Part A: Jean Baptiste de Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, first presented in 1801. Here are some of the basic theories of Lamarckism: The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin\'s book \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The main points regarding Darwinism are as follows: Darwin\'s theory has been supported by a lot of evidence. Hence, it was accepted by the scientific community during his time. Lamarck\'s Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics has been disproved. This was done in two major ways. The first is by experiment. We have seen through many real examples and observations that changes that occur in an animal during life are not passed on to the animal\'s offspring. If a dog\'s ears are cropped short, its puppies are still born with long ears. The other way that Lamarck\'s theory has been proven wrong is the study of genetics. Darwin knew that traits are passed on, but he never understood how they are passed on. During the time when Darwin\'s first book first came out, Gregor Mendel, who discovered genetics, was just starting his experiments. These and other examples show that Lamarck\'s theory does not explain how life formed and became the way it is. Part B: (i) Alfred Russel Wallace: He discovered the concept of evolution by natural selection. Although he is now rarely mentioned as the discoverer (Darwin, who discovered the theory independently, is usually cited) Wallace enjoyed a very high reputation in his lifetime and was awarded many of science’s most prestigious awards.Alfred Russel Wallace did not exactly influence Charles Darwin, but rather was his contemporary and collaborated with Darwin on solidifying his Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection.The two pooled their data to present the idea jointly to the Linnaean Society of London. (ii)Stanley Miller: He was an American chemist who designed the first experiment to produce organic molecules from some of the inorganic components of the Earth’s prebiotic atmosphere. Miller’s procedure (which was co-designed by Harold Urey and is known as the Miller-Urey experiment) contained three key elements: a heated pool of water meant to simulate the primitive Earth’s ocean; an atmosphere of water vapour, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen; and storms of “lightning” in the form of continuous electric discharges. After one week, 10–15% of the system’s carbon was found in organic molecules such as amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Miller’s experiment was not only a groundbreaking moment for research into the origin of life on Earth but also a breakthrough that captured the popular imagination and gave rise to the term prebiotic soup. Miller\'s experiment was important because it showed that organic compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular .

1. Part A:
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics, first presented in 1801. Here are some of the basic theories of Lamarckism:
The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin
of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes
in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The main points regarding Darwinism are as follows:
Darwin's theory has been supported by a lot of evidence. Hence, it was accepted by the
scientific community during his time. Lamarck's Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics has been disproved. This was done in two major ways. The first is by experiment.
We have seen through many real examples and observations that changes that occur in an animal
during life are not passed on to the animal's offspring. If a dog's ears are cropped short, its
puppies are still born with long ears. The other way that Lamarck's theory has been proven
wrong is the study of genetics. Darwin knew that traits are passed on, but he never understood
how they are passed on. During the time when Darwin's first book first came out, Gregor
Mendel, who discovered genetics, was just starting his experiments. These and other examples
show that Lamarck's theory does not explain how life formed and became the way it is.
Part B:
(i) Alfred Russel Wallace: He discovered the concept of evolution by natural selection. Although
he is now rarely mentioned as the discoverer (Darwin, who discovered the theory independently,
is usually cited) Wallace enjoyed a very high reputation in his lifetime and was awarded many of
science’s most prestigious awards.Alfred Russel Wallace did not exactly influence Charles
Darwin, but rather was his contemporary and collaborated with Darwin on solidifying his Theory
of Evolution through Natural Selection.The two pooled their data to present the idea jointly to
the Linnaean Society of London.
(ii)Stanley Miller: He was an American chemist who designed the first experiment to produce
organic molecules from some of the inorganic components of the Earth’s prebiotic atmosphere.
Miller’s procedure (which was co-designed by Harold Urey and is known as the Miller-Urey
experiment) contained three key elements: a heated pool of water meant to simulate the primitive
Earth’s ocean; an atmosphere of water vapour, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen; and
storms of “lightning” in the form of continuous electric discharges. After one week, 10–15% of
the system’s carbon was found in organic molecules such as amino acids, the building blocks of
proteins. Miller’s experiment was not only a groundbreaking moment for research into the origin
of life on Earth but also a breakthrough that captured the popular imagination and gave rise to
the term prebiotic soup. Miller's experiment was important because it showed that organic
compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under

