Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types based on their type of response- Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organisms, but their effect is not long lasting. These mainly comprise of: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.Mast cells act by rapidly releasing characteristic granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the characteristic signs of inflammation.Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils kill foreign cells by releasing toxic substances which are present in their granules like hydrogen peroxide and free oxygen radicals. Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells act by phagocytosis. This is a process by which the foreign body is engulfed by the immune cell and then kill it by releasing granules or respiratory burst. Cells of the Adaptive Immune System- These are the cells which response to a specific antigen containing foriegn body. These antigens specifically react to initiate the Adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Cells of the Adaptive Immune Systemmainly comprises of the B-lymphocytes and the T-.lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes bear certain receptors on their surface called antibodies, for which the anigen has sequences called epitopes, due to which specific binding with the antibody occurs. This antigen-antibody binding results in precipitation or some other form of degradation and thus,the foreign substance is eliminated out of the host\'s body. T-lymphocytes are of two types. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a sub-group of T cells that induce the death of cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. These could be by release of cytotoxic granules or by Fas mediated killing. Another, group of T-Lymphocytes called T-helper cells help in activating the cytotoxic cells. They help in presenting the antigen to the adaptive immune system and releases cytokines that increases the activity of the adaptive immune system Solution Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types based on their type of response- Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organis.

1. Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organisms, but
their effect is not long lasting.
These mainly comprise of: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.Mast cells act by rapidly releasing characteristic
granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines,
or chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the
characteristic signs of inflammation.Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils kill foreign cells by
releasing toxic substances which are present in their granules like hydrogen peroxide and free
oxygen radicals. Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells act by phagocytosis. This is a
process by which the foreign body is engulfed by the immune cell and then kill it by releasing
granules or respiratory burst.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System- These are the cells which response to a specific antigen
containing foriegn body. These antigens specifically react to initiate the Adaptive immunity.
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific
pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This
process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Cells of the Adaptive Immune
Systemmainly comprises of the B-lymphocytes and the T-.lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes bear
certain receptors on their surface called antibodies, for which the anigen has sequences called
epitopes, due to which specific binding with the antibody occurs. This antigen-antibody binding
results in precipitation or some other form of degradation and thus,the foreign substance is
eliminated out of the host's body.
T-lymphocytes are of two types. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a sub-group of T cells that induce the death of cells that are infected
with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. These could be
by release of cytotoxic granules or by Fas mediated killing. Another, group of T-Lymphocytes
called T-helper cells help in activating the cytotoxic cells. They help in presenting the antigen to
the adaptive immune system and releases cytokines that increases the activity of the adaptive
immune system
Solution

2. Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organisms, but
their effect is not long lasting.
These mainly comprise of: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.Mast cells act by rapidly releasing characteristic
granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines,
or chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the
characteristic signs of inflammation.Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils kill foreign cells by
releasing toxic substances which are present in their granules like hydrogen peroxide and free
oxygen radicals. Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells act by phagocytosis. This is a
process by which the foreign body is engulfed by the immune cell and then kill it by releasing
granules or respiratory burst.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System- These are the cells which response to a specific antigen
containing foriegn body. These antigens specifically react to initiate the Adaptive immunity.
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific
pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This
process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Cells of the Adaptive Immune
Systemmainly comprises of the B-lymphocytes and the T-.lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes bear
certain receptors on their surface called antibodies, for which the anigen has sequences called
epitopes, due to which specific binding with the antibody occurs. This antigen-antibody binding
results in precipitation or some other form of degradation and thus,the foreign substance is
eliminated out of the host's body.
T-lymphocytes are of two types. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a sub-group of T cells that induce the death of cells that are infected
with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. These could be
by release of cytotoxic granules or by Fas mediated killing. Another, group of T-Lymphocytes
called T-helper cells help in activating the cytotoxic cells. They help in presenting the antigen to
the adaptive immune system and releases cytokines that increases the activity of the adaptive
immune system