plastic or
metal.
An important conceptin non-return valve is the
cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will
operate. Typically the non-return valve is designed for and can therefore be
specified for a specific cracking pressure.
25. Air seal
Air seal is used to prevent the leakage of air from the pipes specially at joints and
bends. It can connect two pipes rigidly so that there is no leakage from them. It
can also makes pipes flexible so that they can be bent. These air seals are of many
materials but we use Teflon for our model.
26. Working of Our Model
The model mainly shows the automatic inflation of tires. In this model we use
components such as air compressor, non return valve, pressure switch, air seal
Pressure gauges, tire and pipes.
27. When the pressure of the tire decreases that reading is also shown on the
gauges of the pressure switch then the pressure switch starts the compressor
automatically start compressor and the tire gets inflated automatically to the point
which is preset. That presetting of the pressure value is the function of pressure
switch which can be adjusted to any value. When the compressor starts the
compressed air generated in it goes to the non return valve then to air seal through
the pressure switch which regulates it. This pressure switch is the important part of
our model fitted between non return valve and air seal it has two gauges which
shows the reading of pressure in tire. Then the air goes to the tire when it gets
inflated up to set point then the compressor automatically stops and the air supply
also stops.
28. We also use some safety concerns for proper and safe working of our
project such as an aluminium pipe is fitted between compressor and pressure
switch. If there is any blockage in the system so that the air cant go further in that
case our compressor can burst which leads to a serious accident. In that case the
aluminium pipe will burst and releases the air and there is no harm to our
compressor. The two gauges are used in the system because in case if any of the
gauge stops working so we get reading from the other gauge.
30. Automatic Tire Inflation Systems Savings and Benefits
Hence the friction created is greater.
Friction creates heat and if enough heat is generated the rubber that holds the tire
cords melts and tire trails.
Because of the extra resistance an under inflated tire has when it rolls,the cars
engine has to work harder.
As it effects mileage it can cause severe loss in the costconsiderations.
ATI systems can not only extend tire life but truck fleets can also see additional
savings from reducing the risk of expensive tire failure caused by underinflation.
Installing an ATI system on a truck’s drive axles and trailer costs up to
$800. Fora typical long-haul combination truck, annual fuel savings could reach
100 gallons, saving $380 in fuel costand eliminating 1 metric ton of greenhouse
gas emissions.
Annual tire maintenance costs can also decrease.
The costof installing an ATI system in a long-haul truck is generally recouped in
just over 2 years through fuel and maintenance costsavings.
31. CONCLUSION
Thus self inflating tyres help us in attaining certain helpful criterions.
1. It helps in the monitoring of tyre pressure constantly
2. Thus it provides inflation or deflation of the tyre
3. It helps in attaining better mileage
4. It also helps in providing comfortable driving.
5.To control tire pressure according to driving conditions
