The Rise And Fall Of The Mayan Civilization

The Rise And Fall Of The Mayan Civilization
Many decades ago, northern Central America and southern Mexico cultures developed complex political and social ranks. Researchers today know
this region as Mesoamerica, known for its rich soil, abundant amount of rainfall, and agriculture. (Judge & Langdon, 2012) The Mesoamericans, Aztec
and Mayan tribes, developed into complex civilizations for multiple reasons. These societies were advanced and complex for their time in areas, such
as architecture, agriculture, militarism, and education. Each had unique religion and political systems as well. The rise and fall of both were due to
several factors.
The Mayan civilization society was very complex and intelligent; rising to become very influential to people in different areas and much of their
influence is still felt today. Relics indicate they were very skilled in mathematics, education, astronomy and astrology, agriculture, architecture, and
politics. They originated in the Yucatan area of present dayMexico between 250 and 900 A.D. The Mayans were organized by city states and ran
government the same way. The religion was based on polytheism, or multiple Gods of nature and earth. One reason for their rise to a complex
civilization was that The Mayans were very advanced people in the area of education. They were well ahead of their time in areas of math, astronomy,
and even medicine and other sciences. Society, along with much of the world today, is still influenced by their ways and methods in these areas. The
Mayas
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Maya Vs Inca
Compare and Contrast
The Maya, Aztec, and Inca are different and similar in many ways. Let's start with the Maya. The Mayans lived in Mexico and Central America, where
they inhabited lands like Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas southward in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras. The
time period in which the Maya had lived is from 1800 B.C–900 A.D. The capital of the Maya is Tikal, which was an important place to the Maya.
Now, the Aztec are fairly similar to the Mayas in different ways. They were also located in Mexico, which their capital is located in present day Mexico
City. Built on a series of islets in Lake Texcoco, the city plan was based on a symmetrical layout which was divided into four sections called
Campans. The time period in which the Aztecs had lived is from 1325 A.D–1521 A.D. So, the Aztec were pretty much gone before the Maya had
started to be around. The capital of the Aztec is Tenochtitlan. That's a long name for a capital of the Aztec.
The Inca, are pretty much the different kind of civilization out of any of them. They are located in Peru, which is where the famous Machu Picchu
was located. Cool right? Now, the Inca Empire was the largest empire in Pre–Columbian America. The administrative, Political, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Maya, Aztec, and Inca all grew maize, beans, and squash, but, the Maya, Aztecs, and the Inca had different crops as well. The Maya also grew
Chili Peppers, but, the Incas don't. The Aztec grew tomatoes and they also grew chiles like the Maya. The Aztec would also make Tamales(cornmeal
dough combined with beans and veggies, wrapped in corn husks and steamed to prepare), but, none of the other tribes didn't. The Inca grew many crops
like coca, grains, potatoes, sweet potatoes, ulluco, oca, mashwa, pepper, peanuts, cashews, cucumber, quinoa, gourd, cotton(yep, they grew cotton)
talwi, carob, chirimoya, lucuma, guayabo, and avocados. That is a lot of

Similarities Of The Mayan Civilization
Despite bearing some minor similarities the difference between Mayan artwork like the Cylindrical vessel with ritual ballgame scene and Pablo
Picasso's Les Demoiselles d' Avignon are pronounced.
The best way to understand the Mayan is to have some historical information about them. The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization from
around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. This civilization developed in areas like Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, YucatГЎn Peninsula, western El Salvador and
Honduras. Ritual, religion, and Cosmology are essential components of Mayan life, (Ca.A.D. 1200–1513) and Colonial (A.D. 1513–1830) periods of
indigenous migrations and Spanish Conquest. Many of their actions were based on ceremonies and rituals. Ritual also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His artwork was intertwined with his life; he used the word "diary" in reference to his work. Later the family moves to Barcelona where Pablo is
enrolled in "La Lonja" in advanced art classes. At the age of 49 his painting is exhibited at the Paris exposition Universelle. Picasso discovered what
had been implied in the theme of blindness during his Blue Period. In summer of 1907 he discovers African sculptures at the ethnographic museum at
Palais du Trocadero. In 1908 Cubism is born, Pablo gives a banquet at the Bateau–Lavoir in honor of Douanier Rousseau. Nine years later he works on
costumes and dГ©cor of ballet costumes for the Paris Parade at Theatre du Chatelet. He meets ballerina Olga Khokhlova. The following year,
Olga and Picasso marry and move to rue La Boetie. In 1921 Picasso's son is born he continues to work for Diaghilev and works with mother and
child subjects. In 1934 Pablo takes a trip back to his home town with his wife and son, where he does drawings, paintings, and engraving, of
bullfights. After the birth of his daughter Maia, he returns to watercolors, painting, and drawing. The republican government appoints Pablo director
of the Prado Museum. Forty years of his life were displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in New, York. "Picasso is an

Mexico City: Tenochtitlan
The Aztecs Did you know that Mexico City is built on top of Tenochtitlan? The Aztecs originated in the northern part of Mexico in 1100 C.E, they
finally settled in the valley of Mexico around 1250 C.E. They learned how to work with the land and became very skilled farmers. They used a
365–day calendar like we use today. They worshiped many gods and built temples and palaces in their honor. There were roads, canals, and markets
built from Aztecs, boats bring people and goods from one city to another.
Aztecs have a variety of foods they harvest and hunt like corn tortillas, tomatoes, chili peppers, beans, squash, avocados, and turkey. Religion was a big
part of Aztec life and by religion, they mean worshiping and making sacrifices for gods.

The Muralist Movement in Mexico
The Muralist Movement in Mexico
Mural painting is one of the oldest and most important forms of artistic, political and social expression. Mexican muralists, Diego Rivera, Jose
Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros revived this form of painting in Mexico and led the way for the Muralist Movement in Mexico. Their
murals were based on the political and social conditions of the times. During the beginning of the 20th century, Mexico went through a political and
social revolution and the government began to commission a number of huge frescos to celebrate its achievements. The muralist movement would not
only have a great effect on their own country but the rest of the world as well.
The first modern artists from a Hispanic country ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several of his murals appeared in the patio of the National Preparatory School, formerly the Jesuit institution of San Ildefonso. These include "The
Elements," "Man in Battle Against Nature," "Christ Destroys His Cross," "Destruction of the Old Order," "The Aristocrats," and "The Trench and the
Trinity", or in this case, the worker, the soldier and the peasant. Other pictures at this location depict negative forces (in a negative light) and the human
tragedy of the Revolution. In 1925, at Mexico City's House of Tiles, he painted the mural "Omniscience". The following year, at the Industrial School in
Orizaba, Veracruz, he created a mural depicting conditions in post–revolutionary Mexico. Between 1927–1934 Orozco lived in the United States.
On his return to Mexico, Orozco worked in Guadalajara between 1936 and 1939. In the vaulting of Government Palace he painted such celebrated
frescos as "The People and Its Leaders" and, on the staircase, his picture of Miguel Hidalgo, father of Mexican independence, holding a flaming torch.
In an article entitled The Demands of Art History, Harris states:
Orozco reached the summit of his art with the frescos he painted for the Guadalajara's Hospicio CabaГ±as. These include a historical panorama of
Mexico showing the pre–Hispanic world of the great Indian civilizations, the Conquest, visions of the downtrodden, public service as opposed to
demagoguery, the perils of alienation and dictatorship, the Revolution, creative activity