2. the conditions that scientists believed to be present on the early years of earth's existence.
(iii)Lynn Margulis: She was an American biologist whose serial endosymbiotic theory of
eukaryotic cell development revolutionized the modern concept of how life arose on Earth. This
theory posits that eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic merger of nonnucleated bacteria
that had previously existed independently. In this theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts, two
major organelles of eukaryotic cells, are descendants of once free-living bacterial species. She
explained the concept in her first book, Origin of Eukaryotic Cells (1970). At the time, her
theory was regarded as far-fetched, but it has since been widely accepted. She elaborated in her
1981 book, Symbiosis in Cell Evolution, proposing that another symbiotic merger of cells with
bacteria—this time spirochetes, a type of bacterium that undulates rapidly—developed into the
internal transportation system of the nucleated cell. Margulis further postulated that eukaryotic
cilia were also originally spirochetes and that cytoplasm evolved from a symbiotic relationship
between eubacteria and archaebacteria
Solution
Part A:
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics, first presented in 1801. Here are some of the basic theories of Lamarckism:
The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin
of Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes
in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The main points regarding Darwinism are as follows:
Darwin's theory has been supported by a lot of evidence. Hence, it was accepted by the
scientific community during his time. Lamarck's Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics has been disproved. This was done in two major ways. The first is by experiment.
We have seen through many real examples and observations that changes that occur in an animal
during life are not passed on to the animal's offspring. If a dog's ears are cropped short, its
puppies are still born with long ears. The other way that Lamarck's theory has been proven
wrong is the study of genetics. Darwin knew that traits are passed on, but he never understood
how they are passed on. During the time when Darwin's first book first came out, Gregor
Mendel, who discovered genetics, was just starting his experiments. These and other examples
show that Lamarck's theory does not explain how life formed and became the way it is.
Part B:
(i) Alfred Russel Wallace: He discovered the concept of evolution by natural selection. Although
he is now rarely mentioned as the discoverer (Darwin, who discovered the theory independently,

3. is usually cited) Wallace enjoyed a very high reputation in his lifetime and was awarded many of
science’s most prestigious awards.Alfred Russel Wallace did not exactly influence Charles
Darwin, but rather was his contemporary and collaborated with Darwin on solidifying his Theory
of Evolution through Natural Selection.The two pooled their data to present the idea jointly to
the Linnaean Society of London.
(ii)Stanley Miller: He was an American chemist who designed the first experiment to produce
organic molecules from some of the inorganic components of the Earth’s prebiotic atmosphere.
Miller’s procedure (which was co-designed by Harold Urey and is known as the Miller-Urey
experiment) contained three key elements: a heated pool of water meant to simulate the primitive
Earth’s ocean; an atmosphere of water vapour, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen; and
storms of “lightning” in the form of continuous electric discharges. After one week, 10–15% of
the system’s carbon was found in organic molecules such as amino acids, the building blocks of
proteins. Miller’s experiment was not only a groundbreaking moment for research into the origin
of life on Earth but also a breakthrough that captured the popular imagination and gave rise to
the term prebiotic soup. Miller's experiment was important because it showed that organic
compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under
the conditions that scientists believed to be present on the early years of earth's existence.
(iii)Lynn Margulis: She was an American biologist whose serial endosymbiotic theory of
eukaryotic cell development revolutionized the modern concept of how life arose on Earth. This
theory posits that eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic merger of nonnucleated bacteria
that had previously existed independently. In this theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts, two
major organelles of eukaryotic cells, are descendants of once free-living bacterial species. She
explained the concept in her first book, Origin of Eukaryotic Cells (1970). At the time, her
theory was regarded as far-fetched, but it has since been widely accepted. She elaborated in her
1981 book, Symbiosis in Cell Evolution, proposing that another symbiotic merger of cells with
bacteria—this time spirochetes, a type of bacterium that undulates rapidly—developed into the
internal transportation system of the nucleated cell. Margulis further postulated that eukaryotic
cilia were also originally spirochetes and that cytoplasm evolved from a symbiotic relationship
between eubacteria and archaebacteria