How Did The Rise Of Mayan Civilization
The rise of civilizations significantly increased as the world made its shift from the Paleolithic Era to the Neolithic Era and onward. The Mayan
civilization arose as a part of Mesoamerica during the sixteenth century. Occupying the regions of Central America and Mexico, the Mayans had a
strong impact on the world with militaristic and influence from the invention of advancements. The earliest record of the Mayan existence dates back
to circa 400 B.C. The Mayan Civilization extended over a time period dating back to 400 B.C to approximately 1517 A.D. This domination lasted for
approximately 1200 years until their mysterious disappearing. This civilization hit its height throughout the time period of 200 A.D to 900 A.D. Many
factors led... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mayan territory charted to populate the areas of Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Ecuador, El Salvador, and the southern tip ofMexico.
Overpopulation began to occur as the growth of the empire extended. Urban areas surrounding the large trade cities including Tikal and Chichen Itza,
often had populations over 2000 people. Rural areas which were agriculturally dependent, were often populated with 200–400 people. The main centers
of trade and urban areas were constructed out of limestone. This limestone was easily taken over by growing plants in which overtook the area.
Deforestation then occurred to make more level farming area to provide food to the inhabitants. Tikal was home to rainforests and was one of the first
cities to experience the downfall. According to NASA, "They had to burn 20 trees to heat the limestone for making just 1 square meter of the lime
plaster they used to build their tremendous temples, reservoirs, and monuments" (Coulter, 20). The burning of these trees resulted in detrimental
environmental issues in which would soon harm to Mayan civilization due to removing carbon from the air. The Mayan civilization continued to
undergo climate changes. Severe drought was brought upon the area following the deforestation. The Mayan civilization was prone to tropical climate
in which influenced their making of the calendar. High rainfall was normal to the area and benefitted the

Compare And Contrast The Mayans And Aztecs
The mayans, aztecs, and the incas were all advanced for their time. The mayans had a math system. The aztecs took over the highest cities in the
area. And the incas had control of 1,250 miles of the western coast of south america. The mayans were definitely advanced for their time. One way is
that they had a society based on classes, the classes were nobles, middles and priests and commoners. The mayans didn't become an empire but they
had many cities and traded with each other, but occasionally they fought with each other in small wars. The mayans had a time of peace called the
time of prosperity in which they studied the stars, created a developed sophisticated calendar that they lived by, practiced religious rituals, worshiped
gods and

Post Colonialism Latin America.
Post colonialism Latin America
Through the lens of post colonialism I will focus on that actions that took place in Latin America. Through my research I am looking to find advice to
prove my ideology that the actions that took place between the Spanish conquering of the Aztec and Mayan had a long term effect not just on the
people its self but in form on new generations being doctorate in the way they conduct themselves through religion, education, and cultural heritage.
Post colonialism had happen all over the world. It happens in many countries but the location that I choose was Latin America the Aztecs and the
Mayans and how the Spanish conquistadors went to conquer new territory. The conquistadors went to steal everything from Meso– ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile the Aztecs wrote symbols called pictograph or glyphs. The Aztecs didn't use an alphabet, but they used pictures to represent items events
and sounds. The only people from the Aztecs that knew how to read and write where the priests. The priests wrote in long sheet made from animal
skins or plant fibers. The priests even wrote an Aztecs book called the codex. They're where many codices that were destroyed and burned and only a
few books lived and archeologist has been able to learn about the Aztec's life. Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes and his 500 men and 16 horses
landed on the Mexican coast in 1519. The Aztecs king Montezuma the second gave many gifts to welcome the Spanish. Even though Montezuma didn't
trust Cortes he worried that Cortes was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. They believe that Cortes the god because there believe was that the god will
come as a man, and Cortes even arrive on the Quetzalcoatl birthday. He also began to know the natives and he even got a American Indian names
Dona Marina, and his lover work as his interpreter. Even though Montezuma treated Cortes and his conquestor very well Cortes went on to kidnap
and kill Montezuma but people still don't know how the king Montezuma was kill. After Montezuma was kill and the world spread the Aztecs
manage to kill two thirds of the soldiers were kill. But Cortes manages to escape with a few of his soldiers. After the escape he force other native's to
join his army to fight against

Yaxchilan Essay
Yaxchilan was an important Maya city between 250 C.E and 900 C.E (Khan Academy, n.d). It is located in Chiapas, Mexico and is known for the
images and written records carved on the stone lintels found in the city (Khan Academy, n.d). Rulers (Jaguars) decided to leave these records to
express their religious beliefs and maintain their traditions (Khan Academy, n.d). The Mayan culture was deeply religious and considered rituals an
essential part of their way of life and tradition (Khan Academy, n.d). Many of these rituals consisted of just blood sacrifices while others included the
offering of life (Khan Academy, n.d). Rituals done by rulers like Shield Jaguar II and his wife can be seen on the lintels 24, 25, and 26 located in
Structure 23 (Khan Academy, n.d). Bird Jaguar IV was known... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lintels 15, 16, and 17 located in structure 21 were created during his reign (Khan Academy, n.d). Lintel 16 shows Bird Jaguar IV with a captive
kneeling in front of him (Khan Academy, n.d). Captured enemies were often sacrificed to the gods during Accession rituals (Khan Academy, n.d).
Accession rituals were done to mark the beginning of a new ruler and held great importance in the Mayan culture (Khan Academy, n.d). The
commitment of the Mayan people to their gods didn't stop there, rulers often engaged in bloodletting sacrifices (Khan Academy, n.d). A clear
example of this type of offering can be seen on a lintel 24 in structure 23 which depicts lady K'abal Xook using a thorned rope to induce bleeding in
a ritual done to communicate with the gods (Khan Academy, n.d). This specific ritual resembles the creation of the human race by the gods. Mayans
believed that humans were created from the blood of goods (Khan Academy, n.d). The ritual was not only done for religious reasons, but also to show
the strength of character and body that the queen had which was considered of great importance to be an effective

Greek Influence On Native American Culture
The Mississippian Culture civilization was quite unique, because the people of this culture built mounds. These mounds served different purposes,
some being used for burial chambers, and others were built to resemble figures. In these societies, there were many mounds, not just a single one.
Furthermore, these cultures were also invested in trade endeavors, with the Hopewell even engaging with the Caribbean in trade. Additionally, these
societies were involved in fishing, hunting and agriculture, especially maize agriculture. Also, these societies were skilled in workmanship, producing
artifacts. Some of the skilled workmanship that these groups did were pottery, stonework and copper–work. Also, in these societies, there were social
structures, and some mounds were used in religious activities, with some serving as the site for temples. Their religion was based upon things that were
seen, such as the sun and the eagle, like many other Native American societies.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, for the mounds in these cities, wood and dirt was used. Unfortunately, the wood from the surrounding area was sometimes overused, which led to
the eventual flooding of Cahokia. They built the mounds for many different reasons, as they served many different purposes, from functioning as burial
grounds to the bases of temples and palaces. Other Native American cultures were not mound–builders, which is a very big difference. Also, the
Cahokia people (as mentioned on the video) did not live in tepees, as typically thought that Native Americans did. The people of Moundville lived in
"small houses composed of pole and thatch (according to the Moundville

Olmec Art Themes
Diana Meza Tues/Thur 12:30 pm Olmec Sculpture: The First Mesoamerican Art In this article, De la Fuenta addresses Olmec art, its themes, and the
style variations in Olmec art. Olmec traits appear in several regions and vary in themes. The themes varied from the expression of religion, politics,
society, technology or the economy of a certain group. Cosmogony, myths, and human/ animal combinations, were some of the themes that were
present in Olmec art. One common theme that is present in many myths fin different cultures is that of the twins. The Olmec not only had different
themes but also had different styles that varied depending on the region. Different styles pertained to different regions. The region that certain Olmec
art pertained... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because the Aztecs feared that the world was ending, they held rituals and sacrifices to try to prevent it from happening. According to the article, the
Calendar stone suggests a relationship to midnight, the earth, death, and the center of the world. The center of the Calendar stone was not easily
identifiable as it resembles many other deities like Tonatiuh, Piltzintecuchtli, Xochipilli, Coatlicue, and others. These other deities had similar
characteristics in the way that they looked but the context behind them did not match the context of the Calendar stone. At first, it was believed that
Tonatiuh was the face at the center but he was a day sky god not a night sky god. There were also similarities among the face at the center of the
Calendar stone and with the god Xochipilli–Pilzintecuhtli. Xochipilli–Pilzintecuhtli had similar face painting, arms, and carried a human heart.
Although other deities like Tonatiuh were thought to be the face at the center of the Calendar stone, it was shown that the face is the deity
Yohualtecuhtli who "was a god of the earth, dark ness, death, and the south and center of the

Are you aware that chinampas were given the beautiful...
Are you aware that chinampas were given the beautiful nickname, "floating gardens", by the Spanish (American Indian History Online)? This was
due to the fact that they were basically islands used for the soul purpose of vegetation, situated on swamps and canals. The Aztecs were very
resourceful. Most of their land was swamp and canals, so it was extremely hard to grow food let alone provide it for their entire civilization.
Therefore, the wove together tree bark, and let it float on top of these swamps. Then, they would take any fertile soil they could find, including from
inside the swamps, and dumped it on the platform. They would also have to add human fecal matter to fertilize the soil even further. But that's not all.
They also had a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is truly fascinating how these islands made such a colossal difference in the civilization of the Aztecs. Chinampas also saved the capital of theAztec
Empire, Tenochtitlan, from starving. Their capital alone had a whopping 150,000–200,000 people (Investigating Chinampa Farming). The thing is that
the majority of them weren't even food producers (Investigating Chinampa Farming). This was a very troubling dilemma that chinampas were the
solution to. In fact, chinampas produced an estimated one–half to two–thirds of the food consumed in Tenochtitlan (Investigating Chinampa Farming)!
That is absolutely astounding. Without chinampas, the Aztec Empire would be scrambling for food due to their swampy location. But fortunately, they
did have chinampas. In addition, chinampas utilized a method of transport that would in turn benefit their civilization. The Aztecs built chinampas in a
specific way; parallel to each other (Aztec History). This repetitive yet clever arrangement produced a complex system of canals (Aztec History). This
allowed canoes to through these canals. All of this was cause by the creation of chinampas.
Furthermore, this created an efficient method of delivery and travel. This way, canoes could simply row up next to chinampa and load different crops
and plants. Then, they could navigate their way back to the mainland due to the organized

Compare And Contrast The Toltecs And Aztecs
The Toltec, Aztec, and Mayan Indian Tribes
TOLTECS> The Toltecs were an Indian tribe who existed from 900 A.D. to 1200. They had a capital city of Tollan, and their influences reached south
to the
Yucatan and Guatemala. They were a composite tribe of Nahua, Otomi, and
Nonoalca. The Tolt ecs made huge stone columns decorated like totem poles.
AZTECS> Aztecs were an American Indian people who rule an empire in Mexico during the 1400's and early 1500's. They practiced a religion that
affected every part of their lives. To worship the Aztecs built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and had human sacrifices. The center of Aztec
civilization was a river valley in Mexico. The emperor of the Aztecs was
called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Warfare was considered a religious duty by the
Aztecs. They fought not only to enlarge their empire but also to take prisoners to sacrifice to the gods. The market place was a major center of
Aztec life, more than 60,000 people visited it daily. They had no system of money, they traded goods and services for other goods and services. They
had no pack–animals, a nd as a result, they themselves had to carry all their goods over land. The end of the Aztec empire came when the Spaniards
came. The first time the Spaniards were mistaken for returning gods. When they returned to Spain, they told of all the gold that the Aztecs had. The
Spaniards returned one year later with canons and they had the help of the other indian tribes of the area, in destroying the Aztec empire.
MAYANS> The Mayan civilization flourished from the 3rd to the 16th centuries in an a rea the included the peninsula of Yucatan and the eastern part of
Chiapas in Mexico, most of Guatemala, the western region of the Republic of
Honduras. In the Spanish conquest only a few Mayans resisted the conversion to Christianity. The Mayans believe d that 13 heavens were arranged in
layers above the earth, and under the earth were nine underworlds also arranged in layers. The concepts are closely related to those of the Aztecs. The
religion has partly survived to this day among the Christianized Mayans. Mayan mathematics included the discovery of zero, the duration of

World History X Mod
Camilo Ramirez
Mrs. Ball
World History X Mod
November 9, 2015
Mesoamerica
Not one or two, but the following three civilizations are most definitely one of the more interesting empires to roam this Earth; The Mayans, Aztecs,
and Incas. These 3 groups of great people ruled Mesoamerica in their different eras from 300–1535. Throughout this essay, I will explain the
similarities and differences these people held in between them. For example, one large similarity between them is the fact that they all believed in the
Sun God as the main God to believe in because they were al polytheistic. This was a very interesting part of their society because it tied to the political
system of the Incas! The incas had one large emperor who ruled the entire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the Incas conquered a city and proceeded to name it Cuzco. These three cities were basically the rock of succession for the three empires
and surely enough it helped the, get to where they got. Another similarity is the fact that they all had a very strong army and their warriors played
a huge role in land conquering and in the social classes of the people. The Mayans first of all could not have started their successful civilization
without the immense work of the warriors. This led them to conquer so much land especially the Yucatan Peninsula. The Aztecs also used the
warriors' power to conquer land such as the Valley of Mexico. Finally, the Andes Mountains from modern day Peru to Chile would have never been
captured without the warriors help. The reason the warriors would have so much power was because they used all the manpower they could because
the warriors would receive land back at home waiting for them and their family for their hard work. Now, going back to the other hand, a huge
difference they had was the way they ruled which I mentioned before. The Mayans and Aztecs both had the idea of a political system as dividing the
empire into a bunch of city–states and assigning a leader for each one. Now, as for the Incas, they had an overall leader that was supposed to be the
son of the Sun God. He would control the entire empire and make decisions for all the Incas. When this leader would die,

Mexica Culture : The Aztec Culture In Central Mexico
Aztec culture, also known as Mexica culture, was a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post–classic period from 1300 to
1521, during the time in which a triple alliance of the Mexica, Texcoca and Tepaneca tribes established the Aztec empire. The Aztec people were
certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica
from the 14th to the 16th centuries. The Aztec have also referred to themselves as the Meshika or Mehika.
Aztec culture is the culture of the people referred to as Aztecs, but since most ethnic groups of central Mexico in the postclassic period shared basic
cultural traits, many of the traits that characterize Aztec culture cannot be said to be exclusive to the Aztecs. For the same reason, the notion of "Aztec
civilization" is best understood as a particular horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization. The culture of central Mexico includes maize cultivation,
the social division between pipiltin nobility and macehualtin commoners, a pantheon, and the calendric system of a xiuhpohualli of 365 days
intercalated with a tonalpohualli of 260 days. Particular to the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan was the Mexica patron God Huitzilopochtli, twin pyramids, and
the ceramic ware known as Aztec I to III. Client states paid tribute to the Aztec emperor, the Huey Tlatoani, in an economic strategy limiting
communication and trade between outlying polities, making them

Mesoamerica And The Great Complex Of Indigenous Cultures
Mesoamerica the great complex of indigenous cultures. The time period in which made I
pretty big dent in history, the time period from 300BC until the 1500's. Some of you are
probably reading this like why is Mesoamerica so important? Or who or what has been involved
in the Mesoamerica time period? Well some of your questions just might get answered if you
continue reading this paper. I may not be the best writer but here going nothing.
Mesoamerica was the start of a new beginning when nomadic people began following
herds and started settling across North and South America. Mesoamerica is pretty much just
Middle America. Middle America domesticated animals and plants some of the plants were
maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, and beans. Once they demonstrated these things the population
began to boom then forming great cities.
The first real group was the Olmec's, the Mother Culture. They were settled in tropical
forests along the Gulf of Mexico, from 1500BC– 400BC. Their trade system influenced into
other cultures then giving them more opportunities to trade and get different resources from
other cultures. They carved stone art, made a calendar, and wrote in hieroglyphics. Their

traditions of sculpting and temple architecture, developed them ahead over eight centuries.
Which will eventually influence all subsequent civilizations of the region.
After them came the Mayans they existed from 300BC– 900AD, the Classic Period. They
were located

Tiantis Research Paper
The 178 year old city, Tiantis, was founded in 2158. It was previously known as Miami, a very popular tourist stop. Located in southern Florida, it
boasts a population of about 468,000 people, not including tourists. The city is located by the coastline of Florida and includes a passing river that
eventually heads to the Gulf of Mexico. A delta that leads directly to the beach on its coast is here. This popularcity has a warm climate of 70–80 МЉ
Fahrenheit in the summer, only dropping to 65 МЉ Fahrenheit in the winter months. The main source of income is from tourism and education at the
university. In order to protect the environment, Tiantis also does not run of the typical fossil fuels, it runs on Sewage–Fuel. All food is grown
organically and locally in the agricultural center. Compact and oval–shaped houses are used for citizens. In general, Tiantis is a bustling place with
many earth–friendly features. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, many families stay here raising children, running businesses, leading tours around this city, and studying or teaching at Wales University,
visiting the many tourist attractions, and just relaxing. Transportation is achieved by biking in the Velo–city, walking or running on the pedestrian
roads between buildings, or the Voyager.
The Voyager is a subway–like vehicle that travels at speeds exceeding 75 mph located beneath the Velo–City. It is more efficient because it is run
completely by automatons so delays will never occur concerning weather or a human error. This is an option for the elderly, disabled, younger kids,
and people with acrophobia, and anyone else. It is located above ground, attached to the bottom side of the Velo–city. Powered by the energy harnessed
from the Velo–city created when people walk, bike, and run on it, the Voyager doesn't require other electrical

Mayas And Aztecs Comparison Essay
The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas are all big groups of people that used have roamed the lands of earth. They all have a specific location, time period,
capital, economy, religion, social system, government and technology. First we are going to start with the 3 group's location, time periods, and the
capitals. The Maya's location is in southern Mexico. For example; Belize,
Guatemala, Honduras, and El. They like to live in rainforest and dry lowlands. There cities have many buildings like house made out of jade and
hay. The Aztecs live in Mexico too. They live in an area of harsh deserts, high mountains, and swampy lakes. They thought that their area was a good
natural defense. The soil there was very useful because it was very easy to grow with. They even added land with chinampas. Now for the Incas.
They lived in the west part of South America. Also, they were located in the Andes mountains. The main area was Peru. Now it's time for the time
periods. For the Mayas, there time period was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each tribe had a economy full of farming and trading. All tribes farmed lots of maize (corn), squash, and corn. They all also loved cuaco beans for
making chocolate, it was kind of a currency too! Some differences are how the Mayans loved carving and trading jade the most. Also the Incas eat
a lot of duck, fish, tomatoes, peppers, beans, and corn, while the others had a smaller sort of foods to eat. Mostly the Aztecs used the chimpas to
add extra land to farm and build more. Many tools were made and traded but mostly the Aztecs made stones out of obsidian. Sometimes the Mayans
would have special foods for special ceremonies. Also, mostly the Mayans and Aztecs would have "runners" to carry the trades or letters. The trades
or letters would be switched between different runners. These tribes have some very interesting ways of life. What do you think, would you like to
live and be apart of these tribes of

World, Education, And Characteristics Of The Aztecs
The Aztec Empire
The Aztec, Inca, and Maya were all great and inventive empires with a rich culture. But only one can be the best. The Aztecs. The Aztecs were the
best empire with mandatory schooling, floating gardens, and smart architecture. Learning is very important in an empire in order to succeed. The
Aztecs had great schooling, where it was mandatory for everyone to go, boys, girls, and slaves. In the Maya empire commoners were not allowed to
go to school. Children of the nobles were who got educated in math, astronomy, medicine, writing, and science. In the Inca empire it was the same way,
nobles and royals only. If you were being educated in the Aztec empire everyone would learn songs and dances because they were part of religious
ceremonies. Proper behavior was also taught to everyone and this was very important because you would often get killed for breaking a law. The
girls and boys had separate schools as did the rich and poor, if you were a girl you would learn things like how to be a good mother, how to cook,
and how to sew. If you were a boy you were taught fishing, hunting, and fighting. Since there are separate schools for the rich and poor, people had
social classes. The Aztecs had three main social classes, first there was the nobility or pilli. Then there were the commoners or the macehualli. Then
like any other empire at this time there were slaves. The Aztecs got their slaves and treated them different than most empires. The Inca and Maya empire

Art Of The Indigenous Americas
Art of the Indigenous Americas is among some of the Earth's oldest artistic traditions. Art of the Indigenous Americas developed between c. 10,000
B.C.E. and 1492 C.E., which marked the beginning of the invasions by European explorers. Regions and cultures are referred to as the Indigenous
Americas to signify the importance and influence of the cultural traditions of the nations and societies which first settled in these areas over those of
the colonizers who took over the American continents over the past five hundred years. Artworks and archaeological sites of the Indigenous Americas
provide archaeologists and scholars with crucial information about how the indigenous people lived, their beliefs and the influence of these beliefs on...
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The site is located by two of the few mountain passes that allow passage between the desert coast to the west and the Amazon jungle to the east.
Chavin has uniquely adapted to its natural surroundings as travelers utilized these passages not only to travel to various locations for trade, but to
spread messages pertaining to their respective religion. Travelers utilized these passages to meet up with other travelers from a multiplicity of other
backgrounds, whether it be of different cultural, ethnic, or religious backgrounds.
Chavin Archaeological Site is also located near the convergence of the Huachesca and Mosna Rivers, a natural phenomenon of two merging rivers
into one which is suspected by archaeologists to have been viewed as a spiritually powerful phenomenon by the people of the site. Over the course
of 700 years, the site drew many worshipers to its temple. Because the site is located near prominent rivers and mountain passages, travelers were
able to more easily travel to the site. This aided in spreading the artistic style of Chavin throughout highland and coastal Peru, as people would trade
ceramics, textiles, and other portable objects, as well as carry these objects back to their homes far away.
YaxchilanArchaeological Site is a classic Mayan urban complex. Its architecture is covered with hieroglyphs and extensive relief sculpture. Yaxchilan

Flourishing North American Cultures
2000 years before Europeans began to arrive in the New World, the last era of the pre–Columbian development began. North American cultures such as
the Mississippian culture, the Hopewell Tradition, and the Hohokam culture experienced growth and environmental adaptation throughout this era.
Major contributions and innovations of Native Americans have developed and been passed on through generations of ancestors. Originating in 700
A.D., the Mississippian culture expanded through the Mississippi Valley and out into the southeastern states of Alabama, Georgia and Florida. For 800
years, until the 1550s, the Mississippian culture prospered. They cultivated a substantial amount of corn, by means of intensive farming, and other
crops, such... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the peak of their dynamic culture, the Anasazi developed the Chaco Canyon. Within the canyon, they constructed many pueblos, totaling nearly
seven hundred rooms. In addition, they built water–collection systems and a network of roads. It was a massive achievement in engineering. The
founding fathers of America looked at the Iroquois, who lived along the St. Lawrence River in what is now New York, as a model of democracy to
base America's political system on. From the Iroquois, Europeans learned of a well–developed system of checks, balances and supreme law. Because
the Iroquois influenced the Articles of Confederation, they were one of the most important native groups in North American history. The federation of
the Iroquois enabled them to prosper in independence and protect themselves from enemies. The Hohokam culture of present day Arizona existed from
300 A.D. to 1200 A.D. The earliest Hohokam people lived in unusually large lodges possibly with their extended family. The Hohokam men, who were
traditionally hunters, hunted large game with spears until the bow and arrow was introduced around 400–500 A.D. Throughout the culture's lifespan,
its geographical range expanded by at least three to four times. As the Hohokam culture expanded and their contacts with neighboring tribes increased,
trade began to flourish. A surprising variety of products were

How The Mayans, Aztecs, And Olmecs
Mayans, Aztecs, & Olmecs: The Mayans were a civilization in Central America. Mayans started out with small villages but over time would start
developing larger cities. Most Mayan city–states include at least one plaza, a ball court, and one temple. The Mayans were very sophisticated people.
And you used picture like symbols for communicating. The Mayans main activity was farming. So, on a normal day you will find lots of people
working on the fields farming. But, the Mayan culture started to slowly die, and eventually it completely disappeared. Mayan astronomers
studied the moon, earth, & sun and then came up with a 365 day calendar which we use today on Earth. They invented chocolate, herbal medicine,
& basketball. The Aztecs were a group of people known to be wandering around Central America, and claimed they were originally from Aztlan.
The Aztecs were separated into three classes of people. Talcotin ( low class; these people would mostly be slaves ), macehualli ( middle class;
commoners; would be artisans, farmers, and traders ), and pilli ( high class; noble people; government officials and priests ). Most people of the
Aztecs were commoners, so they worked as farmers, traders, and artisans. A day for a commoner would be working out on the field, trading items, or
working on building stuff. Aztecs were very religious and known for their practice of human sacrifice. Eventually the Spaniards and a nearby tribe
called Tlaxcala defeated the Aztec Empire and was

Essay about History 276
University of Phoenix Material Week One Study Guide As you read this week's required materials, complete this study guide. Review the material to
study for the final examination in Week Five. This is a multipage assignment: double–check that you have completed each page before submitting.
History and Archaeology I. Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences. The written record of the past and the study of past written records
is called History . The study of the past based on recovering and identifying artifacts and making inferences about those who left these artifacts is called
Archaeology . Both historians and archaeologists describe the past. Historians study written records... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Druze , who live in modern Lebanon and Syria, originated as a splinter group that believed that one of the Fatimid caliphs was the last incarnation
of God. The Fatimid empire weakened in the 12th century and was conquered by Salah al–Din or Saladin. III. Identify at least one element of Fatimid
culture for each of the following categories. One example is provided: for that category, identify at least one additional cultural element. | |Fatimid
cultural elements | |intellectual contributions |Founding of Cairo as intellectual center | | |The Druze | |architecture |Mosques and places in Cairo |
|artistic forms |glazed ceramics | | |glassware | | |decorated script | |religious beliefs

Collapse Of LeГ±a De Pirul Essay
Answer the following questions clearly and succinctly. Use the data for both the map and the questions. Remember that Spanish influence is not a
factor during the Prehispanic period: prehispanic means before the Spaniards arrived. Some sites are abandoned, and then reoccupied later. 1) On
the four phase maps, indicate which sites were occupied during each phase. Indicate the size of the site during each phase by using a dot for sites
less than 2 hectares, a circle for sites between 2 and 15 hectares, a triangle for sites between 16 and 40 hectares, and a square for sites larger than 40
hectares. Leave sites that were unoccupied during a particular phase unmarked (8 points). 2) What was the political organization of the valley during
the Formative period (2 points)? The valley was made up... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why (1 point)? No, my evidence does not support Megarhino's theory. Polychrome ceramics are found at sites 6, 18 and 19. These sites are all
very small, so in some ways it seems unlikely that there would be much differentiation of status between people, or enough people to consolidate
power for there to be "elites" at those sites. Leaders and elites had power and wealth because they benefited from having large numbers of people
working below them and consolidating power. I just don't think these three sites were large enough to have power to trade polychrome ceramics,
while a settlement as powerful as LeГ±a de Pirul did not. Sites 6, 18 and 19 are geographically close, in the east part of the valley. My guess is that
they traded with adjacent regions for the polychrome ceramics, and that sites further west just weren't interested for some reason. At any rate, these
sites never grew and amassed enough power to lead to the fall of the much larger site 1, LeГ±a de Pirul. I'm not sure why LeГ±a de Pirul collapsed,
and I don't think there is enough evidence to tell from the

Maya Aztec And Inca Civilizations: Similarities And...
The Maya, Aztec and Inca civilizations all have similarities and differences. The topics that will be compared and contrasted are economy, religion,
social system, government, and technology. The Maya civilization was spread out. They lived in Mesoamerica, Mexico, South America, Yucatan
Peninsula, Belize, Guatemala, and El Salvador. There were three main time periods for the Mayans. The preclassic period went on from BCE to 250
CE. The postclassic period went on from the 900s to the 1500s. The classic period went on from 250 A.D. to 900 CE. The classic period was the last
of the Mayan civilization. The Aztec and Inca did not have any time periods.
The first topic is about economy, All civilizations relied or depended on agriculture. The Maya... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the Maya the social system was from highest authority to lowest. First came the rulers, then came the nobles and priests, then the merchants and
craftsmen, then the peasant and last but not least the slaves. The warriors were special so they didn't fit into any class. The Aztec social system was
similar to the Maya. They had a very strict social system. First came the nobles, then the commoners, then the serfs or slaves. The noble class
consisted of government and military, leaders, high level priests, and lords. The Maya had a class just for the rulers, while the Aztec had the rulers fit
into the noble class. The Incas' social structure was divided into four levels. The Sapa Inca, royalty, nobility and then the ayllu. The Sapa Inca was the
most powerful person in the entire empire. All three civilizations had rulers, nobles, and commoners or peasants. The Maya has more classes than the
Inca and Aztec.
The Mayans developed a hierarchical government ruled by kings and priests. The Aztec government was similar to a monarchy where an Emperor or
King was the primary ruler. The Inca government was called Tawantinsuyu. It was a monarchy ruled by a single leader called the Sapa Inca. All the
civilizations had rulers, but the Mayans government was ruled by kings and priests. None of the civilizations had the same name for their ruler. All
rulers in all civilizations had the most

Economic Characteristics Of The Aztec And Inca Empires
In the 1400's through the 1500"s there were the Aztec and Inca empires, both were empires that started out as marginalized peoples who conquered and
absorbed other cultures. Aztec and Inca Empires were based on managing resources, goods, and people in an economy centered on intensive agriculture
including having their currency systems. The economic characteristics of the Aztec and Inca empires were similar in that they both changed their
environment to improve their agricultural system and they both focused on internal trade networks, however they differed in the way they taxed their
people. The Aztecs were a triple alliance; three city states that banded together for the greater good. The joined civilizations were Mexico–Tenochtitlan,
Texcoco, and Tlacopan. The Incas were located around modern day Peru, and are known as the largest empire in the pre–Columbian America.
The economic characteristics of the government differed from how they collected revenue. So, the Inca government had a totalitarian complex
government whether as Aztecs had a decentralized government that focused on expansion. In document 4, it explains how the Aztecs required
conquered lands to pay a tribute. Aztecs would pay in goods and services rather than currency. From the source document 5 Pedro de Cieza de
LГ©on describes the Inca rule, that there was a king or emperor, as well as representatives for each province. As for the aztecs as mentioning that they
formed a triple alliance, they did not end up

The Mayans Research Paper
The Maya civilization was one of the Mesoamerican cultures that were developed by Maya people. It was highly noted for its hieroglyphic script.
This was one of the best writing systems of the pre–Columbian Americas. The Maya community consists majorly of the indigenous people of Mexico
and Central America. The Aztec empire was flourished between 1345 and 1521 CE and was spreading within the northernMesoamerica. The Aztec
warriors through their power were able to dominate the neighboring states, and through that, they made it possible to transfer their ideas as well as
religion to many parts of Mexico. The art and architecture of the Aztec civilization were the best ranked in the continent and therefore preferable to
many due to the design and techniques that were used by the architects. The Aztec territory was best documents within the states and consisted majorly
of best archaeological details, native books as well as information from the Spanish conquerors. This study paper aims to describe the Maya civilization.
To begin with, the people of the Maya kingdom describe themselves regarding the ethnicity of languages such as the quiche and Yucatec. Initially, the
Maya people were divided into various periods. These periods can reveal the culture and emergence of the cultivation during the Maya civilization. In
the 7000–2000 BCE that was the archaic period. It was the time the hunters and gathers began to cultivate crops as well as domesticating the animals.
The sacred

History of Mayan Culture
History of Mayan Culture The mysterious culture of ancient Maya once covered a vast geographic area in Central and South America. Their
civilization extended to parts of what are now Mexico, Honduras, and El Salvador, and most of Guatemala and Belize. The Mayans first settled in
1500BC. The Mayans environment consisted of tropical rainforests, which was also one of their main sources of resources, they turned the jungles into
great cities. The rainforest would provide them with food, clothing, weapons, tools, and many more useful items. It rained almost everyday, but the
temperature was not cold at least in the daytime. The environment played a major role in what the Mayans culture became, they needed rain and heat to
survive both the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each large city had one supreme chief who ruled for life, upon his death a son or brother took over. In some cases wife took over. If no family
successor was available a new ruler was selected from the upper class. Crime was also an issue for the Mayans. Criminals were punished in
different ways according to what they had done. A thief would become the servant of his victim. Murderers were put to death, sometimes as part
of ritual sacrifices. For minor crimes, hair was cut as a sign of disrespect. There were also class separations like the ruling class and the common
people. Warriors were a separate class themselves too. In battle the Mayans fought with wooden clubs, flint knives, spears, and slingshots. Weapons
and tools were made from bone, parts of animals, soil, stone, metal/copper, and wood. RELIGION The Mayans were very religious people; their
religion regulated almost everything in their life. Priests were the most important people in the tribes. The Mayans believed their gods had destroyed
and recreated their earth several times that is why they always tried to please their gods with sacrifices. Each God represented something for them.
Their Supreme Being and creator of the universe was called " Hunan Ku ". The next important gods were the sun and moon gods. " Kinich Ahau " was
the sun god. They

Tres Zapotes: A Social Site Analysis
Tres Zapotes is located in the lowlands of south/central Mexico, near the village of Tres Zapotes, which is a part of what used to be Mesoamerica
(1). The site is located within the Papaloapan River plain, and is between the Los Tuxtlas Mountains and the Papaloapan River delta (1). The
location provided a forested environment upland, and swamps and streams in the river plain (1). The occupation of the site dates as far back as
1,500 BC, with the occupation's height around 1,200 to 900 BC; the site was occupied until AD 1,000 to AD 1,200 (2). The site represents a
transition from the Preclassic to Classic period, but Tres Zapotes was abandoned in the begging of the Early Postclassic period.
Tres Zapotes was occupied by the Olmecs and Epi–Olmecs (or post–Olmecs), with the majority of the remains from the Epi–Olmecs (1). The most
important findings were two colossal heads and Stelae C (3). Stelae C was the second oldest Mesoamerican long count calendar, which dates back to 31
BC (3). The different structures and political mounds at the site shows how there wasn't a centralized government, due to the equidistant spacing of the
constructions (1). The people also had trade connections with other populations, which influenced the poplation's art styles (2). For example, sculptures
had similar styles to those from Izapa, Guatemala, whom they traded with (2). The population also had connections with the Mixe people from the
Isthmian region of Mexico (3).

The Aztec And Greek Mythology Essay
When people first hear of the term mythology, he or she normally will associate the word with the Greeks or the Romans because of the well–known
myth and specifically the gods and goddesses. For instance, movies like Hercules, Clash of the Titans , 300, and the Percy Jackson and the Olympian
are renowned films that people love and since people know these films, they tend to know general information about the background of the Romans
and Greek mythology. Furthermore, the planets and days of the week are named after Roman and Greek gods and goddesses. The ancient people
worshipped many of these and linked their divine deities with the planets and days and each is named after an individual god or goddesses, except for
earth. Moreover, although these civilizations have fascinating myths, it is imperative to note that all cultures have their own unique mythologies.
Similarly, the Mayans and Aztecs have their own exceptional take on how the world was created along with the first humans.
The specific time frame of when the Mayan empire first started is unknown as well as when and why the Mayan empire started to decline. However, as
new discoveries are being made, the dates of when the Mayan settlement took place is being pushed back further. The Mayans lived in what is now
northern Central American which includes Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Yucatan Peninsula and SouthernMexico. Descendants of the
Mayans still live there and speak the language today.

Mayan Droughts
Upon reaching Central America in the 1500s, European conquistadores were greeted by an unanticipated sight–imposing limestone cities abandoned,
left to be reclaimed by the jungle. These metropolises once belonged to the Maya civilization, but were deserted starting in the ninth century for reasons
yet unknown. Although the abandonment of these once thriving cities marked the end of the Maya Classic period, lasting 250 A.D. to 900 A.D., it did
not mark the end of the Maya civilization as a whole. The Maya civilization would continue to survive up to and past European arrival, but never again
at the height reached during the Classic period. Understandably, many have questioned what caused this collapse while the Maya were the peak of their
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Minerals were collected by drilling cores in Belize's famous underwater cave, known as the Blue Hole, as well as lagoons nearby. As the Blue
Hole and other lagoons are surrounded on all sides by thick walls of coral reefs, they act "like a big bucket" or "a sediment trap", accumulating the
excess sediment brought in by rivers and streams (Ghose). Furthermore, this excess sediment is swept into these lagoons during storms or wetter
periods. In the event that it rained, the water would eat away at the volcanic rocks of the region, which contain titanium. As a result, this free
titanium would flow in rivers and streams, which, in turn, would flow into the lagoons. Layer after layer would settle on top of the previous,
providing an accurate record of the historical climate of this region. Droxler, the head researcher, and his team would then analyze the samples,
looking for the ratio of titanium to aluminum as "relatively low ratios of titanium to aluminum correspond to periods with less rainfall" (Ibid). His
team found that during the timeframe of 800 A.D. to 1000 A.D., there were not the usual five or six tropical cyclones every two decades, but only one
or two, signifying there was less than usual rainfall. Notably, this data comes from several spots in a region central to the Maya heartland, meaning it
is more likely the climate

Olmec Culture Essay
The mysterious Olmec civilization prospered in the Pre–Classical (Formative) Mesoamerica from c. 1200 BCE to c. 400 BCE and is considered the
forerunner of all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures, like the Aztecs and the Mayans.
The Olmec culture flourished along Mexico's gulf coast from 1200 to 400 B.C. Known best today for their carved colossal heads, the Olmecs were an
important early Mesoamerican civilization which had influenced later cultures such as the Mayans and the Aztecs. One of the most important
archaeological sites associated with this culture is San Lorenzo. There was a great city there: its original name has been forgotten in time. Considered
by archaeologists to be the first true Mesoamerican city, San Lorenzo was a very important center of Olmec commerce, religion and political power
during its popularity. San Lorenzo was first occupied around 1500 B.C., making it one of the oldest cities in the Americas. It housed three early
settlements, referred to as the OjochГ (1500–1350 B.C.), the BajГo (1350–1250 B.C.) and the ChichГЎrras (1250–1150 B.C.).These cultures are
considered pre–Olmec and are largely identified by pottery types. The ChicharrГЎs period has characteristics identified as Olmec characteristics. The
city reached its peak in the period from 1150 to 900 B.C. before falling into decline: this is referred to as the San Lorenzo era. There may have been
some 13,000 people at San Lorenzo during the peak of its power (Cyphers). The city then went into decline and entered the Nacaste period, lasting
900 to 700 B.C.: the Nacaste did not have the skills of their forebears and added little to the progress of art and culture. The site was abandoned before
the Palangana era (600–400 B.C.) began: later, inhabitants contributed small mounds and a ball court. The site was deserted for more than a thousand
years before it was re–occupied during the Late Classic era of Mesoamerican civilization, but the city never regained its former glory. The Olmec
were religious and contact with the Gods was a very significant part of their daily life. Although no structure has been clearly identified as an Olmec
temple, there are areas of archaeological sites which are considered to be religious complexes, such as

Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human...
PERIOD 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE
The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions I. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions
provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. A. The association of monotheism with Judaism was further developed with the
codification of the Hebrew Scriptures, which also reflected the influence of Mesopotamian cultural and legal traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and
Roman empires conquered various Jewish states at different points in time. These conquests contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic communities
around the Mediterranean and Middle East. B. The core beliefs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C. The convergence of Greco–Roman culture and Buddhist beliefs affected the development of unique sculptural developments.
The Development of States and Empires I. The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas
where previously there had been competing states: Southwest Asia–Persian Empires; East Asia–Qin and Han Empires; South Asia–Maurya and Gupta
Empires; Mediterranean region–Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city–states and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman Empires; Mesoamerica
–Teotihuacan, Maya city–states; Andean South America–Moche. II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in
part, on the success of earlier political forms. A. In order to organize their subjects, the rulers created administrative institutions in many regions:
centralized governments, elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies–China, Persia, Rome, South Asia. B. Imperial governments projected military
power over large areas using a variety of techniques: diplomacy, developing supply lines; building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads; drawing
new groups of military officers and soldiers from local populations or conquered peoples. C. Much of the success of the empires rested on their
promotion of trade and economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies.

Agriculture In Mesoamerican Civilization
The Mesoamerican people who inhabited the Western Hemisphere developed independently from the rest of the world by natural barriers set by
oceans to both the east and the west. From the time period spanning from 1200s BCE to 1500s CE, the Olmecs, Mayans, and Aztecs lived on the
isolated land for centuries, establishing their distinctive scientific and academic achievements. At the other side of the globe in Mesopotamia, a
civilization in the form of a city–state called Sumer also incorporated achievements similar to that of the Olmecs, Mayans, and Aztecs. The extensive
use of irrigation was found in all four groups of people that became a vital part of their life, providing water to crops in locations not necessarily
directly next to a water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the three civilizations, various methods of dealing with crops were introduced in attempts of increasing yield and production. The Olmecs
developed irrigation, which made agriculture an important element of Mesoamerican life as it brought surpluses that led to population growth and
civilization expansion. Alongside irrigation is the extensive planting and harvesting of crops like beans, squash, and especially maize that became the
basis and stable crops of the community. The Mayans continued the agricultural success of the preceding people by draining swamps and erecting
platforms for farming. These two practices greatly expanded the amount of land agriculture could take place in a geography without vast fertile lands,
further leading to population boost and empire building in addition to the long–lasting practice of irrigation. With with the aid of innovations made into
reality by the two previous groups of people, the Aztecs kept the tradition of constant improvement to current conditions. Building up on the Mayan
efforts of draining swamps, the Aztecs developed Chinampas. These aquatic water beds that acted as floating islands extended the existing use of
irrigation on the rich aquatic environment of the capital, Tenochtitlan. With these multiple examples and instances of agricultural advancements that
continued and improved on the products and practices of previous civilizations, changes still coexist in the middle as the use of calendar differed from
one civilization to the next despite sharing a root of calendar

The Maya Civilization During The Preclassic Period
It was during the Paleo–Indian period when early nomads crossed into the Americas over 15,000 years ago. These were the "First People" to inhabit the
Americas. They 'd first crossed into North America until eventually splitting off from other groups and eventually migrating south through Mexico into
the YucatГЎn Peninsula of Mesoamerica.
These migrating "First People" in the Maya region developed their tool and hunting technologies and went from being nomadic hunter–gatherers into
forming more permanent settlements. These settled groups became more developed as they exploited the plentiful local resources.
These now settled groups progressed into the Archaic period and began advancing into a more complex society. These archaic settlements developed
culture and technology that was shared with neighboring settled groups. The exchange of ideas between these groups formed into a shared culture that
began developing into a culturally distinct people.
The Maya Civilization originated in the YucatГЎn region during the Preclassic Period at around 2000 BC. There is some argument as to when the
Preclassic Period began for the Maya. It 's argued to have began as late as 2600 BC, while there 's claim that it 's earlier because there are permanent
Maya settlements along the Pacific coast that date to 1800 BC. A difference of eight hundred years, depending on region.
The Preclassic period begins where the first signs that the Maya can be recognized as a distinct people. The two

The Most Powerful And Largest Cities Of Mesoamerica
During its reign, Teotihuacan was considered amongst the most powerful and largest cities in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan, referred to as the same name
as the valley it was located within, would go on to extend its rich culture and history from between 150 B.C.E. throughout Mesoamerica 's Golden Age.
Some of the most influential aspects of this great city would extend from other well known civilizations, the Maya and Aztec people for example,
during their respective governing periods. As of the most current standing, the original name remains undecipherable in the surviving glyphs recovered
at sites. Much in the same way, the initial cause of collapse for this once awesome metropolis is merely speculative through what clues have been
saved from a socialistic destruction. Commonly thought to have been formed at about 150 B.C.E. and 200 C.E., the city maintained a steady provision
of nearby resources, such as spring water channeled through irrigation techniques and valuable obsidian deposits. The obsidian made use in
manufacturing weapon heads, which in turn provided as an excellent trade. Of course, other goods circulated throughout, including cotton, salt, cacao,
feathers and numerous cultivated foods that the people cultivated by means of the raised flooded fields (Cartwright, Mark, 2015). Aside from growing
sources of sustenance, remains tested for other dietary intake of dogs and poultry as well as wild insects, frogs and fish. Although an a key note on
recreating an

Ancient Mayan Society
How could societies from hundreds of years ago influence both the past and the present? When historians and archaeologists look back on the thriving
communities of the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca their question is answered. These societies were introduced many products and ideas. The Mayan, Aztecan,
and Incan societies heavily influenced the past as well as the present. The Maya, Aztecs, and Inca were tremendously influential in their prime and their
legacy . Looking at the Maya, the first accomplishment that they achieved was creating accurate calendars by studying stars and astrology. This helped
the society know the dates of important events like deaths or annual festivals. One of the other accomplishments of the ancient Mayan

History And Development Of Mesoamerica
Steven Hermosillo Professor Duran History 101 23 May 2016 The History and Development of Mesoamerica According to Module 4, "America's
Pre–Columbian populations evolved into highly developed communities which by the time of the European invasion and conquest in the 16th century
had engendered some of the world's most highly evolved civilizations, in both North and South America." Module 4 states that "Shortly after Columbus
arrived in the Caribbean in 1492–1493, other Europeans made their way to various parts of America, but in the process they unwittingly brought
Eurasian disease pathogens to which America's Pre–Columbian population were not immune or ready. Thus, even before the actual invasions and
conquests began, much of the Pre–Columbian population had already been physically and numerically decimated, which further aggravated the
problem of dearth of Native historical records, since many Pre–Columbian American societies passed their histories down orally and through their
rituals." Columbus brought disease to America's Pre–Columbian population that were not immune or ready. "In this vein, these pre–conquest
decimations also gave the misleading impression to most Europeans that the American continent was a sparely populated wilderness peopled by
societies with underdeveloped cultures. This stereotype image, however, was consonant with the invading European cultures' own racist, Eurocentric
depreciation of Pre–Columbian Americans' civilizational accomplishments – the

The Mayan Civilization
The Preclassic Maya
The founding years of the Mayan civilisation are known as the Preclassic era, stretching from 2000 B.C.E to roughly 250 C.E lasting about 2250
years. The Preclassic era is subdivided into three subperiods, each focused on one or two necessities required for the empire 's growth. The Early
period consisted of mainly refining agricultural methods and building foundations, the middle period was a time of rapid population growth as well as
the later period, a time for social and religious refining with the underlying necessity of the growth of the empire.
The Preclassic Period of the Mayan civilisation is split into three sub periods. These periods are differentiated through the necessities that arose during
these times. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the sediments found on the lake bed of Peten of Guatemala, evidence that these early agriculturalists grew maize, fruits, cacao and a selection of
roots, though they continued to be dependent on hunting bounty from the available from the land and water. Skeletal evidence has provided evidence
for the consumption of maize as a significant part of their diet. They hunted the surrounding areas and fished the rivers whilst also foraging for berries
and roots to supplement their meagre diet.
The middle period of the Preclassic Maya civilisation was a time of rapid population growth. Using the agricultural foundations developed in the
previous period, the ancient Mayans constructed villages and cities that resembled chiefdoms. These chiefdoms were ruled by chiefs who built and
retained their power through family connects and divine rulings. Divine rulings refer to the chief's perceived right to rule, which was presented as a
supernatural support from the divine. Due to the chiefs ruling over the chiefdoms, they were able to control the economy, ensuring the public support
of his ruling. There is evidence for these chiefdoms are found in the sites like: Tikal; Cahal Pech; and Santa Rita. These chiefdoms, ruled by the
family and divine backed chiefs, were a direct cause of the rapid population

The Rise And Fall Of The Mayan Civilization

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The Rise And Fall Of The Mayan Civilization